CRC VAN f)6 Xfl HQI Vfl PHflT TfiieN 6€N V O i ^
CAC VAN DE XA HOI
VA PHAT TRIEN BEN VITNG d VIET NAM
TS. Nguyen Hiru Dung
Nguyen Vt^n truatig Vi^n Khoa hqc Lao dgng va Xa HQI
Cac van de xa hgi va phdt Irien ben vi'mg co nidi quan h^ huu ca ven nhau va gdn rdi ehgt vai mo hmh tang truang ciia niQt quae gia, phit hgp v&i xu huong chung cua quoc te. Do la deu nhdm muc tieu phdt trien con ngu&i, thuc day Idng Iruong kinh le, ihyv hi?n cong bdng xa hpi vd chu dong hQi nhgp quoc le. Han 25 ndm doi mai, nhgn thuc ve cdc vdn de ndy a nudc ta dd co s\{
thay doi ca bdn, vi^c gidi quyet cdc van de xd hgi vd phdt lnen ben vimg dd dgt duQC nhOng thdnh /(TK quan trgng. Tuy nhien, Vi^l Nam dang phdi doi mgt vai nhieu thdch thuc trong cdc vdn de xd hdi, nhal la cdc van de xd hpi but xuc, ldm cho phdt Irien xd hgi chua ben vimg. Trong giai dogn mdi cua syr phdt trien, Vi^t Nam phdi lien lyc doi mdi tu duy, nhgn thdc sdu sac han ve vdn de ndy vd iru tien Igp Irung vdo gidi quyet nhimg vdn de vim ca bdn Idu ddi, vua birc xdc truac mgi ve cdc vdn de xa hoi, gdp phdn phdt trien ben vOng ddt ntrdc.
Tir khoa: Cac van dS xa hpi, chinh sach xa hpi, cong bing xa hpi, tang truong b6n vij-ng, phat trien ben vihtg.
(Inclusive Growth), tdng truang bien vung (Sustain- able Growth), tang trudng dira tren Iri lue hay tang truang sdng tao (Innovative Growth) vd tdng trudng an toan (Secure Growth). Day thuc chat la mpt chi6n lugc kit hgp hai hoa giSa tang truong kinh t£ va giai quy6t cac vin dS xa hpi theo nguyen tSc cong bang va ti6t bp xa hpi nham myc tieu phat 1. Nhan tbirc ctf ban ve cac van de xa hpi va
phat trien ben vihig
Phat trien ben vung la yeu cau mang tinh thai dai, xu huong chung toan cau, la myc tieu phat trien cCia cac quoc gia tren th6 giai. Tai Hpi nghj Rio de Jan- neiro v6 moi trucmg va phat trien (1992) vai sy d6ng thuan ciia 178 nguyen thii quoc gia dS dua ra
khai niem: "Phdt triin ben vihig Id svphdt triin di •t'-ien ben vung ciia APEC.
ddp irng dugc nhu cdu hien tgi md khong phuang Phat tri^n ben viJng xet tCr goc dp cac van Ah xa hgi din khd ndng ddp ung nhu cdu cua cd the h4 hpi lien quan den nhieu msit ciia doi song xa hpi co tirang lai". Do la qua trinh phat trien co sy ket hpp tinh toan cau nhu kiim scat ty I? tang dan so hpp ly;
chat che, hpp ly va hai hoa giir phat trien kinh ti vi^c lam xanh, chdng that nghi?p; an ninh lucmg (nhat la tang trucmg kinh t6), phat trien xa hpi (nhat thyc va XDGN; hgn che xu huong gia tang su bat la thyc hien tifin bo, cong bang xa hpi; xoa doi giam binh dang xa hpi, nhat la doi vcri phy nu', nhom xa ngheo va giai quyit viec lam, hoa nhgp xa hgi nhom hpi yeu the; tang truang kinh te va bao ve moi y6u the) va bao v? moi trucmg (nhSt la xu ly, khSc truang; phong chong tpi phgm va t? ngn xa hpi...
phyc 6 nhiem, phyc h6i va cai thien chat lugng moi Q^\ vpfi nudc ta, cac van de xa hgi va phat trian trucmg; phong chdng chay va chat pha rung; khai b6n vung c6 ngi ham rSt rpng, nhung ve ban chat do thac hgp !y va su dyng ti6t ki?m tai nguyen thien sir phdi triin huong vdo gidi phong tri?t di vdphdt nhien). huy ldi da lien ndng ngudn nhdn luc; tgo ca hoi de
Mai day chien lupc tang truang ciia APEC mgi iigudi lao dgng covi^c ldm sgch, ldm vi$c trong (2010) huong trpng tam vao tang truong voi chat mdi trudng an todn vd v? sinh, long thu nhgp, bdo lugng cao hon ciing tlieo quan di8m rat mai, dya ddm cdng bdng trong phdn phoi lien luang vd thu tren 5 dac chung: tang truang can b^ng (Balanced nhgp; cham soc tdt hon nguai co cong; gidm ngheo Growth), lang Irudng hdi hda hay khdng logi trir vung chdc vd gdn vdi phdt trien, thu h^p khodng.
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pflc vflN ee Xfl HOI vfl PHAT ifiier,! ecN VUNG
cdch giau ngheo giira cdc vimg. cdc tdng lop ddn cu, cdc ddn Igc; hod nhgp lot hon vd long cudng si,r tham gia cua nhdm xa hgi yeu the, de bj ton ihirang;
thuc hi§n bmh ddng gioi lrong mgi mgt cua dai song xa hgi; ddy liii vd gidm thieu tdc hgi cua l^ ngn xa hdi
Cac tieu chi ca ban phan anh sy phat trien ben vOng cac van dc \a hgi la (i) dam bao phat iricn cac van de xa hgi trong moi quan hp ve so lugng, dong thai coi trpng in^t chat lupng; (ii) duy tri xu the phit trien on djnh trong dai h^n; (iii) t3ng kha ndng egnh tranh cCia nguon nhan lyc, ciia nen kinh te trong kinh tk thj truang: (iv) hgn che toi da riii ro xa hpi trong qui trinh phit trien doi v6i mpi ngu6i dan; (v) dam bao cong bdng xa hpi.
