HQI NSHI C O N T R O N G H O C Q U O C GIA I ^ N THCf 7 - HA NQI 2011
DANH GIA NHANH CHAT LUQ'NG MOI TRU-ONG NUO'C QUA CON TRUNG THU? SINH 6 SU6l TALU, HUYEN NAM DONG,
TlNH THCTA THIEN HUe
Mai Phd Qu^
Viin Sinh thdi vd Tdi nguyen sinh vgt Hoang Dinh Trung, Le Tr^ng Son Truang Dgi hqc Khqa hqc, Dgi hqc Hue
MODAU
Viec sir dung phuong phap sinh hpc nhim danh gia chit luong nuoc ngay nay ik dugc nhieu nuoc tren thi gioi quan tSm va ap dung. Trong cong tac quan 1^, giam sat va quan trie m5i truang nude hi$n nay, iknh gia chit luong nuoc thong qim phuong phap sinh hpc dS khic phyc duoc mpt so han chi ciia phuong phap hoa hpc nhu doi h6i cac thiet bj may moc dit tien, hoa chit. U'u diem cua quan trac sinh hpc se cung cap cac dan li?u ve thoi gian, tien lpi trcng sii dyng, ike biet la than thien voi moi tru6ng. H? thong tinh diSm BMWP™ va chi s6 ASPT dS dupe Nguyin Xuan Quynh el ai f2001), Dang Ngpc Thanh el al. (1980) xay dung va dieu chinh cho phii hpp vcri djc diem khu h$ Dpng vat khdng xucmg sfing ciing nhu dilu ki?n moi truong tu nhien ciia nuoc ta. Chi so EFT dya tren miic chong chiu v6i miic dp 6 nhiem thuy vuc cua cac hp con tmng nuoc (Aquatic insect) va su co mat hoac vang mat cua cac hp con triing o nuoc thupc cac bO Phii du (Ephemeroptera), Canh up (Plecoptera) va Canh long (Trichoptera). Mot so cong trinh n^Sn Cliu (Vo Vta Phii el ai, 2010; HoJng Dinh Trung et ai, 2010; Pauw N. De.
el a/.,1993; Hellawell JAM., 1986; More J. C. el ai, 1994) da chi ro nhom dpng vat khong xuong s6ng co vai tro quan trpng trong cac thiiy vuc nuoc chay o n$i dja (khe, suoi), dJc biet nhiSu loai nhay cam vol thay d6i moi trucmg s6ng vk su 6 nhilm, do vay chiing con duoc biet toi nhu 1^ vat chi thi sinh hpc toi im cho quan trac chkt lupng nuoc.
Bai bao nay c6ng bo ket qua nghien ciiu buoc diu ve ap dyng chi so sinh hpc EPT dS danh gia nhanh chat lupng nude tai cac diem nghien ciiu ciia khu vyc suoi Ta Lu (Nam DSng, ThCra Thien Hue), xac djnh thinh phan con trimg nurdc 6 cip hp tai viing nghien cihi.
VAT LltU VA PHlTONG PHAP NGHIEN CtTU Phvong phap thu mau c6n triing ngoai thyc dja
Tiln hanh khao sat, thu mlu con trimg cr nuoc trong 03 dot vao thang 2, thang 4 va thang 6 nam 2010 tai 05 dilm theo cac sinh canh dac trung, dai dien cho khu vyc su6i nghien cihi. Qua khao sat thyc te cho thay, cac tac dpng nhan tao din ngu6n nuoc chinh la hoat dpng sinh hoat cua mpt s6 it hp dan tpc thilu so Katu s6ng ven sudi va tinh trang khai thac lam san ngoai go dpc hai ben bd suoi cua cu dan vimg dem Vuon Qu6c gia Bach Ma. Mlu vat dupe thu thjip theo phuong phap dilu tia con trimg nuoc oia Edmunds
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HQI NGHI CON TRCING HQC QUOC GIA LAN THO' 7 - HA NQI 2011
el al. (1997) va McCafferty (1983). Mlu djnh lupng dupe thu bing vpt surber (surber ne - 50 >> 50 cm). Viec thu mau dupe thyc hi|n ca noi nu6c diing ciing nhu nude chiy, 6 vei bo su6i vk thyrc vat thuy sinh song a suoi. Thoi gian thu mlu tai moi diem Ik 20 phiit M5I vat sau khi thu 6 thyc dia dupe bao quan bang con 80** h o ^ formalin 4%. Tat ci mau va sau khi phan tach thanh cac taxon bac hp va giong, ghi diy du thong tin mau iSi djnh lo^
dupe luu gilt a Phong thi nghiem Tai nguyen - Moi tru6ng, Khoa Sinh hpc, Tru6ng D?i hpi Khoa hpc, D^ hpc Hue.
