Hoi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hoc Thai Nguyen PHXrONG PHAP BAN DO T R O N G NGHIEN ClTU DIA LY
Biii Thi Thiiy Dao' Abstract
Mapping methods in geogrt^hic research
Research and development of principles and methods are the task of any science. Also, cartography has been researching, building and improving gradually its principles and methods for perceiving study subjects and self-developing. Research on mapping methods has become important trend in cartography Nowadays, mapping methods are popular an irreplaceable tools to scientists on the field of Earth and celesbal bodies, in which maps are an indispensable part of contents and results of researches in terms of theory and practice. However, the concepts of mapping methods and its applications vary on fields. To unify the definitions step by step, it is necessary to do deeper researches on mapping methods in cartographic theory although there are several domestic and international related studies This paper contributes to a sense, a way of thinking about the mapping methods in order lo apply them effectively and accurately.
1. The formation and development of mapping methods in cartography 2 The meaning and the need of research on mapping methods
3. The opinion of the mapping methods - mapping methodology in geographic research.
1. CAC QUAN DIEM VA SLT PHAT TRIEN C t A PHLTONG PHAP B A N DO TRONG KHOA HOC B A N DO
"Ban do la alpha va omega ciia dia ly, la diem khai dau va ket thiic ciia mpi cong trinh nghien euu dia Iy. Ban do la ngon ngii thu hai cua dia Iy va la rapt trong nhihig tieu chuan ciia tinh dia Iy" Day la cau nei noi tieng cua nha dia Iy co ten taoi cua Lien X6 - N.N Baranski, nguoi luon xem ban do va phuang phap ban do co y nghia hang dau trong nghien cuu khoa hpc ve Trai dit va cac thien the. Dae biet, la trong cac nghien ciiu ve dieu tra tong hpp dieu kien tu nhien, tai nguyen thien nhien va cac boat dpng kmh te - xa hpi cua mot lanh tho. Ong nhSn mgnh rang ban do va phuong phap ban do can eho cac nha dja ly khong chi de tien hanh nghien ciiu ngoai thire dia ma ca trong " sir yen lang cua phong nghien ciiu". Nhimg nhan dmh nay da noi len y nghia va tam quan trpng cua ban do va phuang phap b ^ do trong nghien ciiu dia ly, b6i nha no ta co the phat hien cac quy luat dia Iy trong phan bo khong gian, taong quan va to hop giiia cac hien tapng, nhiing cai ma nhiing ngu6i nghien cuu 6 thuc dia kho co the nam bat dupc.
Su hinh thanh phirong phap ban do nhu rapt phuang phap nhan thiic khoa hpc co lien quan den ten taoi cia eac nha bin do hpc X6 Vi6t noi tieng nhu K.A. Salichev, A.F. Aslannikashvili, A M. Berliant. Hp da de xuat nhihig tu tudng xay dung nen tang va co sd ly luan cho nghien cmi ly thuyet cua phuong phap ban d6. Lan dau tien thuat ngii " Phuang phap nhan biet va nghien ciiu hign thuc bang b ^ do" dupc su dung trong cac cong trinh khoa hoc dien hinh nhu:
Metakartogr^hia (MeTaKapTorpa4)Ha) ciia A.F. Aslanikashvili (A.O. AcnaHmcamsHjiH), "Nghien cihi bang phuang phap ban do" (KapTorpa^yneeKHH Merofl MccjieAOBaima) ciia A.M. Beriiant hay K.A. Sahshev da ban ve van de nay a cac bai bao "Ban ve phuang phap ban do" (1955); "Ban ve dp chinh xac dinh Iupng tren cac ban do" (1963); "Phuang phap phan tich khi nghien ciiu cac hien tupng tren ban do" (1968) va nhieu bai bao khac[l]. Tiep theo do, hp da phat trien khai niem ve phuong phap bdn do Ien rapt miie dp cao han thupc liiih vuc ly thuyet, xem do la ca scr nhan thiic luin ciia viec su dung b ^ do de mo ta, phan tich va nhan thiic cac hien tapng, de thu nhan cac hieu bietva dae trunejuoi^cua^cac doi tupng, hien tapng nghien cuu, de nhin biet cac moi quan he khong gian va du bao sir bien d d n g ^ l phat trien cua chiing. Nha cac sang kien cua eac nha khoa hpc nay, van de ve phuang p h ^ bin do da dupc dua ra thio lugn a nhi6u cupc hpi thio khoa hpc a LiSn Xp va quoe te. Nhu vay, khoa hgc ban do da c6 them rapt phan raoi, con dia ly hpc va c ^ khoa hpc k^ c|n khac co them cong cii huu ich d^ nhan thiic cac doi tapng nghien ciiu thupc liiih v\re chuyen rapn cua mmh.
