CHUYEN MUC
TRIET HOC - CHINH TRj HOC - LUAT HOC
GIAI THICH HIEN PHAP VA
TiNH HJNH THU'C HIEN O VIET NAM HIEN NAY
NGUYEN THI HAI VAN
Hien phap la mot dao luat co ban, co y nghTa quan trgng trong dot song chinh th-phap ly cua mdi quoc gia, vi thi viec nim vung Hiin phap di tif do c6 each nhin thdng nhat, chinh xac trong qua trinh thi hanh Hien phap la rit cin thiit. Mu6n vay, Hiin phap cin phai dieoc giai thich di moi cong dan co thi nam ro. Bay la mot trong nhirng hoat dong CO y nghia quan trong trong viec thirc hien phap luat. Tuy nhien d Viet Nam, viec trao quyin cho Toa an hay mot co quan nao khac di giai thich Hien phap chwa duv>c nghien ciru mot each khoa hoc va thiu dao. Trong pham vi bai viet nay, tac gia neu nhCrng qui djnh ve giai thich Hiin phap qua cac ban Hien phap va cac van ban phap luat hien hanh, tinh hinh thuv hien hien nay, tir do danh gia kha nang ap dung cua Toa an tw phap trong viec giai thich Hien phap va de xuit mot s6 y kiin.
1. HIEN PHAP, GlAl THiCH HI^N PHAP VA CAC QUY 0!NH HIEN H A N H O VIET NAM
1.1. Khai niem giai thich Hien phap O" Viet Nam, thuat ngi> "giai thfch Hiln phap" xuit hien l l n 6hu trong Hiln phap 1980 (khoan 5 Di§u 100). Song tu- l<hi xuit hien cho den nay cac ca quan nha nu'oc chu'a du'a ra mpt quy dinh van ban nao d i i n giai hoac dinh nghTa v l giai thich Hiln phap d l lam ca sa phap ly
Nguyen Thi Hai Van. Thac sT. Tn/ffng Bai hpc Cong nghiep Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
cho hoat dong nay. Vi t h i , giai thich hiln phap van la mgt v l n de bi bo ngo.
Can CLF vao t h i m quyin, muc dich giai thich Hien phap, chung toi bu'ac d i u du'a ra quan dilm v l giai thich Hiln phap nhu' sau: Giai thich Hien phap la hoat dpng cua chu t h i hiln dinh thong qua mot quy trinh phap ly dac biet nham ly giai chinh xac nhOng I n y cua cac nha lap hien (gIm nhung nguyen t i e hiln djnh ca ban va nhO-ng quy pham hiln ^ n h chi tilt) d l cac chu t h i thi hanh Hiln phap nhan thLKC dung y nghTa, noi dung hiln 6\nh, tip do thyc hien Hiln phap mot each nghiem chinh, thing nhit va chinh xac.
NGUYEN THI HAI VAN - GlAl THiCH HlSN PHAP VA TINH HlNH...
1.2. Cac van ban Hien phap da ban hanh 6" Viet Nam ttr nam 1946 den nay va van de giai thich Hien phap
Trong Ijch sir lap hien cua nu'O'c Cgng hoa Xa hpi Chu nghTa Vi^t Nam da trai qua bon l^n ban hanh va hai lan su'a doi Hien phap: Hien phap 1946, Hien phap 1959, Hien phap 1980, Hien phap 1992 (sLfa doi, bo sung nam 2001 va nam 2013). Trong do m6i Hi§n phap deu co nhOng dac thii c4n lu'u y khi giai thich Hien phap cung nhu xac djnh each thu'c va t h i m quyen giai thich Hien phap.
Hien ptiap nam 1946
HiSn phap 1946 la ban Hiln phap dau tien trong Ijch 511 lap hien Viet Nam, day la ban Hien phap co nhieu gia trj lich sir, chinh trj, phap ly, co tinh nhan van cao ca.
Ban Hien phap nay da quy djnh thiet che cu the dac tru'ng cua mgt nha ni^6c dan chu; khang djnh ban ch§t dan chu cua Nha nu'dc Vi$t Nam; dat nen tang xay dung nha nu'dc phap quyen ii Vi$t Nam;
ghi nhan va bao dam cac quyen con ngu'O'i... Tuy nhien, Hien phap nay khong quy djnh ve giai thich HiSn phap nen chu'a dat ra ca che giai thich Hien phap.
Hien phap 1959
Ban Hien phap nay mac du khong quy djnh CM the ve giai thich Hiln phap nhu'ng la van ban dau tien trao tham quyen giai thich phap luat cho Oy ban ThifO'ng vu Qu6c hgi (khoan 3 Bleu 53).
Bong thdi tai khoan 7 Bieu 53 cua Hien phap nay cung quy djnh Uy ban Thu'dng vu Quic hpi cd quyen si>a doi hoac bai bo cac van ban cua cac ca quan nha nu'dc d trung u-cng va dja phuang n l u xet thay trai vdi Hien phap, phap luat.
phap lenh, tham chi cd quyen giai tan Hgi dong Nhan dan trong tru'dng hpp gay thiet hai nghiem trgng d i n quyen Igi cua nhan dan.
