CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 11-2009 61
HOAT DONG TUT THIEN 0 CANADA
6
Canada hoat ddng quyen gdp tii thien, giiip dd ddng loai bat hanh I i truyen thd'ng sinh boat van hoa - xa hdi, cd tuf lau ddi n h i m giiip dd lan nhau trung liic nguy nan, trcng cdn hoan nan de cumg tdn tai xiy dufng td qud'c ngay cang giiu manh. Bio gidi cho hiet, tuf khi ra ddi, hdat dpng tuf thien d Canada dien ra dudi hai dang: Ai cd cua gdp cua, khdng cd cua gdp cdng de mpi ngUdi giau nghed deu cd cd hdi lam tuf thien, thoa Udc mud'n giiip dd ngUdi hat hanh, vufa td ldng h i e ii, tuf hi, lai mang y nghia nhan van.Neu d nUdc ta bay lau nay lam tuf thien udi trdi la d khu vufc cdng ty, doanh nghiep, thi d Canada - ndi trdi la d khu vufc tu nhan, kinh te hd gia dinh. Sd di nhU vay I i dd d Canada k h i p cic vumg mien deu cd td chdc tif thien heat ddng. Dai dien che td chufc niy l i Quy cufu trd xa hdi, l i m nhiem vu thu gdm cac khcan tien ddng gdp tuf thien d dia phUdng minh, rdi dinh ky ndp tien thu dUdc len cap tren, len Hpi tuf thien vung, mien.
Tham gia lam tuf thien ddng gdp cho Quy cufu trd xa hdi l i d i n cU b i n dia, cic ccng ty, dcanh nghiep, cic td chiic giio hpi va cic cd quan ddanh nghiep n h i nUdc d dia phUdng.
Trcng thdi gian qua, gudng miy tuf thien Canada heat ddng tfch cufc, nang ddng, thUdng xuyen diing cic phUdng tien thdng tin dai chiing, bio dai tuyen truyen van ddng, cd vii, bieu dUdng nhutng ca nhan, tap the, vung, mien ddng gdp nhieu cdng sufc cho quy
Dang Thi Ha Vien Nghien ciCu Chdu My
cufu trd xa hdi. Dd dd, sd' ngUdi tham gia l i m tuf thien ngay mdt ddng hdn, cd nam len tdi 94% sdngudi tuf 15 tudi trd len sinh sd'ng d Canada tham gia gdp tien tuf thien. Sd' quy tif thien cung tang len ciing nam thing, vi du, ne'u nam 1990 - cd 32 quy thi nam 2004 - cd 138 quy d cic vumg mien cila td qud'c. Cdn sd' tien ddng gdp tuf thien binh quan tren d i u ngUdi h i n g nam cung tang len cuing thdi gian. Vi du, ne'u nam 2000 - binh quan d i u ngUdi l i 230 CAD (ddla Canada) thi nam 2004 - l i 400 CAD.
Nhd vay, nan nhan sdng than Ddng Nam A t h i n g 12/2004 dUdc Hdi tii thien Canada trd giiip khdin tien k h i ldn - 150 trieu USD. Tien day xin nei them r i n g , nam 2003, dan sd' Canada l i 31,6 trieu ngUdi; GDP - dat 963,6 ty USD, chiem 1,9% GDP cila the gidi, xep hang thut 11 the gidi ve quy md GDP tfnh b i n g USD; GDP/ngUdi la 30.463 USD, dufng hang thii 7 the gidi ve GDP/ngUdi, chenh lech thu nhap giuta 10% d i n sd giau nhat v i 10%
dan sd nghec nha't nam 2003 la 10 lin se vdi 4,5 lan d Nhat (miic thap nhat d nhdm G7) v i vdi 15,7 l i n d My (miic cad nha't d nhdm G7) (Xem MEMO - sd 7/2005, tr. 85 v i 90).