Phuong phip phan tich mlu vat va xir 1^ so lieu
Mlu vat dugc djnh lo?i dya tren cac tai lieu vl c6n trung nuoc cua Nguyin Xuai Quynh el ai (2001), Nguyin Xuin Quynh et al. (2004); Nguyen Van Vjnh (2003); Nguyei V.V. et dl. (2004); Patrick McCafferty W (1983); Ward, J. V (1992); Michael Quiglc (1993); Sangradub, N., and Boonsoong, B (2004); Thi Kim Thu Cao et ai (2008); Cac and Bae (2003); Huy, H. D (2005). Cic chi tieu nhu pH, him lugng oxy hoa tan (DO duoc do ngay sau khi liy mlu tai hi?n trucmg. Cic chi tieu con lai dugc phin tich tj phong thi nghiem. Nhu ciu oxy sinh hpc (BOD5) dugc xic dinh bing phuang phip ci;
vi pha loing. Nhu cau oxy hoi hpc (COD) dugc xic djnh bang phuang phip Kal Bicromat.
Phuong phap su* dung chi s6 sinh hpc EPT
Viec phan tich cac diem so moi truang vi gii tri EPT (Schmidt et ai, 1998) duo xay dyng theo hai buac: (i) Su hi^n di$n ciia cic c i thi cho phep dinh gii cic d|c dien ve moi tru6ng song ciia chiing, tinh toan chi so sinh hpc va xic dinh chat lugng nu6c ta cic dilm lya chpn; (ii) kilm tra sy khac nhau vl chit lugng nuac trong cilng mpt kh' vyc hoac giQa cac khu vyc v6i nhau dya vio cic nhom dai di?a Cic sfl Upu dugc phin tic dya- vio miic dp phong phii cua thanh phin con tning nuoc EPT (E - Ephemeroptera, P Plecoptera, T - Trichoptera). Sfl lupng ca thi cCia cic hp thupc cfln trimg Phil d (Ephemeroptera), Canh lip (Plecoptera) v i Cinh 16ng (Trichoptera) li nhihig thong s quan trpng cho dp phong phii EPT va chi sfl sinh hpc EPT. Mirc dp chflng chiu, ml cim vol 6 nhiem moi truang nuoc khic nhau theo h | thflng tinh dilm chflng chju ciia ca hp cfln trung 6 nuac cua Hilsenhoff (1988): Tir 0 (rat nhjy cim) len din 10 (it nh?y cai voi fl nhiem) (bing 1).
Bang 1. Mol lien quan giii'a chat lugng nuo'c v i chi so EPT
EPT - Biotic Index Chat lu-cng nu-d-c
0 - 3.75 Khdng tdc d^ng
3,76 - 6,50 TSc dpng vira phai
>6,50 TSc dOng cao Ghi chu: [EPT - Biotic Index = (TV x d) + D]
TV: Gia tri chiu dyng ciia hg, d: S6 iurfng cd thi cua moi hp va D la t6ng so c5 thi c6 trong mSl Nhu vay, giila chit lupng nude va chi sfl EPT co mfli quan he chat chS, theo do, mi dp tang cua tac dpng sinh hpc da lim giim din cac loai nhay cam, dSri din lim giim sy 1 dang vl thanh phin loii. Ket qui niy xiy ra do so lugng gi6ng, loai c6 siic chju dyi
HQI NGHI C O N T R O N G HQC QUOC GIA LAN THCf 7 - H A NQI 2011
Um chi sinh song d nhihig vimg nuflc sach, trong khi do cic loii chiu dung tot ngiy cing xuit hi|n nhilu fl vimg nuoc 6 nhiem.