Hien phap 1980
Tren cc sd k l thira Hien phap 1959, Hiln phap 1980 t i l p tuc khang dinh trach nhiem giai thich Hien phap, luat. phap lenh. Tham quyen giai thich cac van ban Hien phap v.3 phap luat dup'c trao cho Hgi dong Nha nudc - la cc quan cao nhat va hoat dpng thudng xuyen cua Quoc hgi, la Chu tjch tap t h i cua nudc Cgng hga Xa hoi Chu nghTa Viet Nam.
Hgi dgng Nha nudc chf chju trach nhiqm va bao cag boat dgng trudc Quic hgi (Bieu 98). Bay la diem mdi cua Hien phap 1980 khi Hgi ddng Nha nudc viia thuc hien nhigm vu cua cc quan thudng true cua Quic hoi, vua dong thdi giu vai tro nhu Chu tjch nudc (Bieu 98).
Theo Bieu 100 cua Hiln phap 1980 thi Hgi dong Nha nudc cd quyen ban rat Idn doi vdi boat dgng xay dung va thuc hien phap luat. V l van d l giai thich Hiln phap, Hgi ding Nha nudc cd nhung nhiem vu va quyen han sau day:
1. Cong bo luat 2. Ra phap lenh.
3. Giai thich Hiln phap, luat va phap Ignh.
4. Quylt djnh vj$c trung cau y kien nhan dan.
5. Binh chi vi#c thi hanh, sua doi ho?c bai bo nhOng nghj quyet, nghj djnh, quylt djnh cua Hgi dong Bg trudng trai vdi Hien phap, luat va phap l?nh.
6. Sua d l i hoac bai bg nhung nghj quylt khong thich dang cua cac Hgi dgng Nhan
TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HQi so 9 (193) 2014
dan tmh, thanh p h i tru'c thupc trung uang va c l p tuang duang; giai tan cac Hoi dong noi tren trong truang hgp cac Hoi dong Nhan dan do lam thiet hai nghiem trong den quyin Ip-i cua nhan dan.
HiSn phap 1992
Day la ban Hiln phap cua thai ky Doi mai, vi t h i trong ban Hiln phap nay da quy dinh them nhieu v l n d l v l t l chuc bg may nha nuac, quyin va nghTa vu ca ban cua cong dan, c h i do sa huu... Tuy nhien, so vai ban Hiln phap 1980 thim quyin giai thich Hiln phap khong con thugc v l Hoi dong Nha nuac ma thugc v l Uy ban Thuang vu Quic hoi (khoan 3 Dilu 91 Hiln phap 1992 sua d l i , b l sung 2001).
Hien phap swa doi nam 2013
Hien phap 2013 dugc ban hanh la su kien chfnh tn-phap ly mang tinh lich su, t h i hien tinh dan chu va phan anh y chi, nguyen vong cua da s i nhan dan. Hiln phap 2013 da quy djnh them nhilu ngi dung mai trong cac c h i djnh v l c h i do chinh tn; bg may nha nuac; khang djnh ro cac quyin lap hiln-Iap phap, quyin hanh phap, quyin tu phap dugc trao cho cac ca quan tuang ung la Quic hgi, Chinh phu va Toa an Nhan dan; hieu luc cua Hiln phap va sua d l i Hien phap...
Ben canh do, Hiln phap 2013 cung bo sung them nhilu thilt c h i mai: quyen con nguai, chinh quyin dia phuang, Hoi dong Bau cu Quoc gia, Kiem toan Nha nuac. Nhijng b l sung, thay d l i trong Hiln phap mai se gop phan tao ca sa phap ly vij'ng chic va la dgng luc cho su phat trien cua d i t nuac tren n i n tang
dan chu, phap quyen xa hgi chu nghTa.
Tuy nhien, vai v l n d l giai thich Hien phap thi each tilp can cua Hiln phap 2013 khong thay d l i gi so vai Hiln phap 1992.
Theo D i l u 74 Hiln phap nam 2013, Oy ban Thuang vu Quic hoi co nhung nhiem vu va quyin han sau day lien quan d i n viec giai thich Hiln phap:
- Ra phap lenh v l nhung v l n d l dugc Quic hoi giao; glal thich Hiln phap, luat, phap lenh (khoan 2);
- Giam sat viec thi hanh Hiln phap, luat, nghi quylt cua Quoc hgi, phap lenh, nghj quylt cua Uy ban Thuang vu Quic hgi;
giam sat hoat dpng cua Chinh phu, Toa an Nhan dan T i i cao, Vien Kilm sat Nhan dan T i i cao, Kilm toan Nha nuac va ca quan khac do Quic hgi thanh lap (khoan 3);
- Dinh chf viec thi hanh van ban cua Chinh phu, Thu tuang Chinh phu, Toa an Nhan dan T i i cao, Vien Kilm sat Nhan dan Toi cao trai vai Hiln phap, luat, nghj quylt cua Quoc hgi va trinh Quoc hgi quylt djnh viec bai bo van ban do tai ky hgp g i n nhit; bai bo van ban cua Chinh phu, Thu tuang Chinh phu, Toa an Nhan dan T i l cao, Vien Kiem sat Nhan dan Toi cao trai vai phap lenh, nghj quylt cua Uy ban Thuang vu Quic hgi (khoan 4);
- Giam sat va huang d i n hoat dong cua Hpi dong Nhan dan; bai bo nghj quylt cua Hgi d i n g Nhan dan tinh, thanh pho true thugc trung uang trai vai Hiln phap, luat va van ban cua ca quan nha nuac c l p tren; giai tan Hgi dong Nhan dan tinh, thanh p h i true thugc trung uang trong
NGUVeN THI HAI VAN - GlAl THJCH H|£N PHAP V A T I N H HJNH...
trudng hgp Hgi ding Nhan dan do lam thiet hgi nghiem trgng d i n Igi ich cua nhan dan (khoan 7).