—Trudng Dgi hgc Tdi nguyin vd Mdi tru&ng Hd Npi Kpyiu Hpi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn tha 7
Hgi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hoc Thai Nguyea Cac cong trinh cua A.F. Aslanikachvili ve ly luan chung ciia Khoa hoc ban do da dong gop dang kk cho su phat trien cua ly luan ve phuong phap ban do. Theo ong can phai phan bi?t rat ro cac khai niem phuong phap luan ban do hpc va phucmg phap ban do. Ong cho r ^ g phuang ph^
ban d6 co y nghia chien lupc. Phuang phap ban do su dung phuang phap luan ban do hpc va tri thiic thyc te ve doi tapng nghien ciiu von nam trong moi quan tam cua ban do hpc nhung khong chi phu thupc vao no. 0 day, ong cho rang sy v|n dung cu the cua phuang phap ban do l^ii thupc ve cac khoa hpc c6 lien quan vai ban do hpc, boi chung c6 doi tapng nghien ciiu cy the. Chinh vi the, phuang p h ^ ban do - phuang phap de phan tich va nhan taiic cac mo hinh khong gian cy the ciia hipn thuc dupc nghien cuu da va dang phe bi6n trong cac khoa hpc khac va co khi dupe gpi la phuong phap ban do va ciing co khi no co y nghia chung nhu mpt he thong cac thii phap phan tich ban do.
Noi den su phat trien cua phuang phap ban do trong khoa hpc ban do nhu hien nay, khong the khong noi den sy dong gop va tham gia tich cue ciia cac nha khoa hpc thupc cae chuyen mon khac nhau nhu cac nha dia Iy, cac nha dia chat, nha dia vat Iy, cac nha toan hpc, cac nha nghien cuu lich su va xa hoi hpe, cac nha kmh te va dan tpc hpc. Theo nha dja Iy noi tieng Lien X6 - K.K, Markov "Phucmg p h ^ ban do la mot phuang phap xuySn suot va tro nen da dyng doi vdi toan b$
phuc hpp cac bin dp dia Iy".
Vay, CO the thay riing nhihig anh huong nhat dmh den su phat trien cua phuang phap bin do eo sy tham gia dae biet ciia cae nha bin do hpc Xp Viet. Nhiing quan diem, nhirng phan tich ve phuang phap Iu$n - phuong phap ban do cua ho da duac sy quan tam ciia nhi^u nha bin do hi?c khac, tao ra sy da dang cung nhu thiic day xu huang phat trien ciia he phuang phap nay theo cac tracmg phai khac nhau va mang nhung dae diem rieng Noi mpt each khac, cac nghien cuu ciia cac nhi bin do hpc dupc dae tnmg bdi each tiep can khic nhau nhu, cac nha ban de hpc Ba Lan danh sy quan tam hang dau cho eac van de Iy luan va phuang phip luan (Grigorenko - 1982; Krcho - 1973...); cac nha bin d6 Diic lai im tien phat trien theo xu huong do dae tren bin do (Hofifinan - 1983; Ogrissek - 1982); Cac nha bin do hpc Anh, My (Robinson, Petchenik - 1976.. ) hi?n nay chiem uu the la nhung nghien cuu phan tich ban do theo each tiep can thong ke toan va trade het la toin xac suat; con cic nha bin do hpc Phip thi phat trien manh cic thu phap dinh tmh, danh sii quan tam chu yeu cho suy giii cac ket qua ve mat dia Iy va smh thai hpe[l]. VSy, phuang phap biin do da, dang v i se duae van dung trong nhieu khoa hpc khac nhau tge ra sy phong phii ve phirong p h ^ luin mdi, cac dii lipu thyc te, cae giai phip dpc dao trong qua trinh nghiSn ciiu. Ve phan minh, phuang phip ban do dupe tiep thu nhiing y tadng v i each tiep can mdi de khong ngimg phat trien de hoan tiiipn ve mat phuong p h ^ trong khoa hpc bin do. Nhiing anh hudng quyet ^nh nay, phai ke den nhung nguyen tic va ta tadng cua khoa hpc ban do dia ly.