Trong the gi6i hign dgi, phit trien ben v&ng ctia cac quoc gia xoay quanh tryc trung tam, ca ban ciia no li giai quyet hai hoa giiia myc tieu ting trudng kinh te va cac van de xa hpi tren nguyen tic cong bang, tien bp, bio v? moi trucmg thong qua chinh sach phit trien quoc gia, Mpt chinh sach tang truang kinh te tot la mgt chinh sich thiic day tang truang kinh te trong cong bang, khong lam gia tang qui dang muc dg chenh l?ch ve thu nhap giua cac viing, cac nhom dan cu, tdng trucmg phii gan vai xoi doi giim ngheo; mpi nguoi, nhat la nguoi ngheo, deu dugc huong lgi tir thinh qua tang truang kinh te.
Ngupc lgi, mgt chinh sach xa hpi tich cyc la mgt chinh sach phii hgp va dya tren za scr ctia tang truang kinh te, tao ra cai nen on djnh va dpng lyc cho tang truang kinh te. Va nhu vgy, chfnh sach xa hpi dugc thyc hi^n theo nguyen tdc cong bang va tiSn bg xa hpi se la yeu t6, dgng lyc quan trgng thiic diy tang truang kinh t i vi phat triln bin vung.
Moi quan h^ mat thiet giu'a cic van de xa hpi vi phat triln ben vii-ng the hi^n a cic khia egnh sau day:
Mgt Id, ddm bdo quyen ca bdn, ddp img nhu cdu song ciia can ngudi vd vi niifc tieu phdt irien con ngudi
Cac vin dl x3 hpi lien quan den con ngudi va phat triln con nguai. Trong xS hpi hien dai va vin minh cac chinh sach xa hgi dugc tiip can tren co sd quyen con ngudi. Tire la hudng vao thoa mSn ngiy cang tot han nhu cau phat triln ciia mgi ngudi dan va thuc day hda nhgp xa hgi nhom yeu thi, nhat li nhdm cd nguy ca cao bj logi trCr xa hgi (ngudi gii khdng nai nucmg tya, tre em co hoan canh dgc bi?t, ngudi tan tat, ngudi nhiim HIV/AIDS...) thong qua
phit trien hoin chinh va cd tinh nhan ban ciia h^
thong chfnh sich xi hgi quoc gia. Day la cic van dl ca bin, goc re cua phit trien ben vitng.
Phdt triin con ngm/i tren ca sa ddm bdo quyin CO bdn cua con ngudi vua Id muc tieu, vira Id dgng l\rc thuc day tdng Irudng kinh ti vd phdt trien ben vOng
Tdng trudng kinh te li dilu ki?n va tiin de de dim bio cac nhu cau ca bin cho mgi ngudi dan. Do la myc lieu cao ca ciia tang trudng kjnh te. Ngugc Igi, dim bio cic nhu cau ca bin ciia mgi ngudi tac dgng trd lgi, tgo dgng lyc mdi va tgo nin on djnh x3 hgi cho ting trudng kinh te bin virng. Trong xa hpi hi?n dgi, phit trien con ngudi cd ngi ham rat rgng, nhung quan trpng nhat li phat trien nguon lyc con ngudi (nguon nhan lyc) dip ung yeu cau ciia phit trien kinh te - xa hpi dat nudc; dam bao ASXH cho toin dan, coi dau tu cho dam bio ASXH cung chinh la dau tu cho phit trien s€ li yeu to quan trgng, tgo dpng lyc mgnh me thiic diy ting trudng kinh tl vi phat trien ben viing dat nudc.
Th\rc hi^n cdng bdng xd hgi, tgo su ddng thudn xa hgi cho phdt Irien ben vung
Cic van de xa hgi va phit trien ben vung dya tren • nguyen tic rat ca ban la cong bing xa hpi vi hai hda lgi ich giua cac chu the, nhom xa hgi nham dgt dupc sy ddng thugn xS hpi. Trong dd cic chinh sich x3 hpi dugc dgt ngang tam vdi chinh sich kinh te va phii hgrp vdi kha ndng ciia nen kinh te; md rgng ca hgi cho mgi ngudi trong vi?c thy hudng day dii cac thanh qua tdng trudng va phat trien kinh te, phdng ngira va khdc phyc cic riii ro trong kinh te thj trudng va riii ro x i hgi khic; khong ngirng nang cao chat lugng cupe song ciia mpi ngudi... 0 6 li ca sd kinh te, xi h$i tgo sy dong thugn cao giu'a cic chu the, nhdm xa hgi cho phit trien ben vffng
Tgp trung gidi quyet cdc van de xd hgi buc xuc trong cdc thai ky phdt trien
Kinh te thj trudng bao gid cung cd sy egnh tranh rat gay gat va xu hudng tdi da hda lpi nhugn la dgng lyc mgnh mS thuc day tdng trudng kinh tl, song cung cd rat nhilu riii ro vi phat sinh nhilu van de xa hgi birc xuc, nhat la van de nang cao kTia nang egnh tranh cua nguon nhan lyc thong qua giao dye va dao tao, dgy nghe; vdn dl viec lam va giim that nghidp; xda ddi glim ngheo; hda nhgp xa hpi nhdm yeu the v i dl bi ton thuang... Giai quylt cac van de xa hgi birc xuc thong qua h? thong chinh sach xi
KiiiliKyiiiilliii'ii
CflC VflN De Xfl HOI Vfl PHflT Tfll6N BCN VI hgi, nhat ta ASXH, phuc Igi xa hgi va dich vy xa hgi
CO bin, se gdp phan quan trgng lam lanh mgnh hda cac quan h? xa hpi va 6n dinh xi hgi, tgo nin ting xa hpi on djnh cho phat triln bin vQ-ng.
Thuc day hgi nhgp qudc te
Hpi nhap quoc te la xu the khich quan. Trong qui trinh hpi nhgp quoc tl cac qu6c gia phii chii d^ng vi tich cyc md rpng quan h? hgp tic song phuang, da phuang vi phi chinh phii; tham gia ngay cing sau rpng vio phan cong lao dpng quoc te, vao chudi gii tri gia tang va mgng phan phoi toin cau. Trong qua trinh dd, van de xay dyng va thyc hipn h? thong chinh sich xS hpi dip irng yeu cau hgi nhgp la mgt trong nh&ng dilu ki?n ciia hgi nhgp, dong thdi cung tic dgng rat Idn den tang cudng hgi nhgp quoc te trong mgt san chai binh ddng vi toan cau.