Nhu vay, tru Hiln phap 1946 chua quy djnh v l van de giai thich Hiln phap, con lai cac ban Hiln phap 1959, 1980, 1992 va Hien phap 2013 deu co quy djnh v l giai thich Hiln phap va chu t h i co quyin giai thich Hiln phap deu la ca quan lap phap.
1.3, Cac quy djnh cua phap luat hien hanh v l giai thich Hiln phap va thyc tiln ap dung
D I thin khai viec thuc hien Hiln phap 2013, Quoc hoi dang tiln hanh ra soat mot so van ban phap luat d l sua doi, b l sung hoac ban hanh mai cho phu hgp vdi Hiln phap 2013, trong do c6 cac van ban lien quan d i n giai thich Hiln phap.
Tuy vgy, trong thdi diem hien nay, viec giai thich Hiln phap, luat, phap l^nh v l n dugc thuc hien theo quy djnh tai mgt s i van ban sau: Luat T l chuc Quoc hgi, Luat To chuc Chinh phu, Luat T l chuc Toa an Nhan dan, Luat T 6 chuc Vien Kilm sat Nhan dan, Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat, Nghi quylt so 26/2004/QH11 cua Quic hoi ngay 15/6/2004 ve Quy c h i hoat dgng cua Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hgi... qua dd hoat dpng giai thich Hiln phap dugc trao cho Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hpi - ca quan duy nhit CO thim quyin giai thich Hien phap (khoan 2 Dilu 74 Hiln phap 2013;
khoan 3 D i l u 7 Luat T l chuc Quic hgi;
khoan 2 Dieu 12 Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap lugt).
Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hpi ty minh hoac theo d l nghi cua Chu tjch nudc.
Chinh phu, Toa an Nhan dan T i i cao, Vien Kiem sat Nhan dan T i i cao, Hgi dong Dan toe, Uy ban cua Quie hgi, Oy ban Trung uang Mat tran T l quic Viet Nam, to ehuc thanh vien eua Mat trgn va cua dai bleu quoc hpi, quylt djnh vi^e giai thieh Hiln phap, lugt, phap lenh, dilu udc q u i c te da dugc Quic hgi phe chuan, hoac dieu \jQfC quic te co dieu khoan trai hoac ehua dugc quy djnh trong van ban quy phgm phap luat cua Quic hgi, Oy ban Thudng vu Quoc hoi (khoan 1 D i l u 15 Nghj quyet s i 26/2004/QH11 eua Quic hgi ngay 15/6/2004 ve Quy c h i hoat dgng cua Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hgi). Trong thdi han ba muai ngay k l tO ngay nhan duge de nghi giai thich Hiln phap, luat, phap lenh, dilu udc quoc t l , Oy ban Thudng vy Quic hpi co trach nhiem xem xet va thong bao cho eg quan, t l chuc, ca nhan da d l nghi biet )f kiln cua Oy ban Thudng vy Quoc hpi v l van d l nay (khoan 2 Dieu 15 Nghi quylt so 26/2004/QH11).
Sau khi d l nghj giai thieh dugc Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hoi chip nhan thi Ban soan thao duac thanh lap d l ehuan bj du thao nghi quylt giai thieh. Can eu vao tinh ehat va ngi dung cua vi§e giai thich Hiln phap, luat, phap lenh ma Oy ban Thugng vu Q u i c hpi giao cho Chinh phu, Toa an Nhan dan T i i cao, Vien Kilm sat Nhan dan Toi cao, Hpi dong Dan tgc, cac uy ban cua Q u i c hgi soan thao d u thao nghi quyet giai thich (khoan 1 Dieu 86 Luat Ban hanh van ban quy phgm phap lugt, khoan 3 D i l u 15 Nghi quylt s i 26/2004/QH11).
TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HOl so 9 (193) 2014
Du thao nghi quylt giai thich Hiln phap, luat, phap lenh sau khi da soan thao se dugc trinh Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hoi d l t i l n hanh t h i m tra (khoan 1 D i l u 86 Luat Ban hanh van ban quy phgm phap lugt, D i l u 21 Lugt T l ehuc Quic hgi).
Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hgi se xem xet, thong qua du thao nghi quylt giai thieh phap luat theo trinh t u quy djnh tai khoan 2 D i l u 86 Luat Ban hanh van ban quy phgm phap luat nhu sau'
- Dgi di^n ea quan, t l ehuc, dai bilu Quoc hgi da eo d l nghj giai thieh dugc mdi tham dy phien hpp trinh bay y kiln.
Dai dien ea quan dugc phan cong chuan bj du thao nghj quylt giai thich thuyit trinh va dgc toan van du thao.
- Dgi dien ca quan t h i m tra trinh bay bao cao tham tra.