Tai Viet Nam, cac thanh tuu ciia khoa hpc bin do da dupc tiep thu rat sang tao va van dyng rat da dang trong cic nghien ciiu khoa hpc, dae biet l i treng khpa hpc dia Iy iing dyng. Nh|n thuc dupc vai trd quan trpng cua bin d6 va phuang phap bin dp trong cong tic dieu tra ca ban tfing hpp ve cac dieu kipn ty nhien, tai nguyen thien nhien phyc vy qui hosich san xuat, sit dung hpp ly tai nguyen v i phat ttiln kinh te - xa hoi Chinh vi the ma c6 tiie khing dinh ring "Khong co m$t cong trinh nghien ciiu, dieu tra co ban nio ma khong su dyng bin dd va trong cac ket qua nghiSn ciiu ay lai khong thinh lip cac bin do chuyen de mdi"
Dieu nay cho thay, cac^nha dia Iy, nhitng ngudi nghien ciiu dia Iy va cic nha quin Iy ho?ch
^ n h chinh sacTi caii thiet phiTbieu biet tot ve bin do - vdi ta each la cong cy de nghien cira, luu ttir cac tiiong tin dia Iy va tiie hipn cac ket qua nghien cira dia Iy. Dae biet, i i co nhung quan diem chinh xae va day du hon ve phuang phap bin d6 frong nghien eiiu vdi ta each la phuong phap nhgn thiic khoa hpc ti:en CP sd cy die hoa ve mat ca sd Iy tiiuyet ciia bin do hpc va cac tiiii phap ky thugt phin tich taong ke toan. Hay ndi mpt each khic, khi sir dyng ban dp va phuang phap bin do ciing can CO su hieu biet^nhat dinh ve chinh doi tapng nghien eim v i can co khai nipm ro ve vi tri ciia ' phupng phap ban do trong to hpp cac phuang phap nghiSn ciru khoa hpc, vi phyang phip bin dfi la
" • w S ^ P ^ ^ '^oi^g the tiiav tiie ma la bfi sung mot each hihi hieu cho cac nghi6n cuu chuyen mon.
Kp yeu Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn gudc ldn tha 7
[oi Bja ly VietNam Bai hoc Thai NguySn Cac cons trinh nghien ciru lien quan den phuang phap ban do vai tu each la mot phuong hap nhSn thuc khoa hoc khong the thay the trong khoa hoc dia ly tai Viet Nam phai ke den nhu 'huong phap ban d6 phuc vu nghien ciiu bi6n, (1990) do PGS TS Ngo Dat Tam lam chu nhiem de ki trong do ong danh tnjn mot chuong de noi ve phuong phap luan - phucmg phap ban do va 'GS TS Nguyen Tran Ciu da dua viec nghien ciiu cac ca sa ly luan cua phuang phap ban do vao ipi dung giang day o Vien Dia ly thuoc Vien KH & CN Viet Nam. Cac cong trinh nghien ciiu nay la dong gop va b6 sung mot chi nhanh mai v6 biin do hpc va phuang phap luan ban do tai Viet -Jam,
2. Y NGHIA VA SV CAN THIET NGHIEN CUU VE PHUONG PHAP BAN DO Nghien ciiu dia ly hay cu the la cac nghien ciiu diSu tta tong hap ve dieu kien tu nhien, tat Iguyen thien nhien, nghien ciiu cac boat dong kinh t e - x a hoi cua mot lanh th6 doi hoi mot luong Mng tin rat Ion ve cac nhan to cua lop vo dia ly ciia chiing. Trong cac nghien ciiu nay, ban d6 va phuong phap ban do c6 vai tro tat quan trong va co tac dung to lan, chiing duac su dung triet de va :6 hieu qua tit bu6c dau tien - budc chuan bi trien khai nghien ciiu den buoc cuoi cimg - buac the hien cac ket qui nghien cuu, theo doi, chi d?io thuc hien cac phuong an qui hoach, phan vung, chi dao thuc Men cac phuang an b4o ve thien nhien va moi trucmg v.v...
Khi phuong phap lap mo hinh lanh tho va cac phucmg phap toan hpc duac ap dung rpng rm trong cong tic dieu tra ca bSn tong hop, trong phan vung, qui hoach va lap ke hoach theo lanh tho sin xuat thi vai tro cua ban do va phuong phap ban do cang dupc inft rpng va phat huy tac dyng to Ion, vdi tu each de tich luy, xu li cac tai lieu, so lieu goc va cung cap thong tin de giii cac bai toan kinh te.