Dgc biet, h$ thong chinh sich x9 hpi phii phtr hpp vdi cac cdng udc quoc te, nhat la cac cdng-udc quoc tl vl lao dpng ciia ILO ma cic quoc gia da phe chuan, cac cam ket khi ra nhgp td chuc Thuong mgi quoc te va cac cam ket quoc te khic nhu cam ket copenhaghen ve phit trien xa hpi, cam ket thyc hi?n muc tieu thien nien ky... d day, quan trgng nhat la van de cdng bang trong ddi xCr quoc gia; dam bao gin tang trudng, phat trien kinh te vdi thuc hi?n tien bp vi cdng bdng xa hdi, trong dd tap trung uu tien vio myc tieu xda bd ddi ngheo tren the gidi; thuc day vi?c thyc hien myc tieu cd du viec lam nhu mpt uu tien CO ban ciia cac chinh sach kinh te va xa hpi;
thuc diy hda nhap xa hpi bang each phat trien xa hpi dn djnh, an toan vi cdng bing, dua tren vi^c thiic diy vi bio dam quyen con ngudi, khong phan bi?t ddi xir, khoan dung, tdn trpng sy da dang, co hpi cong bdng, doin ket, an ninh vi cd sy tham gia ciia mgi ngudi, ke c i nhiing ngudi hoge nhirng nhdm de bj ton thucmg vi bj thi?t thdi. Dd la, cung cgng dong qudc te trong nd lyc chung thyc hien tuyen bd Thien nien ky v i 8 muc tieu phat trien thien nien ky quan trpng.
Nhu vgy, cac van Ah xa hgi vi phit triln ben vQ'ng phin anh nhirng gii tri nhan van cua xi hpi; the hi^n Ipi ich v i trich nhiem cua cgng ddng xa hOi ndi chung va ciia tirng cong dan; dieu chinh cac moi quan he vl quyen va Igi ich giiJa con ngudi vdi con ngudi, gi&a con ngudi vdi xa hpi vi thiSn nhien, mdi trudng, nham muc tieu thoi man cic nhu cau ngay cang cao vl ddi sdng vgt chat va tinh than cua con ngudi trong xa hpi.
2. Thuc tr^ng, nhirng varf ^e dat ra ve cac van
de xa hpi va phat trien ben vitiig 6" nirdc ta Nhitng thdnh tuu
Hon 25 nSm doi mdi, nhgn thirc ve cac van de xi hgi vi phit triln bin vQng trong giai dogn mdi da dupc the che hoi ve mdt Nhi nudc, tgo hanh lang phap ty cho vi^c thyc hi|n cic mgc tieu phat trien xS hpi cdng bing vi tien bg; dong thdi ngiy cing dugc khdng djnh trong cugc song, di dgt dugc nhihig thanh tyu quan trgng, cd thi dinh gii khii quit tren cic m^t sau:
Thir nhat, Nha nudc dd ban hinh hp thong chinh sach vT md ve phat trien kinh te; ban hinh Lugt dat dai, Lugt doanh nghidp, Lugt thuang mgi, Lugt egnh tranh...phii hgp vdi kinh te thj trudng vi hpi nhgp;
doi mdi chinh sach dat dai, thue, tin dyng uu dai...
hudng vio phit trien ndng nghidp, ndng thdn, phit trien khu cong nghi?p, khu che xuit, sdp xip lai doanh nghidp Nhi nudc, phit trien doanh nghiep vira va nhd, khu vyc phi ket cau... de dim bio ting trudng kinh te cao va on dinh, tdng nguon thu Ngan sich vi dieu chinh ca cau chi tieu cdng, tgo dieu kien vi tien de cho thuc hi^n cac myc tieu phit trien xa hpi, dgc bipt la giii quyet cic van d€ xi hpi buc xuc nhu phit trien ngudn nhin lyc, vi?c lam, xoi ddi giim ngheo, phit triln cic dich vu xa hpi co bin vi hoi nhgp xa hpi nhdm yeu the...
Thir hai, hp thdng luat phap lien quan den cac van de xa hpi da dupc ban hanh phii hop vdi yeu cau ddi mdi, nhat la Bp Lugt Lao dpng, Luat Bao ve, cham sdc va giio dye tre em, Lugt Giao due, Luat day nghe, Lugt BHXH, Phap Ipnh uu dai Ngudi cd cong, Luat Ngudi khuyet tat, Lugt Ngudi cao tudi, Luat binh ding gidi, Lugt phdng chong mai dam, Lugt phdng chong mua ban ngudi, Luat phdng chong bgo lyc gia dinh... Cd the ndi, hau hit cic doi tupng xa hgi da dugc dieu chinh vi hudng Igi tir cac chinh sach, lugt phap. Bo li khung khd phap lugt dim bio cho vipc giai quyet cic van de xa hgi va thyc hien cic myc tieu phit trien xa hgi cdng bang va tien bg.
Thu ba, hinh thanh cac chuong trinh myc tieu quoc gia giai quylt cic van de xa hpi buc xiic nhu Chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia vl xoa ddi giam ngh^o, giii quyet viec lim va dgy nghe, trg giiip cic xa dac bi?t khd khan, nudc sach va vp sinh moi trudng nong thdn, xiy dyng ndng thdn mdi, tiem chung md rpng cho tre em, xoi mil chii' vi phd cgp giao dye tiiu hpc, phdng chdng tp nan xa hpi...
Ddng thdi, hinh thanh cac quy qudc gia vl xa hdi nhu quy vifc lim, quy xoa ddi giim ngheo, cic quy
Mull [pJliiit Irien
PflC VflN D6 Xfl HOI Vfl PHflT TRI6N SeN VUNG xa hgi khic (quy den on dap nghTa, quy tinh thuong...). Dd chinh la cac chuong trinh hinh dpng ddng bp (tir chinh sach, giii phip cho den nguon lyc), cy the de giai quyet hi^u qui cic van de xi hpi bOrc xiic cd djnh hudng, tgp trung vio cic doi tugng, cac dja bin trpng diem vi thyc hifn cic myc tieu phat trien xa hgi.