- Dai dien ca quan, t l chue, ea nhan dugc mdi tham d u phien hgp phat bilu y kiln.
- Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hgi thao lugn.
- Chu tga phien hgp k i t luan.
- Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hgi bilu quylt - Chu tieh Quoc hgi ky nghj quylt giai thich luat, phap lenh.
- Cuoi cung nghj quyet giai thich luat, phap lenh duge dang Cong bao va dua tin tren eae phuang tien thong tin dai ehung (khoan 3 D i l u 86 Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat).
Trong thuc t l , viec ap dung quy dinh v l giai thich phap lugt da dugc Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hpi t i l n hanh t u nhiJng nam 1980, khi ca quan nay co ten la Hpi d i n g Nha nudc, va da ban hanh nhilu van ban giai thich phap luat'^'. Ben cgnh nhu'ng van ban giai thich, cung co nhOng
trudng hgp Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hgi giai thich chua kip thdi gay anh hudng d i n viec ap dung va thi hanh phap luat.
Vi du: Toa an Nhan dan T i i cao da co Td trinh s i 332/NCPL, ngay 19/5/1994 trinh Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hgi d l nghi giai thich quy djnh tai khoan 3 Dilu 38 Luat D i t dai, sau do Toa an Nhan dan Toi cao CO tilp hai cong van d l nghj dugc giai thich nhung v l n chua co van ban giai thich cua Oy ban Thudng vy Quic hpi; hay nhu trudng hgp yeu c l u giai thich phap lugt nhung chu t h i yeu c l u giai thich va ehu t h i giai thich d i u khong phai la chu t h i 3iroc phap lugt true tilp quy djnh trong van ban (Phgm Thi Duyen Thao, 2014, tn 126-127). Vi du g i n day nhit la vu an Nguyin Q(rc Kien va Huynh Thi Huyin Nhu, ea quan dilu tra da co cong van hoi Ngan hang Nha nude (chu khong phai la Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hpi) va Ngan hang Nha nude da tra ldi bang Cong van s i 350 ngay 17/5/2012 v l Dieu 106 cua Luat Cac t l chuc tin dung lien quan den quyin uy thae, nhan uy thac trong ITnh vye ngan hang.
Dilm lai nhifng van ban giai thich tren, se thiy hau hit d i u la giai thich v l luat, nhung chua co van ban nao giai thich Hiln phap. Chu t h i yeu c l u giai thieh Hiln phap theo quy djnh eua Lugt cung chua l l n nao d l nghi Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hpi thue hien cong viec nay.
TIP nhung quy djnh cua Hiln phap va eae van ban da dugc trinh bay tren co the thiy mpt s i han c h i cua eac quy djnh hien hanh ve giai thich Hiln phap khi ap dung trong thyc tien.
NGUYSN THI HAI VAN - GlAl THiCH H|6N PHAP VA TINH HlNH..
Thir nhat, tgi khgan 1 Dieu 11 Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat c6 quy djnh: "... thu tuc, trinh t u giai thich Hiln phap do Quoc hgi quy djnh" nhung t u trudc tdi nay Qudc hgi chua ban hanh mgt van ban cij t h i nao quy djnh ve thu tuc, trinh t u giai thich Hiln phap. Mac du trong Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat CO quy djnh v l tham quyen, vigc soan thao, thong qua du thao nghj quylt giai thich luat, phap lenh nhu da trinh bay d tren. nhung nhOng quy djnh nay cung chf djnh ra nhung nguyen t^c CO tinh Chung chung: viec l l y y kien cac cc quan, t l chuc, ca nhan lien quan d i n ngi dung giai thich chua dugc quy djnh cy the; quy trinh, thu tuc tham tra d u thag nghj quyet giai thich chua dugc quy djnh.
Thu' hai cung trong Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat eg ban mgt chucng quy djnh v l giai tbich luat, phap l?nh (Chucng X) nhung lai khong cd mgt dieu khoan nao quy djnh v l giai thich Hien phap. Nhu vay viec khong quy djnh giai thich Hien phap trong Luat da xung dgt vdi chinh khoan 1 Bleu 11 cua Luat nay va cung ohua phu hep vdi quy djnh trong khoan 1 Bleu 15 Nghj quylt so 26/2004/QH11 cua Quoc hgi ngay 15/6/2004 v l Quy c h i boat dgng cua Oy ban Thudng vu Quoc hgi. D i l u nay d i n den hai kha nang:
- Vi$c giai thich Hiln phap cOng se dugc thuc hien giong nhu giai thich luat, phap Ignh. N l u vay Hiln phap chua phat huy dugc tinh t i l cao cua mgt dag luat cc ban; vj tri, vai trg cua Hiln phap chua dugc dat dung tam cua nn.
- Theg quy djnh nhu tren thi cc che bao vg Hiln phap dang bj bg ngo se dan den tinh trang cac c c quan thyc hi?n oao quyin lap phap, hanh phap, t u phap d l thuc hi?n hanh vi vi hiln, dllu nay se anh hudng d i n quyen cong dan.
