Thyc trang san xuat,
che bien va tieu thu thuy san
cua cac hgfp tac xa, doanh nghiep nuoi tmng thuy san tren vung long cac ho thuy dien tai Son La
TRtfONG THI LOAM"
Tom tat
Nghien cffu nhdm tim hieu thuc trgng hogt dgng nuoi trong, sdn xudt, che'bie'n vd khd ndng md rdng hogt dgng nudi trong thuy sdn. Ddc biet la tac gid cUng tim hieu vi nhffng kho khdn trong nudi trong vd tiiu thu cua cdc hgp tde xd (HTX), doanh nghiip (DN) nuoi trong thuy sdn vung long cdc lio thuy diin lgi San La. Ki't qud nghien cffu cho thdy, mac dd mffc do nuoi trong thuy san cua Tinh tdng lin, nhUng suphdt trien nudi trdng thuy sdn cua cdc huyen cd viing long ho thuy dien chUa bdt kip vdi nhu cdu thi thudng. Ngodi ra, viic khai thdc tiim ndng ldng cdc ho cdn nhiiu hgn che, do quy mo sdn xudt nho le, thieu tinh ben vffng, ndng sudt chdt luang chua cao, chua da dgng, chua tgo duge viing sdn xudt tap trung, an todn, chua gan sdn xud't vdt che bien, qudng bd vd tiiu thu sdn phdm theo lien ke't, sdn phdm con phu thugc nhieu vdo thi trUdng.
ia khoa: thuy sdn, tinh San La, nudi trdng thuy sdn, thuy sdn vzlng long ho Summary
This study aims to discover the current status of aquafarming, production, processing and capacity of broadening aquaculture activities. Especially, it figures out the difficulties in the farming and consumption of aquaculture cooperatives, enterprises in Son La-based hydroelectric power reservoirs area. Although the level of aquaf arming in the whole province has increased, the development of aquaculture in the districts with hydroelectric reservoir areas has not kept pace with market demand. In addition, the potential exploitation of these reservoirs stays limited due to the fact that the production is small in scale and lack of sustainability; the productivity is not high and diverse; it has not created a concentrated and safe production area; production has not yet associated with processing, promotion and consumption of products; the products are highly dependent on the markei.
Keywords: Son La province, aquaculture, aquaculture in the reservoir area
GlCfl THIEU hdp nuoi ca, co 2 con song Idn la song Dd vd song Md, 35 dong suoi Idn nho. Tinh Sdn La cdn cd hd thuy La tinh mien nui d vung Tay Bac it dien Hoa Binh vd thuy dign Sdn La vdi dign tich mat CO dieu kign phdt trien kinh te', nhtfng ntfdc thudc dia phan tinh Sdn La Id trgn 20.000ha (ho Scfn La la dia phtfdng co tiem ndng dien thuy dien Hda Binh thugc dia phan Sdn La la 7.900 tich mat ntfdc cd the khai thdc dg' nuoi ha, hd thuy dien Sdn La la I3.000ha). Dieu dd k h a n | It6ng thuy san vdi nhieu hd thuy dign dd dinh Sdn La Id mdt tinh mien nui co tiem nang ldn dg tich ni/dc phat dien. Cu the la: dign tich phat trien thuy san. Dign tich nuoi trdng thuy sdn trong CO kha nang nuoi trdng thiiy san khoang cac nam 2005, 2010, 2015 vd dtf kig'n 2020 lan ltfdt tten S.OOOha, trong do 2.440ha ao, tren la 2.088ha; 2.403ha; 3.905ha vd 4.230ha (UBND tinh 5.000ha hd dap cong trinh thuy ldi ldn Sdn La, 2018). Ben canh do, ngudn nhdn Itfc de phdt nho, gan 5.000ha rudng lua co thd ke't trig'n thuy san d tinh Sdn La ttfdng ddi manh so vdi
fhS., Khoa Kinh te, Trtfdng dai hoc Tay Bac
% ) - nhan bdi: 19/04/2020; Ngdy phdn bien • 20/04/2020; Ngdy duyel ddng: 22/04/2020
" ^
177B[Ea DO 1: KHO K H A N TROMQ VIEC TIEP CfyN MGUON GIOMG 17 65
• Giong khong d i r o c kiem dich • Giong khong dong d^u ' Khong CO nguon cung cSp on d|nh
cdc tinh mien ndi phia Bdc khac, nhd: Hoa Binh, Dign Bien, Lai Chau. Nhdng thj Irtfdng tigu thu con nho le, manh mun, ttf duy cua ngtfdi ddn con truyen ihd'ng, cii ky... Chinh vi vay, viec nghien ctfu phdt trien thi trddng thuy san cho vung long cdc hd thuy dien Sdn La, Hda Binh trgn dia ban tinh Sdn La la rd't can thig't.