Thik tu, thyc hipn chii trucmg xi hdi boi trong vifc thyc hipn cac chinh sich xd hpi nhim huy dpng mpi nguon lyc, nhat li nguon lyc trong din vi d dja phuong ca sd; long ghep cac chuong trinh myc tieu nhim sir dyng cd hipu qua cic nguon lyc cho giii quyet cic van de xa hpi theo hudng ben vDng. D$c bi?t, nhieu chinh sich xi hpi hgp vdi Idng dan, dugc nhan dan ung hp va trd tliinh phong trio sdi dpng trong ca nudc nhu phong trao xoa ddi giam ngheo, phong trio den on dap nghla ngudi cd cdng, phong trio trp giiip dong bio bj thien tai... Cac phong trao nay da xuat hipn va hinh thanh nhij'ng n^t vin hda d^p, timg budc xic Igp thang gia trj va chuan myc xa hpi mdi trong ddi song xi hpi nudc ta.
Thu ndm, nhieu nim qua, Vi?t Nam da dgt dugc nhirng thanh tyu to Idn ve kinh te- xa hpi. Nen kinh te Viet Nam dgt dugc tdc dp tang trudng cao va tuong ddi on djnh, giai doan 2001-2010, GDP dgt binh quin 7,26%/nam, nam 2011 mgc dii bi tic dgng mgnh ciia khiing hoang tai chinh- tien tf vi suy thoii kinh te toin cau nhung GDP vin ting cao (5,S9%). Tang trudng kinh te da tgo dieu kipn thuan - lgi de Vipt Nam giai quyet tot hon cac van de xa hpi dgt ra trong thuc te. Ty trgng dau tu tir ngan sach Nhi nudc cho chinh sich xi hpi tren 28%. Nhi nudc die bipt uu tien dau tu cho tao viec lam, dgy nghe, giam ngheo, uu dii ngudi cd cdng, trp giup xa hpi... Cung vdi tang dau tu cua Nha nudc cho chinh sich xa hgi, da huy dpng mgi nguon lyc, nhat la ngudn lyc trong nhan dan va d dia phuong, ca sd theo tinh than xa hpi hda; dong thdi thyc hif n long ghep cac chuong trinh muc tieu khic nhim sii- dyng cd hieu qui nguon lyc cho thyc hipn chinh sach XH.
Ngudn lyc huy dpng tir cpng dong, cac c i nhan, doanh nghipp, to chirc kinh te, td chiirc xa hgi va sy hgp tic quoc t l chiem khoang 30% trong tong chi cho ITnh vuc xa hpi.
Quy mo dao tgo nguon nhan lyc (NNL) tang nhanh, ca cau trinh dp chuyin mgnh sang dio tgo NNL trinh dp cao. Ty If lao dpng qua dao den nim 2010 dgt 40%, trong dd qua dio tgo nghe la 30%.
Kit qua nay tgo ca hpi thuan Igi cho ngudi lao dpng
ty tgo vifc lim hojc tim vifc lam tren thj trudng lao dpng.
Tinh hinh vifc lim ciia ngudi lao d$ng dd cd nhilu cii thifn. Tong vifc lim tdng tir 37,61 trifu ndm 2000 len 48,90 trifu nim 2010, tdng 11,29 trifu, ling trudng vifc lam binh quin 3%/ ndm; so vifc lim mdi dugc tgo ra cic ndm 2005 - 2010 binh quan khoing 1,6 trifu, ndtn 2011 tuy thap han nhung cung dgt tren 1,5 trifu. Trong dd khoing 75%
li tir cic chuang trinh phit trien kinh te- xa hpi, 25% tir cac chuang trinh myc tieu vifc lim, giim ngh^o vi xuit khau lao dpng... That ngh if p thinh thj cd xu hudng giiin lien tyc, ndm 2000 la 6,42% din nim 2010 giam xuong khoing dudi 5% vi nim 2011 l i 4 , l % .
Quy md doi tupng tham gia BHXH tdng nhanh.
Ndm 2001, so doi tugng tham gia BHXH bit bufc chi cd 4,8 trifu ngudi, den ndm 2011 tdng len tren 10,075 trifu ngudi, chiem khoing 22% lyc lugng lao dgng. Bio hiem that nghifp bat dau thyc hifn nim 2009, den ndm 2011 da cd gan 8 trifu ngudi than gia, chiem 73,23 so vdi difn can tham gia.Theo bao cio ciia Bg Y te, nam 2001, cd 11,3 trifu ngudi tham gia BHYT, trong dd cd 6,7 trieu ngudi tham gia BHYT bit bupc; din ndm 2011, so ddi tugng tham gia BHYT d i tdng len khoing 53,114 trifu ngudi, gap 4,7 lan so vdi ndm 2001, chiem 60,5%
dan sd ci nudc.
Toe dg giam ngheo nhanh v i lien tyc qua cac ndm. Theo chuan ngheo ciia Ngin hang thi gidi tinh cho Vift Nam, ty If hg ngheo dd giim tir 58,1% ndm 1993, din ndm 2011 cdn khoing dudi 10 %, sau 18 ndm, da giim hon 4/5 hg ngheo.Theo chuan ngheo thupc chuang trinh myc tieu qudc gia giim ngheo (ip dyng tit nim 2006), den nam 2010 ty If hp ngheo giim cdn khoang 9,45 % v i nim 2011 cdn khoing gan 8%; ngudi ngheo tiep cgn tdt hem cic nguon lyc kinh te va djch vy xd hpi ca ban (y te, giio dye, nha d...).
So lugng doi tupng dugc TGXH thudng xuyen ngiy cing md rpng va tdng nhanh. Ndm 2005 ca nudc cd khoang 416 nghin doi tugng, den ndm 2011 ting len tren 1,674 trifu, ting gip 4 lin.Trong dd, ndm 2010 nhdm ngudi tir 85 tudi trd len chiem 43,t%, nhdm ngudi khuylt tat chilm 24,5%, ngudi gii cd dan khoing 9,6%, ngudi tam thin khoing 8,6%, ngudi dom than nuoi con nhd khoing 7,6%, tre em mo cdi khoing 5%.