Thir ba, Oy ban Thudng vu Quoc hgi la cc quan duy nhat cd tham quyen giai thich Hiln phap, luat, phap lenh nhung thuc t l "hau het cac uy vien Oy ban Thucng vu Quoc hgi deu kiem nhi^m Chu tich Hgi dong Ban tgc, Chu nhi$m Oy ban, trudng cac cc quan thugc Oy ban Thucng vu Qucc hgi, nen chua danh thdi gian thga dang chg nhi?m VM chung cua Oy ban Thudng vy Quoc hgi"
(Oy ban Thucng vu Quoc hgi, 2011, tr.
20). Dieu nay d i n den hg qua "Mgt so hoat dgng thugc tham quyin cua Oy ban Thudng vu Quoc hgi cdn chua du chilu sau, giai quylt chua triet de" (Oy ban Thucng vu Quoc hgi, 2011, tr. 20) va hien nhien trgng dd eg van de ve giai thich Hien phap ndi rieng va giai thich phap luat ndi chung. Nhu vay, viec giag thim quyen giai thich Hiln phap va phap luat cho duy nhat Oy ban Thudng vy Quoc hgi la chua hgp ly.
Tftif tw, cc quan chinh thuc cc quyen yeu cau giai thich Hiln phap thee quy djnh hign nay chf co Oy ban Thucng vy Quoc hgi, Chu tjch nucc, Chinh phu, Tda an Nhan dan Toi cao, Vign Kilm sat Nhan dan Toi cao, Hgi dong Dan tgc, Oy ban cua Quoc hgi, Oy ban Trung uang Mat tran To q u i c Viet Nam, t l chuc thanh vien cua Mat tran va dai bilu quoc hgi (Bilu 85 Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat). Nhu vay cd hai van de cd the xay ra:
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HOl s6 9 (193) 2014 Khi nhan dan hoac mgt t l chuc khong co tham quyin co yeu e l u giai thich Hiln phap hay ban an Toa an tuyen cd d i u hieu vi hiln, thi khong ro cac quy trinh, thu tuc nao phai lam, hay phai thong qua ca quan nao d l gui yeu cau d i n Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hgi, dac biet d l i vdi nhung quyen ca ban cua eong dan da duac quy djnh trong Hiln phap nhung hien khong co van ban, giai thich nhu quyen tilp can thong tin, quyin bilu tinh, quyen lap hgi... (Dilu 25 Hiln phap 1959, Dieu 67 Hiln phap 1980, Dieu 69 Hiln phap 1992 (sua doi, b l sung 2001); Dilu 25 Hien phap 2013).
- Oy ban Thudng vu QuIe hgi <3t^oc qui djnh giai thieh Hiln phap nhung viec ra quylt dinh va quy trinh giai thich Hiln phap cua Oy ban Thudng vu QuIe hpi chua CO van ban qui djnh ro.
Thii nam, Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hpi la ca quan thudng tryc cua Quic hgi, nen viec ca quan c l p dudi giai thich van ban do ea quan cap tren ban hanh la khong phu hgp. Han nua "cac ca quan cua Quic hpi, bp may giup viec cua Quoc hgi va Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hpi thilu mpt mgng ludi cpng tac vien la cac ca quan t u van, dpi ngu chuyen gia c6 am hieu sau sae ve nhung ITnh vyc cu t h i "
(Oy ban Thudng vu Quic hpi, 2011, tr.
20) vi t h i se han c h i d i n kha nang thyc hien quyen hiln djnh cua Oy ban Thudng vu Quoc hpi trong giai thich Hiln phap.
2. K H A N A N G TRAO QUY^N GlAl THiCH HI^N P H A P C O A T 6 A A N I\/|gc du trong Hiln phap va cac van ban quy pham phap luat hien hanh deu khong quy djnh vipc trao thim quyin giai
thich Hiln phap ndi rieng va giai thich phap luat noi chung cho Toa an nhung tren thuc t l Toa an vdi t u each la ca quan xet xu thi trong hoat dgng cua minh ca quan nay da gian tilp giai thich phap luat trong qua trinh xet xu va qua cac van ban quy pham c6 chua dyng npi dung giai thich phap luat (nhu Nghi quylt cua Hgi ding Tham phan, cac cong van cua Toa an Nhan dan T i i cao, bao cao tong k i t cong tac xet xu hang nam eua Toa an Nhan dan T i i cao). Trong qua trinh xet xu, d l ra dugc mpt ban an thi eac thim phan phai nghien cuu, phan tieh, giai thich tinh chit phap ly cua vu viec roi t u do mdi lya chgn nhCnng van ban quy phgm phap lugt phu hgp, thgm ch; dua ra nhCi'ng giai thich phu hgp cho viec tai sao lya chgn nhung van ban do.