PHLfaNG PHAP NGHIEN CLTU
Sdlieu trong nghien cdu ndy dtfdc thu thdp td khdo sdt thtfc te trong tiidng 8-10/2019 lai 5 huyen co vimg long cdc hd thuy dien cua linh Sdn La la: Mtfdng La, Quynh Nhai, Thuan Chau, Bac Ygn, Phii Yen, Van Ho vdi sd mdu la 68 HTX, DN nuoi trdng thuy san. Phtfdng phdp khao sdt dda tren sd ke't hdp dieu tra bdng bang hdi va cdc cugc phong vd'n mgt - mgt de thu thap dd lieu dinh tinh va dinh Itfdng ve tinh hinh thtfc te' danh bat, nudi trdng, tigu thu thuy san cua cac HTX, DN nuoi trdng thuy sdn vung long cdc hd thuy dign tai Sdn La. Nhom ngtfdi dtfdc phong van chu ye'u la gidm dS'c cua HTX, DN nuoi trdng thuy san tren viing long cdc hd lai Sdn La.
KET QUA NGHIEN CCU
Thu'c trang ve san xua't cua cac DN, HTX nudi trdng thuy san viing long cac hd thuy dien tai Sdn La
Dgc diem cua cdc dOn vi dugc khdo sdt Kg't qua dieu tra cho thd'y, cd 43 ddn vi dtfdc khao sat (chie'm 63,24%) cd thdi gian nuoi thiiy sdn ttf 3-5 nam, co 16 ddn vi (chig'm 23,53%) co thdi gian nuoi thuy san td 1-3 nam vd cd 9 ddn vi (chig'm 13,24%) cd thdi gian nuoi trgn 5 nam.
Vd td't ca cac ddn vi nu6i trdng thuy sdn deu phai thug them lao dpng phuc vu qud trinh nuoi trdng vd tieu thu. Mdi nam, cac ddn vi nay dd tao ra cong an vigc lam thtfdng xuygn cho 793 Iao dong, trung binh mSi ddn vi can phai thug thgm 12 ngtfdi, ddn vi phai thue nhieu nhd't Ign de'n 38 lao dgng, ddn vi thue it nhd't la 2 lao dgng. Dac biet, hau hg't cac iao dgng thug thgm deu la ngtfdi ddn dia phtfdng chtfa qua dao tao chuyen mdn ky thuat nudi trdng thiiy san.
Sdn xudt thdy sdn tai cdc HTX, DN vdng long cdc ho thuy diin tgi San La
Tong the tich nuoi va sd long nuoi cua 68 ddn vi dtfdc khao sat Id 265.1 lOm^ vd 9.994 ldng. Trung binh mdi Idng nuoi ca cd the tich la 27m"/ldng. Trong do, huyen Quynh Nhai co tiie' tich nuoi tap trung ldn nhat
tinh Sdn La, Cdc loai cd dtfdc nuoi pho bie'n d vung long cdc hd la ca chep, ca tram, cd lang, cd ro phi. Theo kdt qua khdo sat, thi mot HTX, DN cd the nudi 4-5 loai c& mgt ldc. Viec nay nham dap tfng nhu cau da dang cua khdch hdng vd cung de duy tii lign luc viec san xua't, tieu thu ca .
Ket qua khao sdt cho thd'y, ca tram la lodi CO chig'm ty trong cao nhd't 42,74%
ttfdng dtfdng la 760.400 kg/nam. Ddy cung la Ioai ca c6 gia bdn trung binh la 70.700 ddng/kg va thdi gian nuoi trgn 1 nam mdi dtfdc thu hoach. Tie'p theo dd Id cd lang cd san Iddng 325.000kg/nam chig'm 18,27%, cd ldng cung co thdi gian nuoi gio'ng ca tiam, nhtfng gia bdn trung binh Id 95.000 ddng/kg. Ddy Id 2 loai cd cd sdn Itfdng ldn nha'l vd gid bdn la cao nhd't trong cac lodi cd cdn lai. Ke't qua khao sat cho thd'y, ca ro phi Id loai cd cd thdi gian nuoi ngan nhd't, moi ndm cung cd'p cho thi trtfdng 264.000kg vdi mtfc gia trung binh Id 40.000 ddng/kg.