Tirng budc nang cao ddri song vgt chat va tinh
6
kinli Miilttrien
CRC vfiN oe xn HOI vn PHAT TRIGN eeN v( ' O i ^ l ^
than cho tre em; 95% tre em dupc tiep cgn djch vy y te, ty If tre em dudi 5 tuoi suy dinh dudng giim tir 33,8% nam 2000 xuong cdn 17,5% nim 2010, giam ty If tir vong cho tre em dudi I tudi va dudi 5 tudi, tdng ty If tre em din trudng v i dugc pho cgp giao dye tieu hpc, trung hpc ca sd; tre em khd khin va cd hoan canh dgc bift dupc quan tam, chdm sdc vi hda nhgp cpng ddng.
Ton tfli vd nhitng van de dat ra
Tuy nhien, trong qui trinh phit triln, Vift Nam dang phai ddi m^t vdi nhieu thich thirc trong cic van de xa hpi, nhit ti cic van de xd hgi buc xuc, tdm cho phat trien xi hpi chua ben virng, cy thi la:
- The che dim bio cdng bdng xa hpi trong kinh te Ihj trudng djnh hudng XHCN chua dupc hoin thifn. Dgc bift, chua phan djnh rd vai trd ciia Nhi nudc va vai trd ciia thj trudng trong phin bo cic ngudn lyc, nhdt la phan bo chi tieu cdng cho chinh sach xa hpi. Tren thyc te, nhieu chinh sich xd hpi, nhat la ASXH vi phuc lpi xa hgi, chua dugc dgt dung va ngang tim vdi chinh sach kinh te, cdn di sau chinh sach kinh te, chua dugc dau tu thoi dang, ma cdn phy thupc qua nhieu vio ngan sich nhi nudc; chua thyc sy coi trpng dung muc diu tu cho chinh sich xa hpi la dau tu cho con ngudi, dau tu cho phit trien. Han nira, nhieu vin de xi hgi, cin c6 stx diu tu chu yeu tir ngan sach Nhi nudc Igi cd xu hudng xoa bao cap mdt each trin lan, thj trudng hoa bing bit cu gia nio; trong khi do, mgt sd chinh sach lgi cd xu hudng bao cap ndng theo kieu ban phat, vdi CO che xin-cho dan din tu tudng y lai, trdng chd vao Nha nudc, vio cap tren va phat sinh tieu cyc, tham nhung.
- Xa hgi cing phat trien, qui trinh chuyen ddi sang kinh te thi trudng cang mgnh va hgi nhap qudc tl cang siu rgng thi rui do xa hpi cing nhieu. Do dd, nhu ciu dam bao ASXH cang da dgng, phong phu va ddi tugng ASXH tang nhanh, dang mau thuin vdi hf thdng ASXH hifn hinh cdn nhilu bat cgp. Dd li mpt hf thdng chua hoin chinh va thdng nhit, thiiu gin ket vi hd trp nhau; khi ndng md rpng phgm vi bao phii vi mire tra cap cdn thap nen nang Iuc chong dd cac riii ro, bien co ciia ngudi dan chua cao va hifu qua.
- He thdng su nghiep cung cap dich vy xa hOi ca ban (y te, giao d y e . ) tuy cd phit triln, nhung vin nghieng vl phit triln cic td chuc sy nghifp cdng lap ' l i chinh. Sy tham gia ciia cic ddi tic xd hpi vao hogt dgng cung cip djch vu xa hgi chua manh, da dgng
vi chua chuyen mgnh sang cung cip djch vy cdng, chdm sdc doi tugng xd hpi dya vio cpng ddng li chii yeu iheo hudng xd hpi hoa. Hon nCi'a, cung chua cd nhgn thuc thong nhat vi day du ve cdng tic xd hpi nhu mpt nghe cd tinh chuyen nghifp (mic dii ngay 25 thing 3 ndm 2010, Thu tudng Chinh phu di cd Quyet djnh so: 32/2010/QD-TTG Phe duyft De in phit triln nghi cdng tic xd hgi giai dogn 2010- 2020). Do dd, den nay, cung chua phit trien va xiy dyng dupc mgt dgi ngu cin sy xa hgi theo hudng chuyen mdn hoi (chuyen nghifp).
- Chinh sich, lugt phip ve xa hpi Ihieu dong bp, cdn nhilu so hd, vifc to chOrc trien khai thyc hifn chua nghiem; cai cich hinh chinh vc quin ly cic van de xa hpi chua dgt hifu qui cao, cdn nhieu rao can, gay phien ha, ngudi dan khd tiep can chinh sich va djch vy xa hpi; hifn tugng lang phi, that thoit, tieu cyc cdn xay ra d nhieu nai. Hf Ihong ca sd dii' lifu, thdng tin ve cac van de xa hpi vi ap dyng cdng nghf thdng tin quan ly Imh vuc xa hdi cdn yeu kem, nhat li chua cd ma sd ASXH ci nhan.
- Thj trudng lao dpng phit trien chua ddng deu, nhat la thj trudng lao dgng d ndng thon, khu vyc phi ket cau cdn so khai, viec gan ket cung - cau lao dpng cdn hgn che; ty le thieu vifc lim d khu vuc ndng thdn cdn rit nghiem trpng, ty If that nghifp cua thanh nien cdn rit cao, gip khoang 2- 3 Ian ty If that nghiep chung. Ket qui XDGN chua vQ'ng chdc, ty le hp ngheo da thoat ngheo nhung nam sat chuan ngheo rat Idn (70- 80%), ty le lii ngheo cao (7%- 10% trong tdng sd ngudi da thoat ngheo hing nam);
phan hda giiu ngheo cd xu hudng tang, khoing each chenh Ifch giiu ngheo giiJa 20 % nhdm giiu nhat so vdi 20% nhdm ngheo nhit ten tdi 9,1 lin (nam 2011). Ty If Iham gia BHXH tren tdng sd lyc lupng lao dgng cdn thip (22%); ban 20% lao dpng trong dien BHXH bit budc nhung chua tham gia; ty le trdn, np dpng BHXH cdn Idn (10%). Ty If ddi tupng cin TGXH chua dupc hudng trg cap xa hgi rat Idn (gan 30%). Mire dg xa hgi hda chua cao, ty le cham sdc doi tugng Igi cgng ddng chua nhieu (khoing 25%- 30%).