Viec giai thieh phap luat cua Toa an thudng duge thuc hien thong qua nhung vu viec xay ra trong thyc t l ma trudc do ehua CO nhi>ng van ban quy djnh hay quy djnh chua cu t h i . Ding thdi tu nhung kinh nghiem 6\j(yc rut ra trong qua trinh xet xu Toa an se co nhifng hudng d i n chuyen mon phu hgp. Ben cgnh do, can cu vao nhung van ban lugt, phap lenh, Toa an t i i cao se ban hanh nh&ng van ban hudng d i n eu t h i . Vi du: Thyc hien cae quy dmh cua Bp luat Dan su nam 2005 lien quan tdi "Gily td co gia", ngay 21/9/2011, Toa an Nhan dan T i l cao da cd Cong van so 141/TANDTC- KHXX "V/v: Tham quyin giai quylt cac yeu c l u tra lai gily chung nhan quyin sd huu tai san", hudng dan cac trudng hgp Toa an se thu ly giai quylt tra lai gily chung nhan quyin sd huu tai san;
hoac Nghj quylt s i 05/2012/NQ- HDTP
NGUYEN THI HAI VAN - GlAl THJCH Hl^N PHAP VA TINH HINH .
ngay 3/12/2012 cua Hgi ding Thim phan hudng d i n thi hanh mgt s i quy dinh trong phan thu hai "Thu tuc giai quyet vu an tgi Toa an c l p sa tham" cua Bg lugt T I tung Dan sy (da duge sua doi, b l sung theo Lugt Sua d l i , b l sung mgt so dilu cua Bg lugt T l tung Dan su).
Nhung v l n d l neu tren cho thay du muln hay khong thi Toa an v l n dang thuc hien nhiem vu giai thich phap lugt, viec lam nay rit thiet thuc, eo y nghTa phap ly va thyc tiln trong thuc hien phap luat. Tuy nhien, viee giai thich Hiln phap va giai thich phap luat phai co su khac nhau, bdi le'
- Hiln phap la van ban eo gia trj chinh tri- phap ly quan trgng cua mpt quIe gia, trong do chua dung mgt he thong cac quy djnh mang tinh nguyen tie eua mgt quoc gia va I n dinh each thuc to chuc quyin lue eua nha nude.
- Hiln phap con la mpt dao luat ca ban, khong dung d l dilu chfnh mgt loai quan he xa hgi hien hi>u ma chi dilu chinh nhOng quan he ehu dao nhit, chinh y l u nhit, cd tinh nguyen tac va tinh nen tang nhat. Noi each khae, Hiln phap phai phan anh, bao dam va bao ve nhCrng Igi ich sing con cua cac lye lugng xa hgi, lam n i n tang phap ly cho dudng III chinh tri chu dao nham phat trien d i t nude va xa hgi (Dao Tri Oc, 2013). Vi t h i , Hien phap la n i n tang phap ly cao nhit, la can cu de cac van ban quy pham phap luat khae duge ban hanh mpt each phu hgp, khong trai vdi tinh than cua Hien phap.
- Xuit phat tLF ban chat nha nudc ta la nha nude cua nhan dan, do nhan dan va
vi nhan dan, Hiln phap da de ra each thue nhan dan s u dung quyen Iyc nha nudc thong qua Quoc hgi, Hpi dong Nhan dan va eac ca quan khac cua Nha nudc (Dilu 6 Hiln phap 2013). Nhu vgy, nhan dan la chu t h i t i i cao cua quyin Iyc nha nudc, nen Hien phap trude tien phai t h i hien dugc y chi, nguy$n vgng cua nhan dan. Bdi le do, each thue lap Hiln phap va ban hanh Hiln phap eung phai thong qua mgt trinh ty, thu tue dac biet ehu khong nhu nhung dgo lugt khae.
- Vi Hiln phap la mpt dao luat ea ban nen ehu the thi hanh Hiln phap cung khac vdi chu t h i thi hanh cae dgo lugt khae, do la cac ca quan, t l chirc nam quyin luc nha nudc nhu Quic hpi, Chinh phu, Tda an Nhan dan, Vien Kiem sat Nhan dan, Hpi dong Nhan dan, Oy ban Nhan dan, cac t l chuc Dang. Nhu vay, viec thi hanh Hien phap chi eo t h i la ea quan, t l chuc nha nudc nhung dong thdi ehu t h i vi hiln cung ehi e6 the la eae ca quan quyen luc nha nudc ehu khong t h i la ngudi dan, vi ngudi dan chi gian tilp thye hien H i l n phap thong qua cac van ban phap quy dugc lap ra bdi eac ca quan, t l chue nam quyin luc eua Nha nudc. Noi each khae, khac vdl cac dgo luat, viec thuc thi Hien phap khong nhung qua cae quy djnh ma con thyc thi ca tinh t h i n cua H i l n phap (Nguyen Dang Dung, 2013, tr. 231).
- Giai thich Hiln phap la mgt nhi^m vu co t i m quan trgng dac biet, cho nen can co mpt su c i n trgng va dam bao dg chinh xac tci da, trong khi do Toa an t u phap phai tham gia xet x u rat nhilu ITnh vuc:
hanh chinh, hinh su, dan su, kinh te...
nen vi$c giao cho Toa an c6ng viec giai
TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HOl so 9 (193) 2014 11
thich Hiln phap se la mot trach nhiem kho hoan thanh doi vdi ca quan tu phap nay.
Cf nudc ta, Hien phap 2013 khang t^nh Toa an Nhan dan la ca quan thuc hien quyin t u phap (khoan 1 D i l u 102), tue la dpe lap vdi cac ca quan thyc hien quyen lap phap va quyen hanh phap nhung nguyen t i e hogt dgng eua bo may nha nude Cpng hoa Xa hgi Chu nghTa Viet Nam v l n la theo nguyen t i e tap quyin chu khdng phai theo nguyen t i e phan quyin nhu mgt so nudc tren t h i gidi. Nhu vay n l u 6ifCfc trao quyin giai thich Hiln phap thi sau khi giai thich Hien phap, Toa an lieu co du thim quyin d l bai bo van ban vi hiln do Chinh phu, Thu tudng Chinh phu, Vien Kilm sat... lap ra hay khong? Xet v l ca c h i hien nay thi vipc trao quyin giai thieh Hiln phap cho Toa an t u phap r i t kho d l thue hien.
