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.i.i;kien true xanh H P J> >j
TS.KTS.Vu An Khdnh*
Tom t i t : Ddo tao, tap hudn, ndng cao nhdn thdc vi nhdng vdn di quan trgng cda thdi dgi nhU phdt trien xdy dung bin vOng, phdt trien cong trinh xanh, kien tnic xanh, tiit kiim ndng luang, bdo vi moi trUdng, tUt kiim tdi nguyin... Id yiu cdu bdc thiit nhdm ndng cao ndng luc qudn ly, tU vdn xdy dung cung nhU ddo tgo cdc chuyin ngdnh kiin tnic, xdy dUng tgi cdc trudng dgi hoc. Bdi viit niu lin sU cdn thiet vd noi dung cda ddo tgo, tdp hudn vi xdy dung cdng trinh xanh. kien trOc xanh d Viit Nam.
Td khda: cdng trinh, kiin true, xanh, thietke
Abstract:Training,raisingawareness of timely important issues such as sustainable building development, green building and architecture, energy efficiency, environmental protection, natural resource saving...
is an urgent requirement to improve capacity of construction management and consultancy as to well as train specialities of architecture, construction in universities. The article mentions the need and content of training on green construction and architecture works in Vietnam.
Key words: Construction works, architecture, green, design
Nhdn ngdy 19/03/2014, chlnh sCfa ngdy 25/03/2014, chdp nhdn ddng ngdy 28/03.'^014
Tn/dng Tiiu hoc Manassas Park Hoa Ky
Cung vdi xu hddng thi gidi, Viit Nam da xdy ddhg vd ban hdnh nhiiu vdn bdn nhdm thdc hien cdc ndi dung vi phdt triin ben vdng, bdo vi mdi trddng vd tiet kiem nang Iddng. Ddo tgo, ndng cao nhgn thdc viphdt triin bin vdng vdi noi dung cd bdn id ndng cao ndng ldc td vdn, thiit id phat triin cdng trinh xanh, kiin true xanh d Viet Nam Id mgt viic Idm cd tam quan trgng dgc biet trong boi cdnh biin ddi khi hdu vd nddc biin ddng, can kiet cdc nguon tdi nguyin, 6 nhiem mdi trddng, khan hiem ndng Iddng vd phdt triin thieu ben vdng.
D
ugc sUchi dao cfla Bd Xdy dQng, vQa qua, trQdng OH Kiln true Hd Npi td chQe hdi thdo tdp huan v6I chfl de "Phdt trien edng trinh xdy dQng b i n vdng" nhdm gidi thieu kinh nghilm cua d c nUde t r l n t h i gidi vd trong khu vUc v l xdy dung cdng trinh b i n vCTng; gidi thieu v l cdc boat ddng phat t r i l n cdng trinh xanh, cdng trinh sd dgng ndng lupng t i l t kiem hieu qud, ddng thdi gidi thidu ti^u chi, edng cg ddnh gia edng trinh xanh dd vd dang dUOc nghiin ciiu dp dgng tai Viet Nam.Qua thuc t l t r i l n khai cdc khda tdp huan, nhdm nghien cdu da rut ra dupc nhilu kinh nghiem vd bai hpe quan trong. Mdt sd ndi dung chfnh cua tap huan dd rd n i t , tuy vly cung cdn cd nhQng npi dung d n nghiin cdu sdu hon, ed v l ndi dung kien thdc, v l dae d i l m nhdn thQc cung nhunhu d u kiln thii'c cua d c nhdm ddi tUdng. Do vdy, viec nghiin cQu di nlng cao chit lUpng ndi dung vd td chdc d c khda ddo tao, tdp huan v l v l n d l ndy d i p Qng y l u d u ndng cao ndng iQc d n bd Nglnh xdy dQng Id rat can thilt.
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NGHliN Ciiru
1. Ctf sd de xay diing ndi dung jSho tao, tap hulin ve ill xanh, kien true xanh Ba CO sd quan trpng di xdy dQng ndi dung dao tao, tdp h u l n ve cdng trinh xanh vd k i l n trflc xanh la: (1) NhQng k i t qud nghien cQu trong vd ngodi nUde v l edng trinh xanh vd k i l n true xanh; (2) NhQng kinh n g h i l m vd gidi phdp xanh tii k i l n true t r u y i n thdng Viet Nam; (3) Odnh gia dieu k i l n cuthe trien khai cdc khda ddo tao, tap h u l n .