3. Nhirng uu tien giii quyet cac van de xa hoi theo hvdng phat trien ben virng
w. Phdt trien NNL, thj tnrdng lao dgng gdn kel cung - cdu lao dgng, tgo viec ldm ben vCmg vdi thu nhgp dam bdo cugc sdng vd gidm that nghiep
- Tap trung mgi ngudn luc cho phit triln nguon nhan lyc chit lugng va trinh do cao. Tgo budc dot
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pha ve da\ nghe gan vdi nhu cau ciia nen kinh te, ciia xa hgi, nhu cau vifc lini ciia ngudi lao dgng;
nang cao chat lirgng day nghi nhim tgo ca hgi cho mpi ngudi ty tgo vifc lim v i tim vifc lim tren thj trudng lao dpng. D$c bift, md rpng quy md dgy nghi cho ngudi lao dgng d nong thdn, phyc vy cd hifu qui cho chuyin djch ca cau lao dpng ndng nghifp, ndng thdn, tgo nhieu vifc lim cd thu nhgp cao, cii thifn ddi song cho ngudi lao dpng. Thyc hifn chinh sich xd hpi trong dgy nghe, nhit li cho lao dpng ndng thdn, bp dpi xuat ngu, con em gia dinh chinh sich xa hgi, gia dinh ngheo, thanh nien dan tgc thiiu so, ngudi tin tgt cdn khi ndng lao dgng...
- Bio dam tgo dii vifc lim, vifc lim ben vii'ng, cd chat lupng vi thu nhgp cao cho ngudi lao dgng (ci trong nudc va xuat khiu lao dgng); diy mgnh chuyen djch co cau lao dgng ndng thdn theo hudng cdng nghifp hda, hifn dgi hda vi hpi nhap, nhat li cdng nghifp hoi, hifn dgi hda ndng nghifp, ndng thdn.
- Phit trien thj trudng lao dpng dong deu giiJa cic viing nham ket ndi cung- cau lao dpng; ting lao dpng lim cdng dn luang thdng qua chien lupc vi chuang trinh qudc gia phit trien doanh nghifp. Phit triln hf thong thdng tin, phan tich vi dy bao thi trudng lao dpng ap dung cdng nghf thdng tin hifn dai va ndi mgng qudc gia; thiit Igp hf thong kit noi giu'a hudng nghif p-dgy nghe- thdng tin, tu van, gidi thifu vifc lam- doanh nghifp, ngudi sir dyng lao dgng.
b. Thirc hi4n Idt chinh sdch uu dai ngudi cd cdng vdi cdch mgng
Day li chinh sich d^c bift quan trpng, dupc Ding, Nha nudc vi toin din quan tam vdi tat ci trich nhifm vi luang tam cua minh trong cic giai dogn cich mgng. Trong thdi ky mdi cin chu trpng:
- Sua ddi, bd sung, hoin thifn chinh sich, ca chl lugt phap doi vdi ngudi cd cdng nhim tiep tyc cai thifn ddi song vit chit vi tinh than ciia ngudi cd cdng, nhat la d ndng thdn, viing sau, viing xa, cdn cii- dja khing chien va each mgng.
- Duy tri va phit trien cac phong trao den on dip nghTa, cic chucmg trinh xa hgi khac hudng vio tgo ca hdi cho gia dinh ngudi cp cdng phat triln kinh te, nhat Ii chuong trinh giam ngheo, vifc lam, phit trien kinh te - van hoa viing dac bift khd khan vi cdn cir each manh tnrdc day...
- Tgp trung giii quylt dirt dilm nhihig ton dpng trong cdng tic m$, bia, nghTa trang lift sy; thyc hifn chuang trinh cung cap thdng tin cho than nhan lift sy vc phan mg; tiip tyc nghien curu bo sung chinh sich uu dai doi vdi Ngudi cd cdng trong cdng cupe xiy dyng v i bio vf to quoc.
I,. Tt^p irung thtiTC hi^n chu trirang khuyen khich ldm giau. ddng ihdi tich c{rc gidm ngheo ben vOng, vuan len no dm (khd gid)
- Thyc hifn chfnh sich ting trudng gdn vdi giim ngh£o ben vihig; dua myc lieu giim ngh^o vao npi dung chien lupc phit trien kinh tl - xi hpi chung ciia ci nudc, ciia tirng viing vi dja phuang; vio chien lupc phit triln ndng nghifp, ndng thdn; xay dyng vi thyc hifn chuang trinh phat triln cpng dong va phat triln ndng thdn mdi gin vdi giim ngheo.
- Tgo dilu kifn cho ngudi ngh6o ning cao ndng lyc thj trudng vi da dgng hda sinh ke thdng qua cic chuong trinh day nghi, hudng din cich lim dn, tiep can cac nguon lyc kinh te va cac thj trudng ca ban (dat dai, von, thj trudng lao dpng, khoa hpc- ky thugt va cdng nghf, thj trudng hang hda dau vao, diu ra...) de tao vifc Iim, da dang hda sinh ke vi tang thu nhgp.
- Tgo CO hpi cho ngudi ngheo tiep cgn Ihuan lpi vi vdi chi phi thip cic dich vy xa hpi ca ban, an sinh xa hgi va phiic lpi xa hgi; hd trg ngudi ngheo tirng budc tiep cgn djch vy xa hgi chit lugng cao (giao dye, y te, nha d, nudc sgch, vdn hoa...). Giim nguy CO riii ro cho ngudi ngheo, nhat li riii ro do thien tai, bien doi khi hau, do co che thj trudng, sy tic dpng ciia cic cii soc tir ben ngoii (khiing hoang, suy thoii kinh te the gidi, Igm phat. ), cung nhu nhitng bat trie trong cupe sdng (6m dau, bfnh tgt, tai ngn...).
