Bdo ve nen tdng tUtudng cua Ddng
DAU TRANH PHAN BAC CAC QUAN DIEM SAI TRAI, THU DICH, BAG VE TINH DANG CUA TRIET HOC
MAC - LENIN TRONG GIAI DOAN HIEN NAY
PGS, TS. DANG QUANG DINH'*'
Tom tat: Tinh ddng ctia triet hpc la quan diem the hien lap truang nhat quan ye the giai quan triet hpc. Boi v&i nhOng nguai mdc-xit, day la stf khang dinh tinh dting dan ctia chti nghia duy vat bien chimg trong cuoc ddu tranh chdng lai^ cac trao luu triet hoc duy tam Tinh ding cua triet hpc doi hoi nhiing nguai mdc-xit phai the Men tinh chien ddu trong cupe ddu tranh vol he tu tuang thit dich vd cdc loai tu tucmg phdn dpng khde duoi nhieu hinh thite.
Tir khoa: tinh ddng ciia triit hoc; triet hpc Mdc - Lenin; chu nghia Mdc - Lenin
K
hi tioi v6 tinh dang cita triet hoc, V.I.Lenin nhan dinh: "Trift hoc hien dai cung CO tinh dang nhu triet hgc hai nghin nam ve truac"'". Day la quan diem the hien lap trucmg nhat quan v6 the gioi quan tria hpc. V.I.Lenin chi ro: "Nhiing dang phai dang dau tranh vai nhau, ve thuc chat - mac dii thuc chat do bi che d4u bang nhung nhan hieu moi c i a thti doan lang bam hoac tinh phi dang ngu xuan - la chu nghta duy vat va chii nghia duy tam"'^'.'*' Hpc vien Chinh ni qu6c gia Ho Chi Minh Khoa hoc chinh tri - So 4/2020
D6i vol nhung nguai mac-xit, tinh dang doi hoi phai nhan thiic dugc tinh dung dan ciia chit nghia duy vat bien chiing, phai cong khai va tmdc sau nhu mgt thuc hien nhiing quan diem ciia chu nghia duy vat bien chiing, biet phat hien ra nhimg khuynh hucmg xa roi chu nghia duy vat Ben catlh do, phai bao ve chii nghia duy vat tmoc su tan cong cua nhiing quan dilm thii dich, phe phan co ca so khoa hgc mgi quan dilm duy tam chii nghta trcng triet hgc, phai dju tranh ch6ng lai mgi ke thii tu hrong duoi mgi hmh thirc, phe phan cac loai ly luan xet lai va phan dpng, phai thi hien tinh chien diu trgng cugc dJu hanh voi he tu tuong thii dich va cac loai tu hrdng phan dgng khac.
22 . Bdo ve nen tdng tU tudng cua Ddng C.Mac va Ph.Angghen luon doi lap mgt each
ro rang va diit khoat con duong duy vat va con duong duy tam trong triet hpc. C.Mac vach ro nhimg sai lam duy tam ciia Ludwig Feuerbach trong lihh vuc xa hpi, gat bo thuyet thuc chung cua Auguste Conte, phe phan chu nghia duy tam ciia Schelling, Duyrinh, dau tranh chong nhiing khuynh huong sai lam trong nhom Heghen tre...
CMac va Ph.Angghen la nhiing nguoi da the hien tinh than nhk quan, truac sau nhu mot. Hai ong da tien theo con duong duy vat, thiic day khuynh huong co ban ciia triet hpc tien Ien phia truac, "chdng lai chu nghTa duy tam, chu khong de cho mpt trong hang nghin he thong triet hpc tham hgi lam cho minh lac huong"'^'. "Khong ngung gitr vung, mpt each ciing kien quyet nhu tnrac, lap trucmg ro ret va kien dinh ciia minh, dong thai quet sach cai bui ban nhimg he thong mai, ca lcm lln nho"'''*. V.I.Lenin chi ro:
"Ve mat triet hpc, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, thiiy chung la nhung nguoi co tinh dang; hai ong da biet phat hien ra nhiing thien huong xa roi chii nghia duy vat va nhirng sir dung tiing chii nghia duy tam va chii nghta tin nguang trong tat ca mpi khuynh huang"'^'.