Ngay nay, khi cong nghe Ban do so va cong nghe He th6ng thong tin dia ly (GIS), cong nghe vien tham phat trien manh me, mang lai hieu qua to ldn trong nghien ciiu tai nguyen, moi truong va nghien ciiu dia ly kinh te - xa hoi thi bin do vdi chuc nang la ca sd diS lieu khong gian, la mo hinh so khong gian cua lanh tho nghien ciiu van luon luon CO vi tri quan trpng.^ Nhimg nguyen tac, phuong phap cua khaa hpc ban do tiuyen thong van duoc duy tri va phat trien Nhieu quan niem mdi, quan diem mdi, phuong phap mdi duac hinh thanh, lam cho khoa hoc ban do luon luon dude phat trien va doi mdi vdi nhiing budc tien cao ban va nhanh hon.
Trong tinh hmh phat trien chung cua khoa hoc ban do, nghien ciiu v6 phudng phap ban do la mpt hudng nghien ciiu ly luan ban do rat quan trpng va cd ban, nham dam bao cho khoa hoc ban do phat huy duoc the manh truyen thong, dong thdi tan dung duac nhimg thanh tuu khoa hoc va cong nghi hien dai,
3. QUAN DIEM VE PHUONG PHAP B A N DO - PHUONG P H A P LUAN B A N DO TRONG NGHIEN CUU DIA LY
a. Phuong phap bin do
Khi ndi ve phuang phap trong khoa hoc ban do, nguoi ta thudng^ nhan manh, thuong chii lipng den phuong phap thanh lap bin dd. Phuang phap thanh lap ban do la mpt van de Idn, cd y nghia quan trpng ttong ha phuang phap luan cua khoa hpc ban do, song phuang phap thanh jap bin do khong bao gom, khong dai dien dupc cho toan bo nhiing van de^ve phuang phap bin do. Thuc chat, day la van de Ion, cd tam bao quit rpng rai ciia khoa hpc ban do.
—' BitOT-mprkhoa-hpc-nao eiSng-cd itnhat hai mat CO ban cd quan he tuang ho chat che, dd la:
+ Nhiing kien thiic ve doi tuang nhan thiic cua khoa hpc + Nhihig.kien thiic ve phuong phap nhan thiic cac dpi tuong
Khoa hpc ban do, cung nhu cac khoa hpc khac, gom hai mat co ban nhu tten, song nd cung CO nhimg mat riSng, khac biet vdi cic khoa hpc khac. Ndi ve phuong phap nh|n thiic cua khoa hpc bin do, phai phan biet hai khai niem:
+ Phuong phip luan khoa hoc bin do + Phucmg phap bin do
Ky)^u H$i nghi Khoa hoc Dia If todn qudc ldn thir?
Hoi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hoc Thai Nguyen Phuang phap luan khoa hpc bin do la toan bp he thong ly luan ve phuang phap, anh hudng tdi tit ca cac giai doan tir thanh lap ban do den su dung bin do, cai tien bin do v.v... anh hudng tdi sy phat triSn va hoan thien ky thuat ban do; the hien d qui trinh dien ra lien tyc, khong ngimg doi mdi va hoan thien ban do Phuang phap luan khoa hpc bin do chinh la ket qua tong quit hoa kinh nghiem cua nhan loai ve ky thuat thanh lap, cai tien, phuc che va sii dung bin do trong thyc tS (A.F Aslanikashvili)
Khai niem phuang phap ban do thi rpng han phuang phap lu^n khoa hpc ban do, nd bao gom ci khai niem phuang p h ^ luan ban do trong nd. Phuong phap bin do cd y nghia chien lupc dfii vdi khpa hpc ban do v i mot so khoa hpc khac cd lien quan. Phuang phap ban dfi vira cd chiic nang co sd Iy thuyet - phuang phip Iu$n de phat tnen ciia chinh ban than khoa hpc ban do; vira co chiic nang cong cu, phuang phap nghien ciiu cua nhieu khoa hpc khic, trade het Ii cac khpa hpc trong he thdng cic khoa hpc nghien ciiu ve trii dat v i cac thien the.