KtT QUA NGHIEN CUtJ
Qua kit qui cua 03 dgt khio sit tai 05 dilm fl sufli Ta Lu, chiing tfli da ghi nhjn dupe 15 hp con triing fl nuoc thu§c ba bp: Phii du, Cinh lip vi Cinh long. Trong do bp Phu du CO 7 hp (chilm 46,67%), bp Cinh lip 5 hp (chilm 33,33%) va bfl Canh long 3 hp (chilm 20%). Xet mfli quan hfl giua chit lugng nuac vi chi sfl EPT cho thiy, chit lugng nuoc suoi Ta Lu hiu hit fl tinh trjng khong bi tic dflng, giiia cac dilm khio sat co chi so sinh hpc EPT khac nhau, dao d§ng trong khoing 2,28 - 3,67. Tinh da dang vl thanh phin sfl lugng con trimg a niioc theo cic diem nghien ciiu c6 su khic nhau, diem Ml thu dugc s6 lugng phong phii nhit (81 ci the), trong khi do tai diem M2 lai thap nhat (37 ci the), diem M5 co 73 ca thi, hai diem M3 va M4 ciing co 46 ci the (bing 2).
Qua cic kit qui phan tich chit lugng nuac trong 03 dgt khio sit bing phuang phip h6a hoc, lay kit qui trung binh cho thay chat lugng nuac tai cic diem nghi6n ciiu ciia suli Ta Lu khi tflt. Da sfl cic thflng s6 mfli truang nuoc diu nim trong gifli han cho phip vl cip nuoc sinh hoat (Cpt Al, A2: QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT) (Bp Tii nguyen &
Moi truflng, 2008).
Bang 2. Cbi so sinh hpc EPT theo cic diem thu m l u or su6i Ta Lu
B«
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Trichoptera (CaddisBy)
Tin hp Baetidae Caenidae Ephemeridae Potamanthidae Heptageniidae Ephemerellidae Leptophlebiidae Leuctridae Periidae Pedodidea Chloroperiidae Nemouridae Hydropsychidae Hydmptilidae Rhyacophilidae T S n j s i c a l h l
j i n s iMm chong chiu c i c hp C W S A E P T
TV 4 7 4 4 4 1 2 0 1 2 1 2 4 4 0
Sd lu'p'ng M l
3 15 2 2 7 3 3 6 3 2 3 4 21 5 3 81
3.60 M2
1 9 1 3 4 3 1
-
2 1 4 3 5 37
3,67 IVI3
6 5 2 1 2 10
4 1 1 3 5 3 3 46
2.91 M4
7 3 2
-
2 9 1 2 5 3
-
1 7 2 2 46
2,71 IMS
6 4 5 3 4 5 3 5 11 4 2 1 6 5 9 73
2.28
TVxd M1
12 105 8 8 28 3 6
3 4 3 8 84 20
292 M2
4 63 4 12 16 3 2
- -
2 2 16 12
136 M3 24 35 8 4 8 10
.
4 2 1 6 20 12
134 M4 28 21 8
-
8 9 2
5 6
-
2 28 8
125 MS 24 28 20 12 16 5 6
8
• 2 2 24 20
167
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HQI NGHI C O N T R O N G HQC QUOC GIA LAN THO* 7 - H A NQI 2011
Nhin chung cang len cao chit lirgng nuoc cang tot, tai cac diem thu mau co dO cj lon > 400 m (M4, M5) chit luong nuac 1(M t6t. CJ cdc diSm nay do dja hinh doc, nui chay manh cuon troi cac chat ban xuong h?i luu, cac thong so moi truong nu6c nhu pi DO, BOD5, COD phin lon deu nam trong gioi han cho phep ve cap nuoc sinh hoat (Ci Al: QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT) (bang 3). Tai cac dilm thu mau c6 dg cao < 200 m (M M2, M3), gia tri COD dhu vugt qua gioi h?m cua cip nude sinh ho^t, la diem hOmg c:
cac chat huu co (chu ylu la xac thuc v$t) tir phia thucmg nguon troi xuong lam cho ch lugfng nuoc tai cac diem nay kem hon cac di8m phia thugng ngu6n. M$t nguyen nhJ khac Iam cho chit lugmg nutjc viing n^y kem hon phia thugng nguon chinh \k do s\r ti dgng cua con ngucri, 6 xung quanh diem nghien ciiu (Ml, M2) c6 mgt vai h^ gia dinh di tgc thieu so Katu sinh song, cac hoat dgng cua con ngucri nhu di 1^, tSm rira, giSt g quan ao,... lam cho chat lugng nuoc giam di dang ke. Nguon nu6c nky c6 the cap cl sinh hoat sau khi dugc xu ly bang phuang phap thich hgp.