(3 khu vufc dan cU, p h i n ldn gdp quy tuf thien b i n g tien. Nam 2004, 85% sc ngUdi dUdc hdi cho biet la hp ddng gdp b i n g tien. Gdp nhieu nhat d day la dan cU khu vufc giic hdi - sd tien ddng gdp chiem 45% tdng sd tien tuf thien; sau dd la ciia cic td chufc phi ldi n h u i n hdat ddng trong hnh vufc y
62 SO 11-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
te chiem 14%; rdi den td chiic phi ldi nhuan hoat ddng trong linh vufc cung cap dich vu xa hpi - chiem 10%. Ddng gdp it nhat la linh vufc mdi trUdng va cac td chiic thufc hien cic duf i n tr(3 giiip p h i t trien nUdc ngoai. Theo bao gidi, nguyen n h i n la do d hai linh vufc nay dUdc n h i nUdc bao sin, lam thay.
Neu d nudc ta cd cau "Cd thufc mdi vUc dUdc dad", thi d Canada, ciing cd tinh trang tUdng tuf - miic lim tuf thien tuy thudc vio tiem lufc kinh te gia dinh, vao trinh dp hpc van va lufa tudi. v.v...
Vi du, nam 2004 - 82% tdng so' ddng gdp tii thien la p h i n ciia 21% ngudi dan giiu cd. 46% sd' ngUdi l i m tuf thien dUdc hdi chd biet, neu n h i nUdc mien giim thue ty le thuan vdi sd' tien gdp tuf thien, thi hp cd the gdp tuf thien nhieu hdn niia; 13% thi cho rang, lam tuf thien l i nghia vu cdng din del vdi xa hdi, ddi vdi td qud'c, chuf khdng vi h i m ldi, danh vpng gi.
Nhdm ddng gdp tfch cufc cho tii thien l i ldp ngUdi d dp tudi 45-64, cd thu nhap, tich luy cac. Ldp ngUdi hpc van cac thudng tham gia til thien nhieu hdn, miic ddng gdp binh quan cung cao hdn ldp ngUdi hpc van tha'p (dudi dai hpc). Cic hd gia dinh, nha't la cic cap vd chdng ddng gdp tuf thien nhieu hdn va mufc gdp binh quan cung cao hdn cic he ddc than. Mufc ddng gdp binh quan d cic hd gia dinh thu nhap tren 100 ngan CAD thudng cao gap 2 lin miic d cic hd gia dinh thu nhap difdi 80 ngan CAD.
Thd'ng ke tien lac quyen tuf thien h i n g nam cdn che tha'y, mac dii sd nut gidi ddng gdp tuf thien nhieu hdn sd nam gidi, nhUng miic ddng gdp binh q u i n ciia nam gidi lai cao hdn cua nut gidi (tUdng tuf la 430 CAD va 374 CAD nam 2004).
Phai thufa nhan r i n g , dumg cac phUdng tien thdng tin dai chiing tuyen truyen giio due y thiic trach nhiem cdng dan ddi vdi cdng ddng, kip thdi bieu dUdng, khen thudng nhutng c i nhan, tap the, vumg mien cd nhieu ddng gdp cho quy cufu trd xa hdi da nang cac dUdc tinh t h i n t r i c h nhiem v i dan tri cua mpi tang Idp xa hdi, lam cho quan diem tuf thien ngay nay da cd nhieu thay ddi, tie'n hp. Neu trUdc day d Canada ngUdi giau giiip dd ngUdi ngheo gap nan dUdc cci la hd' thf, lam dn ra tay cufu dp; thi ngay nay ngUdi cd kha nang giiip dd ngUdi bat hanh dUdc coi la nghia vu cdng dan ddi vdi xa hpi, ddi vdi ddng loai.
0 Canada neu khu vufc dan cU, hp gia dinh tuf lau da cd truyen thd'ng lam tii thien, giiip dd nhutng manh ddi bat hanh thi lich suf lam tuf thien d khu vufc cdng ty, doanh nghiep mdi dUdc thufa nhan tuf cudi thap nien 80 cua the ky XX vi trUdc thdi gian nay khu vufc cdng ty, doanh nghiep van cdn xa la vdi Hpi tuf thien. Giai thich hien trang nay, cac nha xa hpi hpc Canada cho hiet, trUdc day d Canada khu vufc dan cU va Nha nUdc ddng vai trd chu yeu trong viec lam tuf thien.