Phuang phip bin do la radt bp phin quan trpng ciia khoa hpc ban dfi, song nd khong chi phy thupc vao khoa hpc niy M6i dang bieu hien ciia phupng p h ^ bin dfi deu l i nhihig dae tinh khoa hpc, cd lien quan chat che vdi cac khoa hpc khic bang doi tapng nghien ciiu chung. Nhu vgy, phuong phap ban do la phuang phap nghien cuu ciia chinh khoa hpc bin do, la phuong phap ho trp, l i cdng cu nghien ciru cho nhieu khoa hpc khac cd Ii8n quan thong qua viec nghien ciiu cac tinh chat va cic dae trung cua doi taang taanh lap bin do (doi taang nh|n thirc cua khoa hpc)
Trong khoa hpc ban do, khi xuat hien phuang phap nhan thiic mpi khdng gian cy.thi ciia thuc te khach quan ma ta nghien ciiu, no ciing dupc phat trien dan dan, thu dupc nhiing ket qua khic nhau trong khoa hpc dia Iy va cae khoa hpc khac nhu Dia chat, Dia mao... Ciing co nhiing ngudi nghien ciiu gpi phuong phip nhan thiic mot khong gian cy the d6 Ii phuang phip bin do.
Song dieu nay cd dung hay khong, day cdn la mpt van de can dupc trao doi tiiio luan th^t rpng rai va sau sac tren ca sd triet hpe va ca sd bin do hpc.
Khi phan tich van de nay, K.A, Salichev che ring phuang phap bin do Ii phuong phip sii dyng bin dfi de phan tich, nhan thiic cac hien tapng va doi tapng nghien ciiu (1962).
Tren thuc te phat trien ciia khoa hoc bin do v i thyc te nghien cira ciia cic nha dia Iy, dja chat vi cac nha khoa hpc khic co lien quan, ban dfi dupc sit dyng ngay cang rpng rai, vdi ta each li tu lieu, la cong cy, Ii phuang phap, la ket qua khong the thieu dupe cua cac khoa hpc nghien cim ve trii dat va cac thien the. Phan tieh tinh hinh nghien ciiu " thanh lap - su dyng" bin dfi cho chiing ta thay ring, phuong phip ban dfi khdng chi la phuang phip tiiinh Ij^i bin do, nd eiing khdng chi la phupng phip sii dung ban do.
Tliye chat, phuang phap bin do bao ham mdt nghia rpng hom. Trong khoa hpc ban do, phuang phip bin do bao gfira:
+ Phucmg phap nghien ciiu cua bin than khoa hpc bin dfi + Phuang phip tiiinh I ^ bin dfi de the hipn thye te khach quan + Phuang phip su dyng bin dfi dfi nh§n thiic tiiyc te khach quan
A.F. Aslanikashvili da di ket Iu$n ring: "Phuang phap ban dfi l i phucmg phap chung de nhgn thuc mdt khdng gian cy tiie cua thuc tfi dang dugc n^iSn ciiu" va ong cho ring, cac hipn ph^
logique de nhgn thiic, dupc cac nha logique bien chiine nghien cuu va phan ldn cac dang chung eiia chiing bao gfimt-phan tidi,^ng hap, triu tapng hda, tong quat hda, lap mo hinh khoa hpc v.v...Ket lu|n nay c6 co sd ciia nd, song eiing chua phii la hoan toan day d^ v i toin dipn. Quan diem do ^ tile hien Idiich quan y nghTa nhan thue to Idn ciia viec I ^ ban do theo quan diem tong hpp va the hien sy tham nhuan sau sac nhiing tu tudng, quan diem cua ban do hpc vap khoa hpc Dia Iy.
b. Phupng phip bin dfi trong nghien cuu dia ly
Doi vdi khoa hpc dia Iy v i cac khpa hpc nghien cuu ve trai dat thi bin dfi la alpha v i emega ciia moi cong trinh nghien ciiu, khao sit. Trong khoa hpc ban dfi hipn dai, qua trinh thanh % vi sxt dyng bin dfi dupc coi la mpt hp tafing nhat ciia phuang phap bin do ^ nhan thiic trgn quan dilm Ky yiu Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly todn qudc ldn tha 7
H6i Dia ly Vief Nam Dai hoc Thai Nguyen he thong cua A.M. Beriiant. Mat khac, trong nghien ciiu dia ly thi viec thanh I|.p va sii dung ban do luon dien ra gan nhu dfing thoi va trong he thong nay, cd the phan chia thanh hai phuang phap phfii hpp chgt che vdi nhau:
+ Lap ban dfi - hay cung cd the goi la phuang phap bin dd de the hien tayc te khach quan, myc dich ciia nd la nghien cim chuyen cac thong tin ve thue te khach quan len bin do, cd nghia la tryc ti^p nghien ciiu thuc tien bang cich lap mo hinh bin dfi.