Trong tac pham Chu nghta duy vdt vd chu nghia kinh nghiem phi phdn, V.I.Lenin da phe phan thai do khong dang phai trong triSt hpc.
6 n g khang dinh: "Khong trir mpt truong hpp nao, chiing ta da thay riing dang sau mpt d6ng thu^t ngil tinh vi mai, dang sau cai mo lon xpn nhiing nghi luan uyen tham kinh vien, la hai duong loi ca ban, hai khuynh hucmg co ban trong each giai quyet cac van de triet hpc"''^' - duy vat hoac duy tam chii khong co duong loi thiJ ba trong triet hpc. V.LLenin cho rang: "cai tham vpng ngu dai muon "vupt len tren" chii nghia duy vat va chu nghia duy tam, muon khac phuc su d6i lap "cu ky" ay, nhung ^ that, thi ca dam nguoi do cu mdi Idc mpt sa vao chu nghia duy tam va kien quyet tien hanh den ciing mgt cupe dau tranh chong chu nghia duy vat"'''.
V.LLenin nhan manh: "Chii nghta duy tam chang qua chi la mpt hmh thai te nhi va tinh vi cua chti nghia tin nguang, mpt chii nghia duac
vu trang diy dii, co trong tay nhimg td chiic rat rong lon, va loi dung nhirng sir dao dgng nho nhSt trong tu tuong trik hpc, khong ngimg tiep Uic anh huong vao quSn chiing. Vai tro khach quan, vai ho giai cSp ciia chu nghia kinh nghiem phe phan, hoan toan chl la phuc vu cho bpn tin ngudng chii nghta trong cugc dau tranh cua chiing chdng chii nghta duy vat noi chung va chdng chii nghia duy vat lich su noi rieng"'^'.
Ben canh viec kien tri theo khuynh huong triSt hpc duy vat, the hien tinh chi8n diu manh me ciia thg gioi quan duy vat vdi the gicfi quan duy tam, tinh dang ciia triet hpc con doi hoi nhiing nguoi mac-xit phai dau tranh tren thuc tien, thong qua viec dau tranh chong tu tuong ciia cac dang phai chinh tri.
Vai l|p truang co dang tinh nhat dinh trong chinh tri, C.Mac va Angghen luon gan lien va dong nhat hoa sir phe phan voi cuoc dau tranh hien thuc, C.Mac nhdn manh: "Noi chung, day khong con la mgt triet hgc niia, ma la mgt the gioi quan, no khong can phai dugc chiing thuc va bieu hien thanh mgt khoa hpc dac biet nao do ciia cac khoa hgc, ma dxcgc chting thuc va bieu hien trong cac khoa hgc hien thuc"*^'.
Ph.Angghen khSng dinh: "khong the dap tan dupc mgi hinh thai va san pham ciia y thuc bing sir phe phan tinh than... ma chi bang viec lat d6 mpt each thuc tiln nhiing quan he xa hgi hien thirc da san sinh ra t4t ca nhiing dieu nham nhi duy tam do; ring khong phai su phe phan ma each mang inai la dong luc cua lich su, ciia ton giao, cua triet hpc va cua mpi ly luan khac"""'.
Rang, "Cac nha tridt hpc da gidi thich thd gioi bang nhieu each khac nhau, song vdn de la cdi /ao the giai"'"l
Theo C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, "Tu tuang can ban khdng thd thuc hien dugc cdi gi het. Mudn thuc hien Ui tuong thi can c6 nhirng con nguoi su dung lire lugng thuc tidn""^). Tir do, C.Mac chi ra rang, tridt hgc ciing phai theo duo'i nhimg muc dich thuc tiln hidu theo y nghia cao nhdt cua chu dd nhu bat cir hoat dgng lao dgng nao khac cua con nguoi. RSng, "cac triet gia khong mgc len nhu nam tir trai dk, hg la san phSm cua
Khoa hon chinh tri - So 4./?n20
. Bdo ve nen tdng tu tudng cua Bdng 23 thai dai ciia minh, cua dan tgc minh, ma dong
siia tinh td nhdt, quy gia va vd hinh dugc tap trung lai trong nhiing tu tudng hiet hgc. Ciing chinh cai tinh thSn xay dung nhirng dudng sat bing ban tay ciia cdng nhan, dang xay d^mg nhijng he thdng triet hpc trong dau dc cac tridt gjg'HB) "Mpi tridt hpc chan chinh deu la tinh hoa tinh than cua thdi dai minh""'*'. C.Mac phan ddi quan didm cho ring triet hgc "khdng c6 tinh dang" va tua hd nd chi quan sat hien thirc, va khdng cd quan h? gi vdi hoat ddng thuc tidn, voi SII bidn ddi che do xa hdi. Tridt hgc khdng phai xay dung ldn mpt he thong, thich dung "ddi voi mpi thdi dai sau nay", ma la phd phan thang tay mpi cai dang tdn tai.