Cac quy cufu trd xa hdi dUdc thanh lap mdt phan tuf tien lac quyen dUdc trong nhan dan, phan cdn lai do ngan sach nha nUdc ddng gdp; thdng thudng p h i n do dan cU ddng gdp nhieu hdn p h i n lay tuf ngan sach nha nUdc. Dc vay da han che kha nang lam tuf thien cua khu vufc doanh nghiep, khie'n nhieu cdng ty doanh nghiep trUdc cudi thap nien 80 cua the ky XX v i n khdng cd chinh sach khuye'n khich, huy ddng cdng nhan vien ciia minh tham gia ddng gdp cho cac quy tii thien dia phUdng, trong khi dd ddng gdp tif thien d cic cdng ty, cd quan nha nUdc
CHAU MY N G A Y N A Y SO 11-2009 63
lai la n h i e m vu cua c i c cdng dan, ciia cdng n h a n vien n h i nUdc.
Thd'ng ke nhUng ngUdi tich ciic t h a m gia l a m tuf t h i e n t r o n g thdi gian qua cho tha'y, d k h u vufc d c a n h nghiep nhiing ddn vi t h a m gia tuf t h i e n d i u tien l i c i c d o a n h n g h i e p nhd va vufa, trong dd, c i c d o a n h n g h i e p viia cd tuf 500 den 1,5 n g a n lac ddng t h a m gia tfch cufc n h a t ; cdn nhUng doanh nghiep it lao ddng hdn, t h i p h i n ldn t h a m gia l a m tif t h i e n m a n g tfnh
"chieu le", de cd t e n t r o n g d a n h s i c h nhUng cdng ty d o a n h n g h i e p cd t h a m gia nghia vu xa hdi vdi dia phUdng.
Tuf cudi t h e ky XX trd lai day, phdng trad l a m tut t h i e n d C a n a d a n g i y mdt r a m rd, ldi cud'n k h u vUc cdng ty, d o a n h n g h i e p l a m theo, khie'n so tien ddng gdp tuf t h i e n d k h u vufc nay cung n g i y m e t t a n g , n e u n a m 1988 t h u dU(?c g i n 400 n g a n CAD, thi nam. 2000 - dUdc 1,3 ty CAD, chiem 1,03% l(3i n h u a n trUdc t h u e , nhd d a n h s i c h cdng ty, d c a n h n g h i e p t h a m gia lam tif t h i e n n g a y m e t dai ra. Hien nay da cd t r e n 600 d o a n h nghiep t h a m gia l i m tuf t h i e n , t r c n g dd p h a i ndi den nhUng cdng ty ldn, cd ten tudi trong lang d o a n h n g h i e p C a n a d a va the gidi - n h u B a n k of M o n t r e a l , P e t r o Canada, Bell C a n a d a v i Microsoft C a n a d a v.v...
Sau khi len cam quyen ( t h i n g 12/2003), dng R. M a r t i n , dai dien dang Tu do, coi k h u vufc cdng ty, doanh nghiep l i mdt t r o n g nhUng Uu tien h a n g d i u t r o n g suf nghiep l i m tdng thd'ng cua dng de p h i t t r i e n k i n h te - xa hdi, l i m cho d a n g i i u nUdc m a n h , xa hdi cdng b a n g , d a n chu van minh, t h u h e p c h e n h lech giau ngheo.
De t h u hiit k h u vufc d o a n h nghiep l i m tut thien, dng dUa r a chUdng t r i n h
"Cdrpdrate C i t i z e n s h i p " n h i m giid due t r i c h n h i e m cdng d a n cua gidi
doanh nghiep, k h u y e n khich cic cdng ty d i u t u v i o c i c duf i n cua td chiic phi ldi n h u a n va k h u y e n khich cdng n h i n vien cdng ty tuf nguyen ddng gdp cho c i c quy til t h i e n
De trd t h a n h ngudi t h a m gia chUdng t r i n h n i y , dng yeu c i u c i c cdng ty p h i i thufc h i e n 4 dieu kien s a u day:
1. L a n h dao cdng ty p h i i cam ket b a n g v a n b i n r a n g , mdi n a m cdng ty p h i i d i n h it n h a t 1% Ipi n h u a n trUdc t h u e de l i m til t h i e n , p h i i k h u y e n k h i c h cdng n h a n vien ciia m i n h tuf n g u y e n t h a m gia p h o n g t r a o l a m tuf t h i e n .