Bang 3. Chat lirong nirtyc suoi Ta Lu t^i cdc diem nghien ciru b^ng phSn tieh h6a h^c
Cac th&ng sd moi tru'o'ng pH DO (mg/l)
BODs (mg/l) COD (mg/l)
Dilm Ml
6,50 8,10 4,30
30 Diem M2
6,60 8,40 2,82
30 Dilm M3
6,50 9,73 2,42
20 DilmM4
6,50 9,30 2,60
10
Dilm MS
6,60 9,32 1,62
10
QCVN 08: 2008fBTNMT A1
6 - 8 , 5
£ 6 4
10 A2 6 - 8 , 5
2 5 6
15 B l 5,5 - 9
2 4 15
30 B2 5,5- 22 25
50 Ghi chii: AI - Sur dung tot cho muc dich cdp mrdc sinh ho9t va cac myc dich khSc nhir lo^i A2, Bl vaB
A2 - Dung cho muc dich cap nu6c sinh hogt nhung phii ap dyng c6ng ngh^ xij ly phu hpp; bio t dpng thirc vat thiiy sinh ho|c cdc myc dich sii dung nhu logi B1 va B2.
BI - Dimg cho muc dich tudi tieu thuy lpi ho$c cSc muc dich sii dyng khic cd yeu clu cl lupng nirdc tuong tu hoic cic myc dich sir dung nhu lo?i 32.
B2 - Giao diong thiiy va cic myc dich khic vdi yeu c4u nude chdt lupng thap.
KfiTLUAN
Sil dung con triing nuac ii dinh gii chit luiyng nuac su6i Ta Lu, huy?n Nam Dor tinh Thira Thien HuS thong qua chi s6 sinh hoc EPT cho thiy, chat luqmg nude tai c dilm nghien ciiu deu nim cr mirc khong bi tic dpng. Phan ldn cic thong so chat lut;
nuac cr suoi Ta Lu deu co the dimg ii cip nuac cho sinh hoat, cho cic nginh co nghiep, nong nghiep va giai tri.
Khi doi chieu vcri ket qui phan tich moi truong nuoc bing phuong phip hoa hpc, vi xic dinh chit luang moi truong nuac bing phucmg phip smh hpc cho ket qui gin tuo duong voi phan tich bing phuong phip h6a hpc. DiSu nay chiing to vipc sii dyng phuo phip chi thi sinh hpc co miic dp chinh xic kha cao.
HQI NGHI C O N T R O N G HQC QUOC GIA L A N THCT 7 - H A NQl 2011
TAI Llpi THAM KHAO
1 BO Tai nguygn & Moi trucmg, 2008. Quy chuan Ky thuat quoc gia ve Chat lugng nirdc m^t (QCVN08: 2008/BTNMT). 8 trang.
2 D$ng Ngpc Thanh, Thai Tran Bai, Ph^m Van Mien, 1980. Dmh lo^i dpng vat khong xucmg s6ng nude ngpt Bac Vi?t Nam. NXB. Khoa hpc & Ky thuat, Ha Npi.. 537 tr.
3. Hellawell, J.A.M., 1986. Biologicali indicators of freshwater pollution and environmental management. Ellesmere Applied Science Pulishers, London.