Td't ca cac HTX, DN boat dgng vi muc tieu ldi nhudn, chinh vi vay, cdc loai ca dtfdc Ida chpn nuoi trong hd la nhffng loai cd thg' mang lai ldi nhudn td^t. Do do, HTX, DN thtfdng Itfa chon nhffng loai cd kha nang sinh trtfdng nhanh, phu hdp vdi khi hdu va ttf nhign cua vCing, de dang cham sdc, dap dng nhu cau ca va san phd'm thuy san cua dia phtfdng.
Hign nay, tinh Sdn La chda co nhd may sdn xud't thdc an cho cd hay cac loai thiiy san nuoi trdng. Todn bg thtfc an cua thuy san dddc cdc HTX, DN mua ttf cdc dai ly, thtfdng lai hodc mgt so' thtfc dn khac ttf che'. Hdn the', Sdn La Id dia phtfdng mien nui, each xa vdi cac khu cong nghiep, che big'n tiitfc an chdn nuoi.
Chinh vi vdy, gid mua thdc an cho cd Id dat hdn so vdi cac vung khac d mien Bac Dieu nay gop phan lam tang gia thanh san pha'm nuoi trdng ndi day.
Thu'c trang v^ mot s6' dich vu hd trd phat trien nuoi trdng thuy san
Gidng thuy sdn
Ke't qua dieu tra cho thd'y, co 48 ddn vi ttfdng dng 70,59% cdc dtfdc dieu tra mua gidng ttf cac trai gidng ngoai tinh va 20 ddn vi cdn lai ttfdng tfng 29,41% mua gidng ttf cdc trai gidng dia phtfdng.
_ Tuy nhien, cac ddn vi dtfdc khao sat cung gap nhieu kho khdn trong vigc tie'p cdn ngudn gio'ng. Cu the, cd 48,53% cac ddn vi dtfdc khao sdt cho rdng ngudn gidng mua ve khong qua kiem dich.
C6 33,82% ddn vi cho rang, "khong co ngudn cung cd'p gidng dn dinh" va co 17,65% ddn vi cho rdng, "gidng khong a6ngddu"(Bieudd 1).
sa dung dichvu thuy
Hign nay, mgt s6'huyen cung cd can bp ihiJ y CO hieu big't, kien thtfc va trinh dO ve benh dich. Tuy nhien, so'Itfdng cdn bo chuygn trdch it, ngn chtfa thtfc stf dap dng difdc he't nhu can ve dich vu cho cac dcfn VI.
Toan Tinh cung chda co chuyen gia ve benh ci, khgng co cac dich vu thu y cung nhtf chtfa ttfng cd mgt ddn vi ndo cung ca'p dich vu benh ca, thuy san.
CMnh vi vdy, khi thuy san bi bgnh thi 95,59% ddn vi dtfdc khao sdt ttf mua Ihudc ve sii dung/dieu tn. Chi cd 3 ddn vi tu'dng difdng 4,41% Id Id'y mdu ntfdc gdi ki^m dinh cd quan quan trac ctia Tinh, sau do mua thud'e ttf xff ly. Khong co ddn vi nao thong bdo cho cdn bp phu trdch ciia xd. Ddy chinh Id mgt thach thtfc do'i vdi cac ddn vi, khd co the dam bao cha't Iifdng san phd'm xud't bdn dat chua'n.
Thtfc trang ve bao quan, chg' bien san phS'm thuy san
Chi bie'n sdn pham thdy sdn Bie'u dd 2 cho tiia'y, todn tmh Sdn La khong cd nha may hay ddn vi nao che' big'n thiiy sdn va 100% HTX, DN cd san pham thuy sdn ttfdi sd^ng. Va chi cd 3 ddn vi CO san pha'm xud't ban la ddng lanh va khac. Ben canh do, khong cd ddn vi nao th^c hien bdn sdn phd'm dd qua sd che. De co the thuc day tieu thu thuy san, thi vigc khong cd nhd may che' bie'n san ph^ra chinh Id mgt thdch thtfc ldn vdi cac doanh nghigp, HTX ndi day. Bdi san pham Id cd tffdi khd cd the van chuydn di xa. Neu cd nha mdy che' big'n thi cd the' sdche, cat khuc, phi le tai chd, rdi ddng goi thi san pham xud't ban cua cdc ddn vi cd thd da dang hdn, ddp dng day du cdc nhu clu cua khdch hang. Ne'u sdn pha'm dat^du tieu chu^n chd't Iddng co the xud't Icha'u ra ntfdc ngodi.