Vai trd ciia tridt hgc duy vat bien chung ehinh la d tinh dinh hudng nhan thiic de dat den cac muc tieu phii hgp vdi su phat trien khach quan ciia lich sir. Tridt hgc phai gop phan lam cho cudc ddu tranh giai edp khdng cdn mang tinh chdt bi?t phai, ngau nhien nira, ma la hanh dgng c6 td chirc nhim bao ve lgi ich ciia cac giai cap, tdng ldp ddng dao ngudi lao dgng trong xa hgi.
C.Mdc chi ro: "Gidng nhu diet hgc thay giai cap vd san la vii khi vdt chdt cua minh, giai cap vo san ciing thdy triet hgc la vii khi tinh thdn ciia minh"'"'. Didu do cd nghta la cd sir lien he chat che giiia dudng loi chinh hi vdi logic tu tudng trigt hgc h-ong chii nghia Mac. Theo V.LLenin, dudng ldi chinh tri ciia chii nghta Mac... gan chat vdi co sd hidt hpc cua nd. Vi vay, bao ve triet hgc Mac ciing co nghia la bag ve hgc thuyet chinh tri cua cac dng. Do vay, khi dau tranh vdi bdt ky mdt khuynh hudng triet hgc nao cung phai thdy rd cac lgi ich chinh tri xuyen qua cac hpc thuydt tridt hgc dd, phai vach rd ban chdt cua tdt ca nhiing quan didm chinh tri phan ddng dn gidu ben trong cac hgc thuydt hidt hgc, kd ca chii nghta duy vat va chu nghta duy tam.
Theo V.LLenin, "cugc ddu tranh dang phai trong tridt hpe, mgt cugc dau tranh, xet den Cling, bidu hi?n nhirng khuynh huong va he hr tuong cua cae giai cdp ddi dich trong xa hgi hidn dai""^>. Thuc te cho thdy, nhiing tu tudng chinh tri cua cac dang phdi, cac nha nuoc frong lich su
deu dung tren the gidi quan triet hgc nhat dinh.
Cugc dau tranh chdng chu nghta co hpi, xet lai ma V.LLenin tidn hanh da cho thay rd co sd triet hpc eiia cae thu chu nghia ay. Day deu la nhiing bidu hien khac nhau ciia ehii nghia duy tam.
Khi the gidi quan duy vat bidn chung the hien sir thang lgi thdng qua cae phong trao each mang, nhiing nha chinh tri, triet hpc ddi lap the hien ro sir chdng pha quyet liet, dien eudng vdi the gidi quan duy vat bien chiing, vdi the gidi quan duy vat khoa hpc va each mang. Tham chi, cudi the ky XL?C, dau the ky XX, cae nha triet hge duy tam cdn sir dung chinh thanh hm ciia khoa hpc tu nhien de bac bd the gidi quan duy vat bien chiing, qua dd phu nhan he tu tudng cua Dang Cong san, cua giai cap vd san. Hp cho ring, "vat chat da tieu tan", "vat chat bien mat";
the gidi quan duy vat bien chiing la sai lam, can bae bo va thay the bdi the gidi quan mdi.