3. t K I ^ N D ^ X U A T
Vi ehung ta chua co mgt ca c h i bao ve Hiln phap thyc su nen hoat dgng giai thich Hiln phap ehua phat triin. Nhan xet v l eg c h i bao hiln d nudc ta, GS.TS. Nguyin Dang Dung eho rang. "O' Viet Nam, hoat dpng bao hien theo nghia hep v l n chua co cho den hien nay ma chi CO bao hiln d nghTa rat rgng. Do la cac hogt dgng kiem tra, giam sat eua cac eg quan nha nudc c l p tren d l i vdi viec tuan thu Hiln phap cua cae ea quan nha nudc c l p dudi, cho den su tuan thu Hiln phap eua tung ngudi dan cung nhu cac to ehuc xa hpi true thugc. Chung ta v l n chua thay mpt each sau s i c rang, Hien phap chinh la ban van han c h i , c h i udc quyin Iyc Nha nude... Sd dT co
hien tugng nay la vi chung ta co Hien phap, nhung ma Igi khong co phan quyin, khong c6 quan dilm cua chu nghTa hiln phap, khong co toa an dpc lap, thi kho CO t h i cd mpt ca ehi bao hiln theo nghTa d i y du nhit cua no" (Van phong QuIe hpi, 2009, tr.11).
Nhan thuc cua nhieu ngudi hien nay cho rang Hiln phap sau khi duac ban hanh se dugc Quic hgi cu t h i hoa bang cac van ban lugt, phap lenh, tu do d l ap dung vao thuc t l lai co cac van ban hudng d i n thi hanh cua Chinh phu, cae Bp, Toa an Nhan dan T i i cao, Vien Kilm sat Nhan dan T i l cao... nen chu t h i thuc hien se la nhan dan ma khong phai la nhung ca quan, to chuc nam trong tay quyen luc, trong khi do thuc ra cong dan khong phai la ehu t h i true tilp thi hanh Hiln phap va eung khong eo b i n phan di tim hiiu nhung I n y eua cac nha lap hiln dang sau cac dilu khoan do hg ban hanh (Nguyin Dang Dung, 2013, tr. 237). Vi le tren, chung toi d l xuit mot s i y kiln sau day:
Trong thdi dilm QuIe hgi dang tiln hanh ra seat van ban d l sua doi, b l sung va ban hanh mdi cho phu hgp vdi Hien phap 2013, thi cCing nen b l sung ro eac quy djnh v l giai thich Hiln phap trong cac van ban co lien quan de dam bao tinh d i n g bp.
- Tgi khoan 1 D i l u 119 Hiln phap 2013 CO quy djnh: "... Mpi hanh vi vi phgm Hiln phap d i u bj xu ly" nen "QuIe hgi, cac ca quan eua Quic hpi, Chu tjch nudc, Chinh phu, Toa an Nhan dan, Vien Kilm sat Nhan dan, cac ca quan khac eua Nha nude va toan t h i nhan
NGUYEN THI H A I V A N - GlAl THiCH H | £ N P H A P V A T I N H HlNH..
dan c6 trach nhiem bao ve Hien phap.
Co chS bao ve Hi6n phap do luat dinh"
(khoan 2 Bieu 119 Hien phap 2013) da md dudng cho viec hinh thanh mgt cc c h i bag hiln. Vi t h i can nghien cuu mgt each l^hoa hgc va thiu dao ve l<ha nang thanh lap Toa an Hiln phap ia mgt cc quan tai phan dgc lap - d day. trgng quy djnh nay, bang tinh toi thugng cua minh, Hien phap da "chf djnh" thim quyin ban hanh mgt c h i djnh ve cc c h i bag hiln chi on t h i dugc thuc hign bdi Quoc hgi ma khong phai la Oy ban Thudng vu Quoc hgi, Chinh phu hay bat cu mgt cc quan cd tham quyen ban banh van ban quy pham phap luat nao khac bang mgt dao luat (lu?t).
- Quoc hgi sdm xay dung va ban hanh Lu|t ve giai thich phap luat trgng dd nggai viec quy djnh quy trinh giai thich cac van ban quy pham phap iuat, thi Luat
phai giai thich re cac khai nigm lien quan va quy djnh cy t h i ve tham quyen giai thich Hiln phap, ngi dung giai thich Hiln phap, chu f h l dugc quyen yeu cau giai thich Hiln phap va quy trinh giai thich Hiln phap.