a. Kit qud nghiin edu trong vd ngodi nudc vi edng trinb xanh, kiin true xanh
Nghiin cdu vi cdng trinh xanh Qui trinh nghien cQu khdi ddu tQ nhQng k i t qud nghiin cQu ly thuyit vd thuc t i l n cfla d c nudc 6\ trudc v l v l n d l ndy t r l n t h i gidi vd trong khu vuc "Green Su(/d/ng''theo dinh nghia cfla Hdi ddng cdng trinh xanh My (U5GBC) Id nhdng cdng trinh dQpc thiet ke vd xdy dUng d l gidm hole loai bd tdc ddng x l u cfla chung len mdi trudng vd ngUdi ddn tren 5 ITnh vue: Quy hoaeh dja d i l m ben vQng;
Bdo v l ngudn nudc vd sQ dgng hieu qud ngudn nude; Sd dgng hieu qud ndng iQpng vd ndng iQdng tdi tao;
Bdo tdn vat lieu vd tdi nguyen; 0dm bdo chat lUpng mdi trudng trong
nhd. "Hi thong ddnh gid cdng trinh xanh" phdi bao hdm dupe tat cd d c linh vuc ke t r l n , the h i l n thdnh cdc chl tieu eu t h i vd dupc tfnh bang sd d i l m theo mQc dp ed the dat duac de d p chQng chl "Nhdn hiiu cdng trinh xanh".
Hdi dong Cdng trinh xanh Viet Nam cung dua ra djnh nghia v l cdng trinh xanh. Cong trinh xanh Id cdc cdng trinh dUdc t h i l t k l vd xdy dung theo tieu chf t i l t kiem ndng lUpng, thdn thien vdi mdi trUdng cung nhU gidm tde ddng x l u d i n sQc khde cua ngudi sddgng.
Trln cd sd b i m sit d c djnh nghia v l edng trinh xanh dd dupc ban hdnh vd thQa nhan rdng rdi t r l n t h i gidi, tdn dung cdc Qu t h i ve quan diem vd d c h kiln tao h i thdng d i n h gia cua d c tieu chi nudc ngodi, so lupng rieu ch! ban che de d l chim d i l m vd theo ddi, tan dung cdc eo che cfla ddnh gid nude ngodi tren co sd khf hdu vd d i l u kiln kinh t l xa hdi Viet Nam va ddi chilu cdc tieu chudn hien hdnh cfla Viet Nam, cdc t i l u chl Idn dUpc eac nhdm nghiin cQu t i p trung thdo luan vd d l xuat d l Bdnh gid Cdng trinh xanh cho Viet Nam, bdy van de chfl y l u Id:
1 .Oja diem ben vQng (Sustainable Sites);
Trung tdm di sdn Aldo Leopold, Monona, Hoa Ky
2. Tiet k i l m vd sd dgng nQdc hieu qud (Water Use);
3.Tllt kiem vd sddgng ndng l u m g hi&u qud (Energy Efficiency);
4.Tlet kiem Vdt Hlu vd tdn dung tdi nguyin (Materials & Resources);
5. Chat l u i ^ g mdi trUdng ndi t h i t (Indoor Environment Quality);
6. Van hlnh vd Qudn iy (Operation
& Management);
7. Uu tien (Innovation).
Nghiin cdu ve kiin trde xanh Hpi Mdi trUdng xay dUng Vilt Nam quan nilm kiln trflc xanh Id mpt tap hpp ede gidi phdp t h i l t k l ky thudt kiln true sdng tao, thdn t h i l n vdi thiln nhiln vd mdi trUdng, sd dung hieu qud tdi nguyen-nang lupng, ngudn nudc, vdt lieu... vd nlng lUpng tdi tao, b l o tdn d n h quan vd sinh thdi t u nhien, tao ra dieu kiln sdng tot nhat cho con ngudi.
Hdi Kiln true sUVipt Nam tren cOsd quan d i l m kiln true xanh Id sU k i t hpp hdu CO moi trUdng sinh thdi tU nhiln vd sinh thai nhdn vdn da d l xuat he thdng 5 nhdm tieu chl kiln trflc xanh Viet Nam, dd Id: Bja diem ben vQng;
moi trudng ben trong cd c h i t IUdng;
sQ dgng tdi nguyin, ndng lUpng hilu qud; hda nhap mdi trUdng nhdn van;
kiln trflc hien dai, ed bdn sle.