Bdo qudn sdn phdm thiiy sdn Kg't qua khao sat cho thd'y cac HTX, DN tai Sdn La chtfa cd kha ndng bdo quan thuy san nuoi tidng cua ddn vi, khong co may mdc thig't bi de ltfu trff, bdo qudn trong thdi gian ddi ma khSng anh hffdng den chd't ltfdng sdn phd'm thuy san. Dieu n^y CO the Id do, 100% cdc ddn vi ban thuy san ttfdi sdng ngay sau khi thu hoach cho khach hang, nha hang, cda hang., hoac chtfa thtfc sd quan tam, chtfa ddy du
BIEG DO 2: SAM P H A M XUAT B A N
I
BIEG DO 3: KENH TIEG THU S A N PHAM
I . I
Nguon Ket qua dieu Ira, kliao sat cua tac gia
nang Itfc de dau ttf cd sd vat chd't de bao quan san ph^m sau khi thu hoach. Chinh vi vay, hign nay cdc ddn vl nuoi ttdng thuy sdn chtfa co bdn de ltfu tiTJ" cd sdng tam thdi, tu dong, tu trtfng bay, container tai lanh, xe ddng lanh, ntfdc da, xe van chuyen dac biel.
Thtfc trang ve thi trtfcfng - tigu thu san phim thuy san
Kg't qua khdo sat cho thd'y, 100% ddn vi dtfdc dieu tta cd sdn pha'm xud't bdn la ttfdi sd'ng vd thi trtfdng tieu thu chinh cua cac ddn vi nay la trong tinh Sdn La, chl cd rd't it ddn vi tigu thu san pham thuy san sang tinh khac. Cu the: cd 23% so' ddn vi dddc khao sdt la CO tigu thu sang cdc tinh ldn can, nhtf: Lai Chdu, Dien Bien, nhtfng san Itfdng tigu thu sang tinh khde tha^p, chi chie'm 20%-50% tdng san Itfdng xua'l ra.
Kgnh tigu thu san pha'm ciia cdc ddn vi dtfdc khao sdt chij ye'u d: chd, cda hang, sieu thi, nha hdng, khdch san.
Tuy nhign, trong 68 ddn vi dtfdc khao sdt, cd 22 ddn vi cho rang, hinh thtfc tieu thu hign nay dap tfng nhu cau cua ddn vi; 46 ddn vi con lai cho rang, hinh thtfc tigu thu hien nay khong ddp tfng yeu cau cua ddn vi vd hg se thay ddi hinh thdc tieu thu san pha'm bang each tim hieu va md rong thi trtfdng sang cdc tinh ldn cdn (Bieu dd 3).
Nhii'ng kho khan va nguyen vpng ciia cac ddn vi nudi trdng thuy san
Mac du kenh tigu thu hien nay chtfa dap tfng ygu cau cua cdc ddn vi, nhtfng 100% ddn vi dddc khao sdt ddu mudn dau ttf md rgng dien tich/s6' ldng nuoi thuy san. Bgn canh quye't tdm tao cong dn vigc lam vd lam gidu cho dia phddng, thi cdc HTX, DN nuoi trdng gap khong il nhffng kho khan, cd ddn vi chi gap 1-2 khd khan, cd nhieu ddn vi gap ddng thdi 4-5 kho khdn.
Trong do co 58 ddn vi dtfdc khao sat cho rang, HTX, DN bl "thie'u vo'n" - day Id khd khdn ldn nhd't trong cdc khd khan cdn lai. Tiep theo la 42 ddn vi dtfdc khdo sdt cho rang "Thig'u dien tich nudi trdng thuy san", co 25 ddn vi dtfdc Itfa chgn deu bi thig'u thong tin ve thi trtfdng, 23 ddn vi khao sat bj thig'u gio'ng, 19 ddn vi gap khd khan trong tieu thu thuy san (Bieu dd 4).
179
BIEG DO 4: KHO KHAN CHG YEG CUA DCfH VI NTTS
BIEG D 6 5: NGGYEN VOMG CGA cAC DCiN Vl NTTS
:.u 1.5 tro khoa hoc k>.|
.otondaolaolaodong
n.i. r i — -'
tap • 1-^
0 10 20 30 40 50 oa 10 Nguon Ket qua dieu Ira khao sai cua lac qia
Ke't qua khao sat cho thd'y, cac ddn vi nuoi ttdng thiiy san cd ra't nhieu nguygn vgng ttong nuoi ttdng, che'bie'n vd tieu thu san pham nuoi ttdng thuy sdn. Trong do,
"Dtfdc hd ttd lai sua't ciia ngan hang" co 63 ddn vj cd nguyen vpng; Tiep dg'n la nguyen vgng "Dtfdc hd ttd lieu thu san pham" - cd 37 ddn vi; "Dtfdc ho trd dich vu gidng cdy, con" - co 34 ddn vi. Khdng co ddn vi nao co nguyen vgng dddc hd ttd xay ddng nhan mac (Bieu dd 5).