- Tgp trung ngudn lyc cho cic viing cd ty If hp ngheo cao, nhat li viing niii phia Bic, Tay Nguyen, viing cd ddng dong bio dan tgc thieu so... thdng qua chuong trinh hd trg giim ngheo nhanh vi ben vihig d cac vimg nay nhim thu hpp khoing each chenh Ifch giiu ngheo giii'a cac viing, cic tang Idp dan cu, cac dan tpc.
d. Phdt trien mgnh vd da dgng hoa h4 thong BHXH, BHYT, tiin ldi BHYT todn ddn
- Xiy dyng mpt hf th^ng BHXH hoan chinh, da dgng, theo nguyen tac ddng- hudng bao gom BHXH bit bupc, BHXH ty nguyfn, bio hilm tai ngn lao dgng va benh nghe nghifp, bio hiem thit
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n g h i f p va B H Y T . Nghien cuu chuyen md hinh bao hiem huu t r i h i f n nay (tpa thu, tga chi) sang md hinh tai k h o i n ca nhan danh nghTa.
- Nghidn curu tach B H X H ddi v d i khu v y c hanh chinh sy n g h i f p va khu v y c doanh nghifp. B H X H khu vyc h i n h chinh, sy n g h i f p g i n l i l n vdi chinh s i c h can bp, cdng chijrc va n i n hanh chinh quoc gia, gdn v d i cung cap dich vy cdng v i ve ca b i n cd nguon ddng gdp tir n g i n sach n h i nudc. B i o hilm^
xa hgi khu vyc doanh n g h i f p gdn vdi h i f u q u i sin x u i t kinh doanh.
- Bd sung, sira ddi c i c che dg B H X H cdn bat hgp ly; dieu chinh luang huu v i trg c i p B H X H theo ca che tgo nguon, dgc tgp tuong doi v d i chinh sich tien luang, g i i m dan phan hd t r g tir ngan sach n h i nudc;
- K h u y i n khich p h i t t r i l n c i c hinh thuc b i o h i l m bd sung v i t y nguyfn khac, nhat l i doanh nghifp thyc h i f n bao hiem huu t r i theo ca che thda thugn.
c. On dinh vd timg birdc cdi thiQn ddi song ddi tugng trg giup xd hgi, tgo dieu icipi vd ca hgi cho ddi tugng hod nhdp lot han vdo cgng ddng
- Hoan t h i f n he thong chinh sach trp giup xa hdi dya tren co sd mdc sdng tdi thieu cda xa hgi v i day mgnh xa hpi hda, k h u y i n khich sy nd lyc vuan ler.
ciia ban than ddi tugng v i hda nhgp tdt hon vao cgng ddng. Chii dgng phdng tranh thien tai, t i c dpng ciia b i i n doi khi hau den lao dgng, v i f c lam v i thu n h i p cua ngudi dan, nhat l i d ndng thdn, cac viing thudng xuyen bj thien tai... Da dgng hda c i c Ioai hinh trg giiip xa hgi va cuu t r g xd hpi t y nguyfn, n h i n dao, chuyen mgnh sang cung c i p djch vy trg giiip xa hpi hoat dpng khdng vi myc tieu lgi nhugn va cham sdc ddi tugng dya vao cgng ddng. Tgo co hpi va uu tien cho cac ddi tugng chinh sach x i hdi tiep can nguon luc kinh te (trudc h i t la ngudi cdn kha nang lao dgng), djch vy cdng t h i i t yeu, binh ddng v l g i i o due, d i o tgo, dgy nghe, tao v i f c I i m , chdm sdc sire khde, n h i d , van hda, thdng tin...
thdng qua thyc h i f n cac chuang trinh muc tieu.
- Bao d i m q u y i n cff ban cho tre em trong phat t r i l n ( t h i chat va tinh than), tao tien d l p h i t trien nguon nhan lyc c h i t lupng cao. Tgp trung nguon lyc b i o v f va c h i m siic tre em cd h o i n canh dac b i f t (tre em mo cdi, tre em k h u y l t tat, tre em lang thang k i i m sdng...); n h i t la phdng ngira va g i i i q u y l t tre em bj xam hgi, bj bgo lyc, tre em lao ddng trong d i l u kien ndng nhpc, dgc hgi, nguy hiem. U u tien hd trp b i o ve va cham sdc tre em viing ndng thdn
ngheo v i khd khan, viing dan Igc, mien nui. Phat trien h f thong djch vy hd trg bao v f va chdm sdc tre em nham bao dam cho mpi tre em, d i e b i f t la trS em cd nguy ca cao bj hgn c h l p h i t trien binh thudng v l t h i c h i t va tinh t h i n , tr6 em cd h o i n c i n h d|c b i f t , tiep cgn c i c djch vy n i y thugn lgi v i h i f u qua.
/ Thirc hi?n binh ddng gidi trong mgi linh v\rc cua ddi sdng xa hgi, gidm vd thu h^p ddn khodng cdch gidi
- Tirng budc d i m b i o tr§n thyc t l sy binh ddng gidi trong mgi ITnh vyc ciia ddi song x i hgi, thu hpp d i n khoang c i c h gidi v i xda bd djnh k i l n gidi.
- Giai phdng va phit huy toi da tiem nang ciia con ngudi tren ca sd tgo ca hgi nhu nhau giira nam va
<n\i tham gia v i o q u i trinh p h i t trien.
- Thyc h i f n cdng b i n g x i hpi giu'a nam v i nii' trong hudng thy c i e t h i n h q u i phit trien, nhit l i trong phan phoi thu nhgp lan d i u va phan phoi lgi thdng qua chinh sach x i hgi, an sinh xa hdi va phiic lpi xa hpi.
- Thyc h i f n hd t r g nam v i n i l trong qua trinh phat trien, trudc het cho nhdm yeu the nam ciing nhu nil de giiip hp t y vuon Ien trong qua trinh phat trien.
- Tgp trung ngudn lyc va su chi dao thuc hien binh dang gidi trong nhung nganh, viing, khu vyc cd sy bat binh ddng hodc cd nguy co bat binh dang gidi cao; g i i i quyet nhii'ng v i n de bOrc xuc ve bat binh d i n g gidi, nhat ta trong quan h f lao dpng, quan h f gia dinh, d viing ndng thon, viing ngheo, viing mien niii cdn n h i l u tgp tyc Igc hgu, viing cd dong dong b i o dan tpc t h i i u so.
g. Kiem che phdt trien, ddy liii vd hgn che tdc hgi ciia 1^ ngn xd hgi nhdl Id I? ngn ma luy. mgi ddm - Day manh cdng t i c thdng tin tuyen t r u y i n , van dpng, g i i o dye, nang cao-nhan thiic djnh hudng g i i trj v i chuan myc xa hpi, ldi sdng l i n h mgnh ciia con ngudi m d i trong kinh te thj trudng dinh hudng X H C N , nhat la trong thanh t h i i u nien de khdng sa v i o t f nan xa hpi, bdt d i u t u gia dinh, den n h i trudng v i cpng dong, toan xa hdi.