2. Cdng ty p h a i c h a p h i n h c i c c h u a n mufc dao dufc n g h e nghiep, p h a i cd t r i c h n h i e m n g h e n g h i e p ddi vdi xa hdi, t r o n g dd, p h i i m i n h bach cdng k h a i suf d u n g c i c k h o i n ddng gdp tut t h i e n .
3. Mdi n a m , cdng ty p h i i trd giup it n h a t mdt duf i n cd y nghia xa hdi d dia phUdng b a n g lad ddng tU nguyen cua cdng n h i n vien h a y b a n g tien cua d o a n h nghiep.
4. Cdng ty p h a i cdng k h a i b i o cio h i n g n a m ve c i c k h o i n tien lam tut thien.
T h a m gia chUdng t r i n h "Cdrpdrate Citizenship" t a e cho c i c cdng ty, doanh nghiep n h i e u k h i n a n g mdi, n h i e u a n tUdng td't t r d n g cdng ddng xa hdi, nhd vay cd n h i e u cd hdi thiet lap q u a n he ddi t i c lam an, ky dUdc nhieu hdp ddng vdi c i c d o a n h nghiep trong nUdc.va nUdc ngcai.
O C a n a d a , c i c cdng ty doanh nghiep ddng gdp n h i e u cho quy til thien, n g o i i viec dUdc n h i nUdc vinh d a n h t a n g ky niem chUdng, ghi n h a n cdng lao ddng gdp l a m tuf thien, cdn dUdc n h i nUdc ddng vien, k h u y e n khich b i n g k i n h te nhU: mien g i i m t h u e cho c i c k h o i n ddng gdp til thien.
64 SO 11-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
loai khoan ddng gdp nay ra khdi thu nhap chiu thue; giim lai sua't tien vay thufc hien cic duf i n phuc vu cdng ich, lam tuf thien. Ngoai ra, cac cdng ty, doanh nghiep cd k h i nang cdn dUdc nha nUdc dat hang, lam cic s i n pham cdng ich. phuc vu qud'c phdng.
Thing 1/2006, d i n g Bao thu len cim quyen, chfnh phu mdi khdng nhutng tiep tuc duy tri v i khuyen khich cic boat ddng tii thien d khu vufc dan cU m i cdn ddng vien khu vufc cdng ty, doanh nghiep lam tut thien nhieu hdn nUa de khdng thua kem khu vufc dan cU - bang cich mien thue thu nhap tren vd'n cua cic cdng ty tham gia lam tii thien. Dac biet chfnh phu dang Bao thu da dUa mdn hpc
"Trich nhiem xa hdi cua cdng ty, doanh nghiep" vac chUdng trinh hpc tap cua cic trUdng day nghe va cac trUdng dai hpc. Dd la cd sd de tin r i n g hdat ddng tut thien d khu vufc dan cU va khu vufc doanh nghiep cdn nhieu dia ban boat ddng.
Van de cdn lai de cic quy tut thien lac quyen, dUcjJc nhieu tien hay ft cdn tuy thudc vao sii trong s i n g minh bach ciia gudng m i y lam tii thien cic
cap. Bdi, 30% so' ngUdi lam tuf thien dUdc hdi chd biet, hp khdng yen tam vdi sd' tien hp gdp tuf thien vi qua t h a n h tra sd bd cua cd quan cd tham quyen, mdt sd' quy va hiep hdi thu gom tien tuf thien da vi p h a m ky luat tai chfnh bang cich nang mufc tran chi tieu quan ly h a n h chfnh de h i lam cdng quy. Theo luat hien hanh, mufc chi tieu h a n h chfnh d cac hiep hdi l i m til thien khdng dUdc qua 15%
tdng sd'thu.
Do vay trong may nam g i n day, mdt so' dan cU va doanh nghiep khdng gdp tien tuf thien cho ngUdi thu, gom tien n i y , ma dumg sd' tien dd giiip dd tnic tiep cho ngudi can xa hdi ciiu trd, hdac tuf nguyen tham gia cham sdc ngudi gia ye'u, cd ddn, khdng ndi nUdng tufa. Cd ngUdi lai tuf nguyen cung cap cac dich vu mien phf che ngUdi c i n d\i6c xa hdi cufu trd v.v...
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1. Qudn ly d niidc ngodi - so'6/2007.
2. http://www.canadahelps.org/InfoPages/
HowItWorks.aspx
3. MEMO - so 7/2005, tr. 85 va 90.