MOTSOGIAI PHAP
Nhdm thdc day nudi trdng. che bie'n va tieu thu san pha'm thuy sdn cho cdc HTX. DN viJng long cac hd thuy dien Sdn La, Hoa Binh tren dia ban tinh Sdn La, theo tac gia, can thtfc hien cd higu qua mgt so'giai phdp sau:
Mgt la, tdng cUdng cdc diiu kiin vi nuoi trong, che bii'n nhdm ndng cao hiiu qud cho phdt triin vd tieu thu sdn phdm nudi trong thuy sdn. Cu thg' can:
- Cai thign chd't Itfdng lao dong: Md cac Idp dao tao ngan han bang de ndng cao cha't ltfdng lao dgng trtfc tie'p bdng each hgn ke't vdi cd sd dao tao nghe va chuygn gia. Tie'p tuc da'y manh cong tac khuyg'n nong va chuyen giao khoa hgc ky thudt de'n cdc ddn vi nuoi trdng thuy san.
- Cung tfng ngudn vo'n: Cac td chtfc tin dung, ngan hang tao dieu kien cho cdc HTX. DN nuoi trdng thiiy san vay vd^n md rgng san xua't, dac biet ve thu tuc
phap ly va quy mo vay. dien hinh la Ngan hang Nong nghiep va Phdt^tnen ndng tiion chi nhdnh tinh Sdn La can ket hdp vdi chinh quyen dia phtfdng nham ddnh gid chinh xac nhu cau ddu ttf, khd ndng thu hdi nd cua ddn vi, sau do cho vay thong qua td chtfc chinh quyen dia phddng, xac dinh dien tich dii dieu kign nuoi ttdng thiiy san la tdi san thd chd'p vay vo'n.
- Ve ngudn gidng: Tang ctfdng higu qua cua cdng tac kiem dichvd thuc dd'y phdt trien he thd'ng san xuat gidng thuy sdn sach benh.
- Can cd cdc chinh sach khuyg'n khich dau ttf, xay dtfng cdc cd sd che'bie'n, bao quan de thu mua san pha'm on dinh cho cdc HTX, DN. Co dinh hddng ro va chi dao sdt sao ttong quy hoach vung nuoi, do'i ttfdng nuoi dg' tranh tinh ttang "cung vtfdt cau" ttong tieu thu.
- Ve phong trtf dich benh: Tang ctfdng cdn bg chuygn ttach ve cac huygn phd bie'n kig'n thtfc va kinh nghiem, kigm tta, gidm sdt va phong trtf dich benh. Ddng thdi, cd quan quan ly nhd ntfdc can ygu cau cac ddn vj nuoi ttdng thuy san phai ghi chep day du hd sd dich berth thiiy san.
- Cac ddn vi nuoi trdng thuy san can can mdn thu day du vd thtfc hien nghiem tuc viec thtfc hien cac tieu chuan ttong nuoi trdng thiiy san.
Hai Id, on dinh vdphdt trien thi trUdng tieu thu. Cu the can:
- Khuye'n khich cdc ddn vi nuoi ttdng thiiy san ky hdp ddng lieu thu san phd'm vdi cac doanh nghiep, nhd hdng khach san vd cd cd che' big'n thuy san.
- Can gia tdng che' big'n, da dang hda cac san pham chg' bie'n ttf tiiuy san; san xud't, nuoi ttong, che' big'n thuy san can phai tie'p tuc ndng cao chd't Itfdng san pha'm, bao dam ve sinh an loan thtfc pham.
- Hinh thanh chd dau mo'i ve san phd'm nuoi ttdng thuy sdn de khdi thong lot thi trtfdng.•
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. HDND tinh Sdn La (2016). Nghi quyi't sd 14/NQ-HDND, ngdy 04/08/2016 thong qua di dn khai thdc tiim ndng vung Idng ho cdc thuy dien tren dia bdn tinh San La giai doan 2016-2020
2. UBND tinh Sdn La (2018). Quye't dinh sd 2401/QD-UBND, ngdy OJ/10/2018 ban hdnh Ke hogch trien khai thtfc hiin ca cdu lgi ITnh vuc thuy sdn trin dia bdn tinh San La giai doan 2018 - 2020, dinh hffdng den ndm 2030
3. Trtfdng Thi Luan (2020). Nghiin cffu thi trudng thuy sdn: Dinh hudng phdt trien thuy sdn cho cdc doanh nghiep, hgp tac .xd nuoi trong thuy sdn trin long ho thuy dien San La, Hda Binh De tai nghien cdu khoa hgc ca'p Tinh, tinh Sdn La