- Tong k i t v i nhan rpng c i c md hinh h i f u q u i chua t r j , cai nghif n v i tai hda n h i p cpng ddng cac doi tupng nghif n ma tiiy, mgi dam. A p dung c i c giai p h i p kinh te - xa h f i sau cai n g h i f n , nhat la quan ly chdt ddi tupng, dgy n g h i , lao dgng trj l i f u , tgo v i f c l i m , xda ddi g i i m ngheo, hda nhgp cgng ddng.
Thyc h i f n tot cudc van ddng xay dung xa, phudng I i n h mgnh, khdng cd t f nan xa hdi, gan chat
Kinltyiiiitlricii
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vdi cudc van ddng "xay dung xa/phudng lanh manh doi tac \a hgi Iim theo phip lugt quy djnh va sy khdng cd tf ngn xa hgi" vi "toin dan xay dyng ddi hudng dan, giim sit, quin ly cua Nhi nudc.
song vin hda mdi". Tuy nhien, can luu y doi vdi nudc ta khi lya chgn Tang cudng quan ly nhi nudc tren tirng dja bin djch vy cdng vl cic van de xi hpi dl Nha nudc uu (xa, phudng). phit hifn, ndm chic doi tupng, thyc tien cung cip ho$c md rgng sy Iham gia ciia cic ddi hifn cic bifn phip mgnh me, kien quylt Igp Igi trgt tic xd hpi thyc hifn, cin dya tren cic tieu chi sau:
ty, ky cuang, lanh mgnh hda cic hogt dpng kmh . Doi tugng hudng li cdng din ndi chung, nhung doanh, djch vy tren tirng dja bin.
h. Hodn thii'n vd doi mdi phirong ihirc qudn ly.
hogt dgng ciia h^ thong cung cap djch v{( xa hgi cdng
Djch vy cdng ITnh vyc cac van de xd hgi li mpt vin de rit !dn lien quan den the che phit triln xd hpi
tgp trung uu tien cho ngudi ngh^o, nhdm xi hpi yeu the, de bj ton thuong vi riii ro do eg che Ihj trudng hay riii ro xS h$i khic.
- Li thda mdn nhii'ng nhu cau thiet yeu cua con ngudi de dim bio an toin xd hgi, nhit li dgy nghi, gidi thifu vifc lim, BHXH, giim ngheo, chdm sdc va quan ly phat trien xd hpi ciia mpt quoc gia Irong doi tugng chinh sich xd hgi..
mpt xa hpi phit triln, nhit la trong xa hgi dan chii.
Dd li nhitng djch vy cd tinh chat cdng cgng vl cic van de xd hgi mi Nhi nudc phai cd Irach nhifm td chirc cung cap de phyc vy cho nhu cau chung can thict cho cugc song cgng dong, dim bao an toin xd
Li nhii'ng djch vy khdng cho phep Ihj trudng hoi mgt cich trin lan, nhung cd the ip dung bifn phip thj trudng dl vifc cung cdp djch vy hifu qua ban.
Cic ca sd cung cdp djch vy cdng ve cac vin de xa hgi vi khdng vi myc tieu Igi nhugn. Dieu niy cd hgt can phai ddi mdi boat dpng theo hudng li dcm nghTa la trach nhiem chinh trong to chirc cung cap vj ty chii va ty chju trach nhiem, chuyen manh sang djch vy cdng ve cic van de xa hgi thugc vl Nhi cung cip djch vy cdng vi chdm sdc ddi tupng dya nudc. Tuy nhien, viec cung cap djch vy cdng cy the vao cgng dong; dam bao chat lugng cung cap djch niy cd the do Nha nudc tryc tiep lam hoic do cac vy gdp phan phat trien xa hpi ben vimg.O
Tai lifu tham Idiao:
1. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam. Vdn kifn Dai hpi dai bieu toin quoc lin thir X va XI, NXB Chfnh trj Qu6c gia, 2006 va201l,HdNfi.
2. Nghj quylt 15/TW cua BCH TW kh6a XI vl chlnh sich xd hfli.
3. Bp luat Lao dpng ndm 1995 vi Luat Sira ddi, bl sung mpt s6 dilu ciia Bp luat Lao dfng (n9m 2002, 2006 vi 2007).
4. Luat Bao hilm xi hpi n^m 2006 vi cd hifu lyc lir ngiy 1/1/2007.
5. Lugt Bao hilm y tl ndm 2008 vi cfl hifu lyc tir ngiy 1/7/2009.
6. GS.TS. Mai Ngpc Cuflng (chii bien): "Xay dyng vi hoin thifn hf thong chinh sich an sinh x3 hpi d Vift Nam", NXB Chinh trj Qu6c gia, Hd Npi, 2009.
7. FES: Social in Southeast & East Asia, Printed in Germany 2002.
8. ILO: Cong udc s6 102 ndm 1952 ve dam bao xi hpi- cdc quy phgm toi thiiu.
9. Quyet djnh so: 32/2010/QD-TTg Phe duyft DI dn phit triln nghi cflng tic xd hpi giai doan 2010 - 2020.
10. Nghj djnh sfl 13/2010/ND-CP vl chinh sich che dp trp giiip xd hpi.
11. Bao cdo tflng kit cflng tdc ngdnh hing ndm cua Bf Lao dfng - thucmg binh va xi hpi.
12. Tflng cyc Thflng kfi: Ket qui dilu Ira miic song hp gia dinh Vift Nam, 2 ndm mpt lan -VHLSS.
13.Bao cao hdng ndm cua Bao hiem xd hpi Vift Nam.
14. Bio cio hing ndm cua Tong cyc Day nghi.
15. Bp Lao dpng - thuong binh vi xa hpi: De in Chiin lupc an sinh xd hfi giai doan 2011 - 2020.
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