V l nhQng nghiin cQu ndy, hi&n nay vdn tdn tai nhOng nhan thQc chua that rd rang v l khdi n i l m cdng trinh xanh, xay dgng xanh, k i l n trflc xanh... d Viet Nam. Bdi khi, nhdng khdi n i l m nay dUdng nhU bj sd dyng nhdm lan, khdng phu hop vdi ndi dung. Hai nhdm t i l u chl v l mdi trudng nhdn vdn vd tfnh h i l n dai, ed bdn sic trong k i l n trflc xanh can dupe nghiin cdu, di sdu hdn nda vd mang nhieu tinh djnh lupng hdn, cu t h i vd khd thi ban. Tuy nhiln, eung phdi ndi rdng dd Id van d l khd, xuat phdt tQ chinh ddc thu cfla kiln trflc.
Su phdt triin cda h | thdng ddnh gid cdng trinh xanh d Viit Nam
Hdi ddng cdng trinh xanh Vidt Nam (VGBC) Id du dn cfla td chQc phi chinh phfl qude t l (Td ehQc bdo trp: Quy elc Thdnh phd Xanh, California) hoat ddng tQ thdng 7 nam 2007. Hdi ddng dupc
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d c chuyen gia trong nude vd qude t l ho trp, dupe Hpi ddng Cdng trinh Xanh The gidi (WGBC) cdng nhdn nam 2007.
Dua tren co sd kinh nghilm the gicri, nhdng nghiin edu d i l u kiln t u nhien khi hdu, kinh t l - xd hdi Viet Nam, Hdi ddng cong trinh xanh Viet Nam dd xdy dUng he thdng cdng eg ddnh gid cong trinh xanh vdi d c mgc tieu tao mpt khung danh gid minh bach ve cdng trinh 'xanh' cho thj trudng, tao ddng luc thiic day thj trudng xdy ddng theo hudng xanh hon, xly dung hudng d i n ky thudt giup xdy diing cdng trinh 'xanh* vd b i n vihig hdn, tao sU phdi hdp chat che hon trong cdc khdu t h i l t ke, xdy dung; t d dd xdy dUng thuong h i l u vd tao eo hdi v l thj trUdng cho bdn t h i n H6i ddng. Bd cdng eu ddnh gid edng trinh xanh Vilt Nam dUdc d u t h l n h t d 10 hang muc cg the, dd I I d e h^ng mgc n l n g luong (34 dilm), sd dgng nUdc trong cdng trinh (15 dilm), sd dung v l t li#u xly dUng (20 dilm), sinh t h l i (13 dilm), rdc t h l i va d nhilm (13 dilm), sdc khde vd rien nghi (20 dilm), thfeh Qng vd g i l m nhe (13 diem), cpng ddng (10 dilm), quin ly (12 dilm) v l sing kiln (8 diem).
Mdt cdng trinh cg t h i n l u dat dupe 26 d i l u kiln t i l n quylt, cd t h i dupc dua vdo qud trinh t h i m djnh vdi d e edng eg danh gid ndy, neu dat dupc 40% tdng so d i l m trd l l n se dupe cap d e hang chutig ehi cdng trinh xanh (LOTUS).
Hdi ddng edng trinh xanh Viet Nam cung rien hdnh ddnh gid mot sd cdng trinh cg the xdy dung tai Viet Nam. Hdi ddng ciing d l xult g i l i phdp hd trp t h i l t k l cdng trinh, do I I cdng eu tfnh todn, sd dung nang lupng vd nude trong cdng trinh.
b. NhOng kinh nghiim vd gidi j^Ap xanh td kUn trdc nhd d truyin thing Wit Nam
Mdt sd nhl nghiin cQu da tim kilm vd nhdn d i ^ dupc nhilu ddc trUng xanh trong kiln tnic truyen thdng, cd t h i nit ra nhdng gidi phdp xanh trong kiln true nhd d ddn gian truyin thdng, dd Id: 1 / Tdi Uu hda dja d i l m xdy dung, phii hpp vdi d i l u kiln dia hlnh, d n h
quan, he thong cdy xanh mat nUdc va phu h ^ vdi hoat ddng sdn xult; 2/
Gidm tdi da tieu thg ndng lUdng bang phuong thdc lg:a chpn hudng nhd vd Ipi dgng thdng gid t u nhiln, tieu thu ft nang tupng de sudi am; 3/ Blo ve va bdo tdn nguon nUdc sach, sddgng hpp ly ngudn nddc ngam va tan dgng nudc mua; 4/ Sd dung vdt lieu than thien vdi mdi trudng, dd la nhu^g vdt lieu ngudn gdc thiln nhiln, tai chd, d n it ndng lUdng ehi tao; 5/T6i uu hda chat lupng khdng khi trong nha bang d c gidi phdp thdng gid xuyen phdng, td chdc khdng gian md; 6/ Giam tdi da rac thdi trong qud trinh xdy dung bang cdch sd dgng d c v l t lieu xly dung dja phQong; 7/Tdi Uu hda van hanh vd bdo dQdng cdng trinh.