Thing lgi ciia Cach mang Thang Muoi Nga (nam 1917) vi dai da lam eho chu nghia xa hdi tir mdt hgc thuydt trd thanh hien thuc, chu nghta Mac tir mpt "bdng ma am anh chau Au" da duge hien thuc hda tren thuc td, md ra thdi dai mdi - thdi dai qua do len ehu nghia xa hpi tren pham vi toan thd gidi. Nhung diing lgi to ldn ciia chu nghia xa hdi, lam thay ddi bd mat xa hdi the gidi la minh chung hung hdn, chimg to vai txb to ldn ciia chii nghta Mae - Lenin noi chung, triet hgc Mac - Lenin ndi rieng. Tuy nhien, tir sau khi md hinh chil nghta xa hdi hien thue d Lien Xd va Ddng Au sup do thi chu nghia Mac - Lenin ndi chung, ttidt hpc Mac - Lenin ndi rieng bi xuydn tac va edng kieh tir nhidu phia. Ke thu cua chu nghia Mac - Lenm dang ldn tieng cho rang, chii nghta Mac - Lenin, tdk hpc Mae - Lenin da lac hau, loi thdi, cdn dugc thay the. Cac phan hi eo hgi duoi mgi mau sie, tim mgi each phu nhan the giai quan duy vat bien chimg, dae biet la quan niem duy vat ve lich su.
Nhidu nha ly luan, nha tu tudng tu san dua ra nhiing tu tudng, ly luan, thuat ngii, nhu "xa hgi sieu cong nghiep", "cac co quan sieu qude gia" "cae nha hgp nhat", "phuang tien hgp nhdt", "sieu ddu tt-anh", "y thiic he toan cdu"...
^Khoa hpc chinh tn - So 4/2020
24
cua Alvin Toffler; "dung hgp giai cap" eiia phai Frankfurt..; hay, cac hgc gia menh danh la "chii nghta Mac phuong Tay" tir nhirng nam 20 eiia the ky XX den nay, nhu Georg Lukacs (1885 - 1971), Karl Korsch (1886 - 1961) va Antonio Gramsei (1891 - 1937)... chdng lai xu hudng giai thich tinh khach quan cua chii nghia duy vat bien chimg va chii nghia duy vat lich su. Hg khdng chap nhan tinh quyet dinh cua cac quy luat kinh te khach quan, khdng chap nhan quyet dinh luan kinh te, mac dii thira nhan vai trd co ban ciia yeu to kinh te. Chii nghia Mac mdi d Anh lai lay xung dot van hda thay the cho dau tranh giai cap... TSt ea nhirng ly luan, tu tudng ciia cac hpc gia thuoe cac trudng phai tren day, xet ddn eimg, deu nham phu nhan vai trd eiia chu nghia Mac - Lenin va hiet hgc Mac - Lenin.
Su phu nhdn triit hgc Mdc - Lenin, chu nghta Mdc - Lenin dugc the hien d hai khuynh hudng chinh:
Thif nhdt, khai lai nhung tu tudng dugc cho la da carih bao ve nhung "sai lam" eiia chii nghia Mac - Lenin khi ly giai ve lich sic; rang, nhung ngudi cgng san khdng nhan ra dieu dd nen da dan den sir sup do.
Trong cudn Nen dgo due Tin Ldnh vd tinh thdn cua chu nghta tu- bdn (nam 1930), M.Weber (1864-1920) dathehiennhiing quan diem khac biet so vdi each tiep can ciia C.Mac ve xa hdi va lich su. Theo quan niem ciia C.Mac, co sd cua su phan chia giai cap va sir phan tang xa hdi theo giai cap la trinh do san xuat cdn thap. Theo M.Weber, vai tro cua ITnh vuc kinh te khdng cdn quan trgng ddi vdi su phan ehia giai cap va tang ldp xa hdi trong xa hpi tu ban hien dai. Thdng qua viee bd sung them yeu td tinh than, van hda va dao diic khi khao cim ban chat ciia chii nghta tu ban, M.Weber mudn ngam bac bd hgc thuyet Mac, nhdt la ly luan giai cap cua C.Mac dugc trinh bay trong bd Tu bdn.
Sir phe phan "chii nghla lich sir" dupc K.Popper(1902-1994) tnnhhaytxongSungheo ndn ciia chu nghta lich su (nam 1944) va Xa hpi md vd nhieng ki thu cua nd (nam 1945) la quan didm phii nhan tnic tiep chu nghia duy vat lich su.
. Bdo ve nen tdng tUtudng cua Dang dae biet la nhim bac bd true tidp hge thuyet h i i j thai bnh te - xa hgi, cung nhu phu nhan tinh chat khach quan cua cae quy luat xa hot ma triet hpc Mac - Lenin neu ra.