+ Phuang phap bin do de nhan thuc thuc te - su dyng cac bin do (nhiing md hinh bin do) Nhimg phuang phap nay khdng nhiing cd quan he chat che mi tiong thuc te, chiing gan chgt, dan cheo nhau khd cd the tich bach ra dupc. Trong qua trinh thinh lap bin dfi thi cung phii tien hanh nghien ciiu, khi dd ban do dupc thanh lap va san xuat ra chinh la san pham cua cac qua trinh va cdng trinh nghien ciiu thuc te. Den lupt minh, chinh bin than bin do (nhiing md hinh cua thyc te) lgi duac sir dyng nhu nhiing eong cu, ta lieu va phuong phap de nghien cim vdi muc dich de tai 1^ hinh inh ciia thyc te khach quan vdi nhiing dae trung, qui luat phan bd trong khdng gian vi sy bien dpng theo thdi gian ciia cic ddi tapng nghien cim, the hien tren ban dfi.
Trong nghien ciiu dieu tra tfing hpp ve mot lanh thfi, taye chat la tim toi, xic dinh nhiing dgc diem CO ban ve dieu ki^n tu nhien, tai nguyen thien nhien, xic dinh cac dgc diem kinh t6 - xa hpi cua lanh tho, xac dinh cic qui luat phan bo va bien dpng cua cac doi tapng, hien taang nghien ciiu nhim sir dyng hpp I^ va cd hipu qua thien nhien phuc vu cho loi ich ciia'con ngudi Ndi each khac, de phyc vy Ipi ich thiet thyc ciia minh, con ngudi da khdng ngimg nghien ciiu de ngay cang nhan thiic dupc sau sac, day dii ve Idp vd dia ly ciia trii dat vdi tat ca nhiing dae diem, qui lugt cau tnic, phan bo va bien dpng eua no. De dat dupc myc dich dd, con ngudi da khong ngimg sing tgo eic cong cy vi phuang p h ^ nghien ciru, nhgn tairc. Tuy dupc tfing ket v i h? thong hda chim hon, song cd the ndi loai ngudi da sir dung bin do va phuang p h ^ bin dfi tir rat sdm. Nhirng phat kien dia ly vT dai cua nhan logi trong cac the ky vua qua, khdng mdt phit kifin nao lai khong gin lien vdi vi£c thanh lgp va su dung bin do.
Tren co sd ly thuyet nhan thiic, nhieu nha khoa hpc bin do da nghien cuu, phan tich qua trinh nhgn thirc ve Idp vd dia ly cua trai dat thdng qua viec thanh Igp va su dyng bin do. Nhieu cong trinh nghien ciiu da dupc dua ra de nghien ciiu, img dyng, song cd the ndi cac nha ban do va dia Iy tren the gidi quan tam nhieu ban ca la cong trinh nghien cihi eua Lech Rataiski v i cua K.A.
Salishev. Nam 1976, tgi Hpi nghi Dia Iy qufic te Ian tair 23, Hpi nghi ban do quoe te Ian thii 8, Leeh Rataiski da cdng bo Igi quan diem ciia dng ve phuang p h ^ bin do nhan thirc khi dng trinh bay nhung quan diem eua minh ve cau tnic ciia khoa hoc bin dfi v i phat trien khai nipra Cartologie.
Khi nghien ciiu phan tich chu trinh ciia thdng tin. Lech Rataiski da xay dyng "mo hinh Cartologie"
Md hinh niy gom 3 phan, thii nhat l i mo hinh trayen dat thdng tin bing phuang phap bin dfi; phan thii 2 bao gom ITnh vyc cie bp mdn khoa hpe - ky thugt va phan thii 3 l i bin do luan (nhiing hieu biet ve bin do) va phuang phap luan bin dfi. Nhu vay, theo Lech Rataiski, ITnh vyc hoat dpng eua phupng phip ban dfi dupc dat trong mo hinh trayen dgt thdng tin ban do. Chiing dupc coi nhu nhiing thanh phan can bin cua hogt dpng ban dfi. Ung dung ciia phuang phip bin do Ii mat xich noi lien giua thyc tien v i Iy thuyet ciia khoa hpc ban do. Cdn Iiiih vyc cac bd radn khoa hpc va ky thugt bo trp dupc dgt ra ngpai md huih tiuyen dat thong tm ban do Cd nghia la thanh tyu khoa hpc ciia cic ITnh vyc niy dupc iing dung vio cic giai degn khac nhau ciia viec xay dung v i su dyng bin do. Cung xuat phit tir phan tich ehu trinh ciia thdng tin trong he tiiong nghien ciiu - xay dung va sii dptig binndoT^eu nhaTSoa'Tipc hcoi do da ap dyng ca sd nhgn thiic luan de xay dyng md hinh phuong phap bin dfi de nhgn thiic thyc te khich quan. Trong dd, K.A. Salishev cung di trinh bay mpt each co dpng va cd sue thuyet phyc lien quan den md hinh nay
^ Ap dyng each phan tieh v i nhgn thiic khach quan bing phucmg phap bin dfi theo cac quan
^em tren, cd the phan tich qui trinh nghien ciiu ung dung phucmg p h ^ bin do trong nghien ciiu 4a Iy nhu sau.