Nhumg gidi phdp va kinh nghilm kiln tnic truyin thdng Id nguon t u lieu quy de nghien cdu phat triln cdng trinh xanh dViet Nam cung nhunham muc t i l u nlng cao nhan thdc eho d e nhdm ddi tupng ve van d l ndy. Oiem d n luu y d d l y la dilu kien kinh te xa hdi dd cd r l t nhilu thay doi, nhQng cdng nghe mdi phdt trien vdi nhilu trang t h i l t bj mdi, nhilu loai v l t lieu xdy dung mdi xuat hien... cho nen mdt so gidi phdp kiln trflc truyin thdng chf edn phu hdp vdi nhdng dieu kien Idng xdm thuan ndng ma khdng the dp dur>g eho nhQng d i l u kien khdc Do vly, vile Iga chpn giai phdp phu hc^
vdi d i l u kien hien hQu d n r l t than trpng. Neu khdng thi chi tao ra nhQng sdn pham kiln tnic cd hinh thQc cu nhung khdng con gia tri ndi dung vd cong nang.
e. Odnh gid miu lain cu the triin khai cac khoa dao tgo, tap huin
B i l u k i l n t r i l n khai d c khda ddo tao, tap huan cau thdnh tQ nhilu van de can quan tam, dd Id nhQng van de ve thcri d i l m vd thdi lupng, dja diem to chdc ddi tUdng ddo tao tap huln, d i l u kien v l chuyln gia, kinh phi t r i l n khai...
Nhihig vdn de ve doi ti/gng tap hudn ndng cao nhdn thdc vi cong tnnh xanh.
Bdn nhdm ddi tupng chinh cho d e khda t i p huln bao gdm:1/ Nhdm ddi tupng q u i n ly, nhdm ddi tUpng tU van.
frung tdm giao due moi trudng Poex>mi^ Dingmans Ferry, Hoa Ky nhdm ddi tUdng trong d e eo sd ddo tao, nhdm ddi tupng dang trong qud trinh ddo tao. Mdi nhdm ddi tUpng ndy cd nhQng ddc diem v l trinh dp nhan thdc Iden thdc kinh nghiem ehuyen mdn cung nhU nhu d u khdc nhau.
Trong npi dung ddo tao tap huan, d n cd nhdng minh hpa sinh ddng va g i n gui vdi mdi trUdng hoat ddng chuyen mdn, dja phuong va nhu d u cua d c nhdm ddi tUOng.
Nhuhg vdn di vi kinh phi to d i u t ddo foot fdp hudn: Ngodi r>gudn kinh phf td chdc do Bd Xdy dung d p d n huy ddng d c ngudn kinh phf khdc t d tai trd cua Chfnh phu va cdc to chdc phi chfnh phfl nudc ngoai, cdc doanh nghiep Ngdnh xay dung, dia phuong va t d kinh phi cua hoc vien thudc d c nhdm tren.
Tdi lieu phuc vu diJo tgo, tap hudn:
Hpc v i l n d n dUdc d p tdi lieu b i l n soan day du v l tat d d c r>di dung dupc de xuat 6 muc 3 tuy ring chuong trinh t i p huan ed t h i khong bao qudt h i t hole khdng di slu het tat d d c ndi dung nay. Ngoai ra, nhdng phln m I m cdng cu ho trd d n dUdc chuyln giao de ed t h i thd nghiem tai co sd.
\ax, 2014 X A M D I , J N G & C X ^ T H | 7 5
NGHIEN COfli
Chuyen gia thuyet trinh: La nhung chuyen gia hang dau tQ cae to chCfc nghien edu khoa hpc, can bp quan ly Nha nUde, can bd hanh nghe co nhieu kinh nghiem thuc tien trong cac don vi tU van chuyen nganh va nhung chuyen gia co kinh nghiem tir nU6e ngoai.
Cdn bg to chdc cdc khda ddo tgo, tap huan: La nhQng ngUdi c6 nang lUc kinh nghiem td chQc, nhQng can bp khoa hoe ehuyen nganh kien true - xay dung, am hieu ve nhQng van de lien quan.
2. Oe xuat nhihig noi dung chinh cua hoi thao tap huan
Tu/ theo eae nhom doi tuong khac nhau, noi dung va thdi lUpng tap huan d n dupe xay dung iinh hoat, tQ nhQng npi dung chinh sau:
- NhCfng van de ly tudn co ban ve phat trien ben vCiTig, tiet kiem nang iuong, sinh thai, phat then eong trinh xanh va kien true xanh.