Cuon Dudng tdi nd le (nam 1943) cua F.A.Hayek (1899 -1992) ciing la tac pham the hien nhidu quan diem phii nhan chii nghta Mac - Lenin, d do, dng da phii nhan kha nang nhan bidt cac quy luat Hch sir eiia con ngudi. Trong tac phdm nay, dng eho ring: "con nguoi khdng thd bidt cac quy luat ciia lieh su, ma cd ie nhu thd lai la may""". Didu nay hyc tiep phii nhan quan niem duy vat vd lich sii ciia hiet hgc Mae - Lemn. F.A.Hayek cdn cho ring, thd chd toan tri vdi dac trung quoc him hda hi lieu san xuat va kd hoach hda tap hung cao do se dan den ngheo khd, bat bmh ding (ma ong ggi la "nd le"). Dieu nay di den phii nhan quan diem chinh tri eiia chu nghia Mac - Lenin ve xay dung ehe dd edng him, tao eo sd kinh td de giai phdng va phat trien toan dien con ngudi.
Thu hai, dd xudt nhiing tu tudng mdi ly giai ve su phat tridn cua lich sir loai ngudi, thuc ehat la phu nhan ehii nghta Mac - Lenin.
Trong cudn The End ofHisioiy and the Last Man (nam 1989), Francis Fukuyama (smh nam 1952) da bac bd quan diem duy vat bien chung eiia triet hgc Mac - Lenin. Thay vao dd, F.Fukuyama de xuat phuang phap nghien eiin khoa hge hien dai ket hgp vdi tien bg cong nghe, ciing voi ndn kinh te thi ttudng tu ban chii nghta, nhim ly giai tai sao van mmh loai ngudi da tidn bd dugc nhu vay. Didm then chot, theo dng, chinh la chii nghta hr ban la giai doan eu6i ciia tien trinh lieh sir, do phat frien dua fren dan chu, tu do, mac dii no khdng hoan thien, nhung dd la md hinh tdt nhdt ma chiing ta cd. Vi vay, F.Fukuyama da cd nhan dinh: "Lich su da cham dut" va cho ring, chiing ta dang sdng frong giai doan "hau Uch sir". Ring, chu nghia tu ban dua fren dan chu tu do la giai doan cuoi cua tidn frmh lich sir; dan ehii, tu do chinh la hhih thirc chinh quydn cudi cimg' ciia nhan loai va nhu vay qua trinh tidn hda y thiic he chinh tri da cham diit kd tir thdi didm nam 1989 cdn lich sir da di den diem cao chung.
Khoa hoc chinh tri - So 4/pQ20
. Bdo ve nin tdng tU tudng cua Ddng 25 Nha tuong lai hgc ngudi My A.Toffler (1928
- 2016) da vidt bp sach du doan su phat trien ciia nhan loai frong tuong lai gan, gdm: Cu sdc tuang lai (Future shock), Ldn sdng thie ba (The third wave) va Thang trdm quyin luc (Power shifi). Trong cudn Ldn sdng thii ba, A.Toffler chia su phat trien thanh ba nen van minh: van minh ndng nghiep, van minh cdng nghiep, van minh tri tue. Trong do, dng chi de cap den mat ky thuat frong su phat trien eua lire lugng san xuat, eiia ddi sdng xa hgi, bd qua nhiing mau thuSn can ban, chu yeu ciia phuang thiic san xudt tu ban. Thuc chat la bao ve sir tdn tai cua ch6 dp tu ban.
Trong tac pham Su va cham cua cdc nen vdn minh (nam 1996), S.R Huntington (1927 - 2008) da idy su xung dot giiia cac nen van minh thay cho ddu tranh giai edp, qua do bac bd ly tuan giai cdp, each mang xa hdi ciia triet hge Mae - Lenin.
Quan di8m nay khdng thdy ngudn gdc thuc su ciia cac cugc xung dot ldn fren the gidi, do la vdn dd lgi ieh (kinh td, chinh tri, an nmh, qude phdng...). Van hda, van minh, ton giao chi la eai cd, nhieu khi nd bi eac thd luc ca hdi chmh tri lgi dung de dat dugc cac muc dieh chinh tri cua hg.