Tdm lai, giai thich Hien phap la boat dgng lam sang tg v l t u tudng, ngi dung, y nghTa cac hiln djnh, la bag dam tinh toi cao cua Hiln phap. Thong qua boat dgng nay, cac chu the hiln djnh va cong dan CO nhan thuc dung dan v l Hiln phap, d l qua dd vigc thuc thi va ap dyng Hiln phap ducc nghiem chinh, thong nhat. Vi vay, viec nghien cuu hoan thign cc c h i giai thich Hien phap la mot nhu cau can thilt mang tinh tat y l u , khach quan. BJc bigt, trong b l i canh Vigt Nam dang xay dyng nha nudc phap quyen xa hgi chu nghTa, thuc hien dan chu hda v^
bao dam quyin cong dan. Q CHO THiCH
' " Dudi day la mpt so van ban giai thich Hien phap, phap luat:
I n l Z l ^ * ' : ' " ' ! ' ? ^ * " ' " '^'"^" "'" T6i cao, Hpi dpng Nha nifdc ban hanh cpng van s6 08/HONN g,a, th.ch ve thc»i gian thC, thach doi vpi an trep ihep quy dmh tai khoan 1 Bieu 44 Bp lu?t Hmh SV nan, 1985. Tren c c sp Tp trinh so 06/CP-XDPL ngay 21/01/2005 cua Chinh phu v6 15l'q»/'nRK™, ""^.In!:^^" ' " ' " " ' " ' ""^ "•"» ^ ^ ™ " 9 -"^i "^ ^^° ^° y Wan SP 1519a/UBKTNS ngay 24/01/2005 cua Thu'png trLrc Dy ban Kinh Is va N g i n saph cua Qupc h^i Cly ban Thcmng vu Qupc hpi da thpng qua Nghj quy^t sp 746/2005/NQ-UBTVQH11 n g i y 28/01/2005
?2/ 0/2006 c ^ T - ' T ' ' ? ' " f ' ' " " " ' " " '''''• ' " " "" = * ™ ' " " ^ =° 682/TTr-KTNN n g i y u T . , " ' - r ' . ' " T ™ ^ * ° ' ' ° y W*" =^ 3050/UBKTNS ngay 8/11/2006 cua y ban k^nh te va Ngan sach cua Qupc hpi, Oy ban ThL,png vu Q u i c hoi da thpng qua Nghi
s : c^^rsir^nT"^ ™ °"^^ ^*' '^ -^^ -'— ^^ ^- ----
TAI LIEU TRiCH DAN
(Xem tiep trang 24)
L £ T H ! T H U C - BI^N D 6 | C A U T R O C Q U Y E N LU'C GK^yi-.
17. T r i n TCr. 1984. Ca ciu td chirc cua lang Viet c6 truyin & Bic Sp. Ha Ngi: Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hgi.
18. Tnnh Thai Quang. 2007. Mot sd vin di vi mau thuSn vg chdng va bao /yc ddi v&l phu nCr trong gia dinh ndng thdn. Tap chi Xa hpi hpc, so 3.
19. Vu Manh Lgi. 2009. Chu hg gia dinh Viet Nam la ai? Tap chi Xa hgi hpc so 4.
20. Vu Manh Lgi, Trjnh Thj Quang, N g u y i n Hong Thai, Nguyen Khanh Bich Tram, Bang Vu Hoa Thach. 2007. Quan he quyin luc giira vg va chdng trong gia dinh Vi$t Nam hi$n nay. Ha Noi: Phong Gia dinh, Vien Xa hgi hgc.
2 1 . Vij Tuan Huy. 1997. Phan cdng lao dong trong kinh ti ho gia dinh - vin di giOl trong co chi thi trwong. Tap chi Xa hpi hpc, so 4.
22. Vu Tuan Huy. 2006. Nhirng vin di cua gia dinh Viit Nam trong qud trinh biin doi xa h^i theo xu hwang cong nghiep hda va hi$n dai hoa. Tap chi Xa hgi hgc, so 2.
{Tiep theo trang 12) G I A I T h i C H H I ^ N P H A P . . .
2. Dao Tri Uc va cac cpng su'. 2013. Cac thiit chi hiin dinh ddc lap kinh nghi$m qudc tS vii triin vong a Viet Nam. Ha Npi: Nxb. Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Ngi.
3. Hiin phap 1946. 1959, 1980, 1992 (sua ddi. bd sung nam 2001) va Hiin phdp 2013.
4. Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat nam 2008.
5. LuSt Td chirc Qudc hoi nam 2001.
6. Nghi quyit s6 26/2004/QH11 cua Quoc hgi ngay 15/6/2004 ve Quy che hoat dpng cua Oy ban Thu'dng vu Quoc hgi.
7. N g u y i n Dang Dung. 2013. Vi pham Hiin phap va cac loai hinh vi ph^m Hiin phdp, trong Dao Tri Uc va cac cpng s u . 2013. Cac thiit chi hiin dinh ddc lap kinh nghiam quoc ti va triin vgng a Viet Nam. Ha Ngi: Nxb. Dai hpc Q u i c gia Ha Ngi.
8. Pham Thi Duyen Thao. 2014. Mgt sd vin di vi giai thich phdp luat chinh thirc a Vi0t Nam hien nay. Ha Npi: Nxb. Chinh trj Q u i c gia.
9. Thu'dng vu Q u i c hpi nhiem ky Q u i c hpi khoa XII (2007-2011). Bdo cdo sd 721/BC~
UBTVQH12 ngay 19/3/2011 Bdo cdo tdng kit hoat ddng cua Oy ban.
10. Van phong Quoc hpi. 2009. Kyyiu Hdi thao qudc ti vi bao hiin. Ha Npi: Nxb. T h d i dgi.