- Thuc tien phat trien edng trinh xanh eua cae nudc trong khu vUe va tren thegidi.
- Nhung co hpi va thach thdc trong phat tnen cong trinh xanh oViet Nam.
- Gidi thieu dU thao Chien luoe [UOC gia phat trien eong trinh xanh d
Viet Nam.
- Cae quan diem va tieu chi danh gia cong trinh xanh oViet Nam,
- Cac he thong danh gia cdng trinh xanh tren the gidi va eac cdng cu danh gia cong trinh xanh LOTUS. Vidu minh hpa Qng dung cac eong cu trong danh gia eong trinh d Viet Nam.
- NhuTig kinh nghiem va giai phap xanh tQ kien true, xay dUng truyen thong eo the Qng dung trong phat triln eong trinh xanh, kien true xanh d Viet Nam.
3. Giai phap
- To chi^c dao tao, tap huan, nang cao nhan thiJc ve nhQng van de quan trong eua thoi dai nhU phat tnen xay dyng ben vQng, phat trien cong trinh xanh, kien true xanh, tiet kiem nang lupng, bao ve mdi trUdng, tiet kiem tai nguyen... la yeu eau bu'e thiet nham nang cao nang lUc quan ly, tU van xay dyng eung nhu dao tao cac chuyen nganh kiln true, xay dyng.
- NhQng noi dung chCi yeu cua eae khoa tap huan ean dupc xay dung co he thong, hudng doi tUpng, ehu trpng hieu qua ve kien thQc truoe mat eung nhu lau dai tren eo sd linh hoat theo dieu kien va cd dpng ve npi dung.
Nhung ndi dung quan trong ean phai bo sung la nhQng kinh nghiem va giai phap xanh tu kien true nha 6 truyen thong Viet Nam,
- Can day nhanh nhCfng nghien ci^u xay dung, ehien luoe phat trien cong trinh xanh, kien true xanh d Viet Nam, xay dUng nhQng tieu chi cu the, toan dien, phu hop v6i eae dieu kien tU nhien - khi hau va kinh te xa hpi Viet Nam, CO tfnh kha dung va thue tien...
• LOTUS la bo eong cu danh gia cdng trinh xanh Viet Nam duoc ' dung kha bai ban, ke thda dupe nhQng
thanh eong eua bo
cong cu tdt tren the gidi va khu VL budc dau da the hien vai trd va t dung nhung con chua hoan chin mot sd mo dun dang trong qua trii phat trien, pham vi the loai edng trii cd the Ung dung con it va dieu c ban la can tiem can nhieu hon voi e dac thil thien nhien - khi hau va kir te-xa hpi Viet Nam.
- Bo Xay dyng, eae dia phuor cae td ehUc nghe nghiep, cac doar nghiep, eae eo sd dao tao can nh.
thuc day du han ve tfnh cap thiet, \ tro va tac dung eua hoat dpng dao tc tap huan nang cao nhan thQc va nai lyc cho nguon nhan lue ehuyen m(
ve van de phat trien ben vQng, edi trinh xanh, kien true xanh... de tQdo • cac chu truong va hinh thQc ho tro d.
tao, tap huan.
- Npi dung phat trien ben vQn bao ve moi trQdng, phat trien cor trinh xanh, kien true xanh can dUi nghien cQu dua vao chuong trinh d.
tao bae da! hpe tai eae ca sd dao tao 'OH Kien true Ha ^ Tai lieu tham khdo
1 86 Xay dung. HOI dong Cong trinh xai Viet Nam, To chile Tai chinh Quoc te, TnJdi Dai hgc Kien tnic hid Ndi, Ky yeu Hgi thi Phat tnen cong trinh xay di/ng ben vting, I Ngi, Da Ndng, TP. Ho Chi Mmh, 11.2012 2. Jay M. Stem, Kent F. Sprechkelmey Classic Readings in Architecture, McGrai Hill, 1999.
3. Pham Ngoc Bang, Nguyen Viet Ar Phgm Thi Hai Ha, Nguyen Van Muon, Cacg.
phdp thiet ke cong trinh xanh d Viet Noi Nhd xudt ban Xdy dung, 2014.
4 Pham Bu'e Nguyen, Phdt trien kien tr ben viing, hen triic xanh d Viet Nam. Nl xudt bdn Tri thilc, 2012.
5. US Green Building Council, Grei Architecture, 2011