Trong Ly thuyet hdnh vi giao tiep, J.Habermas (sinh nam 1929) cd tham vgng tai cau true lai chu nghia duy vat lich sii nham thay the cho chii nghta duy vat lich sir ciia C.Mac. Tham vgng nay cua J.Habermas ciing the hien sir bac bd, phii nhan hgc thuydt hinh thai kmh te - xa hgi ciia C.Mac mpt each gian tiep, khdng true dien.
Ngoai nhirng dai bieu co ban fren, cdn cd nhieu nha tu tudng khac chdng lai chu nghia Mac - Lenin d cac khia canh khac nhau. Dien hinh nhu chii huong "bd sung chu nghta nhan dao" cho hpc thuydt Mac din den sir ra ddi "Chu n ^ a Mac hien sinh" (J.P.Sarfre), "Chii nghia Mac theo tinh thdn chu nghia Freud" (Vinhem Raisa - Ao, Macquido va Erich Fromm - Trudng phai Frankfurt)...
Didu dang luu y la mpt so hi tudng do da fruc tiep tac dgng tdi y thuc he giai cap, anh hudng tdi viec xay dung he tu tudng chinh tri d Viet Nam. C^i the, gan day, frong "Thu ngd gtri cho
Dang Cdng san Viet Nam" eua 61 ngudi xung danh la "dang vidn" (cdn ggi tit la TN61) ndu ra tu tudng cho rang, "the che ddc dang toan tri kim ham tu do, dan chii"; rang, "mdt dang cam quyen thi khong ed dan chu, mpt dang cam quyen ddng nghia vdi dgc doan, chuydn quyen, bdp nghet dan chil". Hp ciing khuyen "xay dung he thdng nha nude phap quyen that sir dan chii". Quan diem nay thuc chat da dugc F.A.Hayek neu ra.
Tu vai frd quydt dinh ciia ca sd kinh te ddi vdi sir thay ddi ciia kien tnic thugng tang frong tridt hpe Mae - Lenin, nhtrng tu tirdng ddi da nguyen chinh tri, da dang ddi lap ciing xuat hien. Hp cho rang, tnrdc ddi mdi, d Viet Nam chi cd kinh te quoc doanh va tap thd nen mot dang lanh dao la phu hgp. Khi chuyen sang kinh te nhieu thanh phan, nhieu hinh thiic sd hiiu thi tat yeu phai da nguyen chinh tri, da dang ddi lap mdi dimg vdi ly luan cua chii nghia Mac - Lenin. Thuc chat, day la quan diem ehiet trung va nguy bien frong viec nhan thiic mdi quan he giiia kinh te va chinh tri.
Bdi le, mac dii kinh te d Viet Nam nhieu thanh phin, nhieu hinh thuc so hiiu de giai phdng siie san xudt xa hgi, nhung sd hihi toan dan la sd hiiu chi phdi d Viet Nam. Didu 53, Hien phap nam 2013 ghi rd: "Dat dai, tai nguyen nudc, tai nguyen khoang san, nguon lgi d vimg bien, vung frdi, tai nguyen thien nhien khac va eac tai san do Nha nudc dau tu, quan ly la tai san cdng thugc sd huu toan dan do Nha nude dai dien chii sd hiiu va thdng nhat quan ly". Vi vay, "chinh fri la bieu hien tap trung cua kinh te" nen chinh fri eiing phan anh quan he sd huu chi phdi dd. Theo dd, nhdt nguyen chinh tri va mdt dang lanh dao van phii hgp vdi ly luan Mac - Lenin neu ra. Nhiing lap luan ddi da nguyen chmh fri, da dang ddi lap thuc chat la phu nhan vai frd lanh dao ciia Dang Cdng san Viet Nam.
Ngoai nhung quan diem fren, nhieu tu tudng phan ddng cdn true dien chdng lai thd gidi quan duy vat bien chimg, phii nhan quan niem bidn ehiing v6 qua trinh Uch sir - tu nhien ciia sir thay thd cac hmh thai kmh td - xa hdi; chdng lai tu tudng vd tmh tat ydu each mang xa hgi chit nghia, (xem tiep trang 30)
iliJlhoa hoc chmh tri - So 4/2020