Kpyeu Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dta lp todn qudc ldn tha 7
Hoi Dia Iy Viet Nam D?i hpc Thai Nguyen (!) Xac dinh myc tieu, ndi dung va quy md nghien ciiu, tiic la cac nha nghien cira, cac nha ban dfi se lua chon nhiing ddi taang, nhiing hien tapng nghien ciiu de lap ban dd - mpt phan ciia thuc te khach quan (I)
(2) Giai doan nghien ciiu, thu thap thdng tin - cic the Iogi tii lieu, sd lieu ve cac doi hrpng nghien ciiu bao gfim cac van kien, cac sd heu thong kS, cac bin do, do thi, bieu do ... Trong buoc nay, viec thu t h ^ , xu Iy thdng tm dupc thuc hien lien tac va xen ke, tgn dyng ca nhiing phuong phap, phuang tien trayen thdng nhu ngien cira ngoii thuc dia, tinh toan trong phdng vdi cac qua trinh ta ddng hoa xii ly thdng tm. CJ day, can cd sy phdi hpp chat che vdi chuyen gia cua cac chuyen ngaiA khac nhau nhim chpn Ipc toi uu, xir ly toi uu bien cac thdng tin goc thinh cac thong tin da dupc xil Iy de dua Ien ban dd ( i )• ' luon ludn nhd ban I, song nd la nhiing thdng tm dgc thii, thyc su dap irng trac tiep nhirng yeu cau ciia muc tieu nghien cuu.
(3) "nianb lap ban dfi - trong gian doan nay, chirc nang cua cac chuyen gia ban do dupc ph^
huy cao dd, duac tan dung triet de, cac thong tin dupc ma hda thinh cac ky hipu ban dfi, duac xir ly tiep tyc de dua Ien bin dfi Ndi each khac, trong giai doan nay ndi dung ciia cac thdng tin da dupc xu ly de I ^ ban dfi se dupc eac ehuySn gia ban do chuyen hoa chiing thinh he thong thdng tin bang ngdn ngii ban dfi, de Igp md hinh ban do. Chinh trong giai doan nay thi hinh anh cua thyc te khach quan da dupc hinh thanh timg budc trong tri thiic eua nhiing ngudi nghien cira, vdi nhiing dgc trung ve tinh chit va qui lugt cua cac dfii tapng, hien tapng nghien ciiu, vdi nhiing bien ddng ciia chiing theo khdng gian va thdi gian.
(4) Khi bin dfi da dupe xay dyng xong thi nhu can su dung bin do se tang Ien. Chuyen gia eua ITnh vuc nghien ciiu khoa hpc va hogt dpng thuc tien se su dung bin do de dip img nhimg yeu cau ve thdng tin. Ngudi su dung bin do se doc bin do, suy giai ban do bang nhieu phuang phap va phuang tien khic nhau, nhim nit ra tii tren cic ban dfi he thong thdng tm bin dd ( ^). 2 iu6n ludn Idn han I, bdi le sau khi dupc the hien trSn ban do, ^ dupe edng them cic thong tin ve phan bo khdng gian cua cac dfii tapng va hien taang nghien ciiu (hinh thiic phan bo, quy luit phan bo), cpng them thdng tin ve moi taong quan, taang tac giua cac doi tapng, hien tapng nghien cuu va nhiing bien ddng chiing theo khdng gian - thdi gian. Sy chenh I?ch ve chit v i lupng thdng tin giiia 1 va 2 phu thudc vio kinh nghiem nghien eiiu v i hieu biet cua ngudi dpc bin dp ve cac qui lugt thien nhien va kinh t e - x a hpi, ve bin than hi?n taang, doi tupng nghien cuu cu the dupc the hipn tren bin do
(5) Giai thich cac thdng tin, hinh thanh nhung khai niSm ve the gidi thyc. Trong giai dogn nay cac thdng tin dupc su dyng tong hpp va hp thfing, giai dogn huy dpng toan bp kien thiic va kmh nghiera ciia ngudi nghien cuu de hinh thinh khai niem mdi vfi phan thye te khach quan da dupc nghien ciiu
Can luu y mot van dfi quan trpng la, trpng cac giai dogn 3, 4, 5 khdng chi dien ra viec chpn lpc, loai bd nhung thong tin tiiiia raa con phat hien, tiep nhgn dugc nhiing thong tin radi trong ket qui xu Iy thdng tin, nhirng ket luan suy dien va quy n ^ .