4. Hoang Dinh Trung, Le Trpng Son, Mai Phu Quy, D^ingNgpc Quoc Hung, 2010. Su dung d^ng v^t khong xucmg song cd Ion de danh gia nhanh chat lu(?ng nucrc vung ven Vuon Quoc gia B^h Ma, tinh Thira Thien Hue. Tap chi Nghien cuu va Phat triln, so 4 (81). Tr. 98-104.
5. Huy, H. D., 2005. Systematics ofthe Tnchoptera (Insecta) in Vietnam. Ph.D Thesis. Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
6. Michael Quigley, 1993.. Key to the Invertebrate animals of streams and rivers.
7. More J. C ; Yang L. and Tian L., 1994. Aquatic Insects of China useful for monitoring water quality. Hohai University Press: 570 pp.
8. Nguyen Xuan Quynh, Clive Pinder, Steve Tilling, 2001. Dinh lo^i cac nhom dpng vat khong xucmg s6ng nude ngpt thudng gap d Vi^t Nam, NXB. D^i hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi. llOTr.
9. Nguyen V.V., 2003. Systematics of the Ephemeroptera (Insecta) of Vietnam. Ph.D Thesis.
Seoul Women's University, Korea.
10. Nguyen V.V.and Bae, Y. J., 2004. A new Ethyplociid Biurowing Mayfly (Ephemeroptera:
Euthyplociinae, Polymitarcyidae) from Vietnam. Korean J. Biol. Sci.: 279 - 282.
11. Pauw N. De. and H.A. Hawkes, 1993. Biological monitoring of river water quahty, River Water Quality Monitoring and Control, Aston University Press.: 87 - 111.
12. C^ynh N. X; Yen M. D; Clive Pinder and Steve Tilling, 2004. Biological Surveillance of freshwater, Using macroinvertebrate, A practical manual and Identification key for use in Vietnam, Darwin initiative, field studies council, U.K. 110 p.
13. Sangradub, N., and Boonsoong, B., 2004. Identification of Freshwater Invertebrates ofthe Mekong River and Tributaries. Thailand: Mekong River Commission.
14. Thi Kim Thu Cao, Van Vinh Nguyen and Yeon Jae Bae, 2008. Aquatic insect fauna of Bach Ma National Park in Thua Thien - Hue Province, Vietnam. Proceedings of the 3nd hitemational Symposium on Aquatic Entomology in East Asia (AESEA): 3 - 20.
15. V6 van Phii, Hoang Dinh Trung, Le Mai Hoang Thy, 2010. SCr dyng dpng v | t khong xucmg song cd Idn de danh gia chat lugmg moi trudng d mpt s6 dilm tren song Bo, tinh Thua Thien Hue. T^p chi Khoa hpc Dai hpc Hu6, s6 57. Tr. 129 - 139.
*Thim djnh khoa hpc: GS.TSKH. VO Quang C o n - Vien Sinh thai va Tai nguyen sinh v?it.
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S U M M A R Y
MAYFLY (Ephemeroptera), S T O N E F L Y (Piecoptera) A N D C A D D I S F L Y (Trichoptera) AS BIOINDICATORS O F SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN T H E T A L U S T R E A M ,
NAM D O N G DISTRICT
Mai Ptiu i Institute of Ecology and Biological Resou Hoang Dlnli Trung, Le Trong
College of Science, Hue Univei
In this study, we used the aquatic insects in the three oders of IVlayfly (Ephemeroptera), the Stc (Plecoptera) and the Caddisfly (Trichoptera) as bioindicators to assess surface water quality at 05 point the Ta Lu stream, Nam Dong district, Thua Thien Hue province. The results of analysis of speclrr collected they have identified 15 families belonging to 3 oders Insect. Data analysis is showed that biotic indices (EPT) ranging from 2.28 to 3.67, quality of surface water are from quite fresh water to ft water. All cf them can use to purpose for living, for industry branches, agriculture and entertainment. V\l contract with result of water environmental analysis by chemical method, we find down that water environmt quality determining by biological method give similar result with result by chemical method.
Key words: Aquatic insects, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Ta Lu stream, bioindicat water quality.