Nhu vgy, trong phucmg phap bin dfi dfi nhgn thiic thuc te khach quan, ve qui luit ciing nhu cac phuong phip nghien cuu khac nd dupc chia lam hai ITnh vyc:
.- Hianltlanp ban do ngoai tiiuc dia v i trong phdng
- Nghien cini cic ban do da dupc xay dyng sin d trong phdng de nhgn dupc nhiing kien tiuic mai.
4. KET LUAN
Theo nhung quan diem tren cua eae nha bin dfi va cic nha dia Iy thi khai ni?m ve phuong phip bin dfi van Ii mpt khii niem md va taong doi r^ng, chiing ta khong thfi xem xet hay Ii quan niem ve phuang phap nay dudi cac gdc dp hep thupc ITnh vue chuyen nganh irng dyng cy the mi can phai cd cai nhm teng the tren ea sd ket hpp cua Iy luan khea hpc bin do va cac khoa hpc khac.
SRSl ~~ ~~' Ky yiu Hot nghf Khoa hgc Dta lp todn qudc ldn tha 7
H6i Dia ly Viet Nam D^i hoc Thai Nguyen Ngay nay, khi ma cdng nghe dien tii va cdng nghe thdng tm da phat trien raanh me, tham nhap vao hau het cac ITnh vyc khoa hpc va cac hoat ddng tiiuc tien thi cong nghe He thdng thong tin dia ly (GIS - Geographical Information System) cting hinh thanh va phat tnSn nhanh chdng vdi tfic dp dang kinh nggc. Trong tinh hinh do, ban dfi va phuang phap ban do lai cd vi tri het siic quan trong. Trong khoa hpc bin dd, van de nghien ciiu ca sd ly luan va phirong phap lugn ludn dupc nhi^u nha khoa hoc quan tam mpt each toan dien, ma khdng chi la vin d6 nghien ciiu ty dpng boa thanh lap bin do, khai thac npi dung bin do hay sii dyng bin dd Bdi le, phuang phap ban dfi mang y nghTa chien luac trong khoa hoc ban do, mpi boat ddng cua nd deu lien quan dfin cac thdng tin, dii heu ban dfi. Phat trifin v i iing dyng ciia phuang phap ban do gin lien vdi phat trifin va dieu kien ling dyng ciia cac khoa hpc lien quan Vi vay, nhiing kien thiic co ban ve ban do hoc va phuang p h ^ ban dfi cang can dupe xac dinh mdt each diy dii va chinh xac
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Ngd Dat Tam va nnk, 1990, Phuang phdp bdn dd phuc vu nghiin cuu biin, Viin Khoa hoc vd Cdng nghi Viit Nam.
2. Hoang Phuang Nga, Nhu Thi Xuan (Bien dich), Phuang phdp nghiin cuu bdng bdn dd (A.M. Beriiant), Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Npi.
3. Hoang Phuong Nga, Nhii Thi Xuan (Bien dich). Ban do hoc (K.A Salishev), Nxb Dai hpc Qufic gia Ha Ndi.
4. Arthur.H.Robinson Sixtii Edition - (1995), Elements of Cartography, JOHN WILEY &
SONS,INC
5. Hoang Phuang Nga, Nguyen Tho Cac (Bien dich), Md hinh hda trong bdn dd Kmh ti - xd hdi (V.S. Tikkunov), Nha xuit ban Dgi hpc Quoc gia Ha Ndi.
Kyyiu Hdi nghi Khoa hgcDia lp todn qudc ldn thu 7
