Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (54) - 2018 '
NHAN TO ANH Hl/CfNG DEN THU NHAP HO GIA DINH KHU VUC NONG THON VEN BIEN
HUYEN NtJI THANH, TINH QUANG NAM
CHAU NGOC H6E- H 6 THI KIM THUY"
Tom tat: Thu nhap cua hg gia dinh nong thdn ven bien huyen Nui Thanh chij yeu gan lien vdi hogt dgng kinh tengu nghiep. Dddl ap luc cua suy giam nguon Idi thuy san, gid ed bdp binh, rui ro trong nuoi trong va khai thdc ngay cang Idn,... da anh hUdng ddng ke den thu nhdp eua hg gia dinh. SCt dung tiep can dinh lugng, bdi viet Iddng hoa cac nhdn to anh hUdng den thu nhap hg gia dinh khu vtte ndng thdn ven bien huyen Nui Thanh, tinh Quang Nam. Ket qua nghien cOii chi ra rang, cdc nhan to dgc diem nhdn khau hgc, khoa hgc cdng nghe san xudt, kho khan cua hg gia dinh trong qud trinh sdn xudt, chinh sach khuyen ngu, chinh sdch xd hgi va eo sd hg tdng cd anh hudng y nghia len thu nhgp eOa hg gia dinh. Ngugc Igi, ede nhdn tovedo tuoi, trinh do hge vdn, da dgng hoa thu nhap, quy mo sdn xudt, kinh nghiem san xudt khong ed anh hddng y nghia len thu nhap cua hg gia dinh. Ket qua nghien cdu nay cho phep ehijng toi gdl md mgt so hdm y chinh sdch nang cao thu nhap hg gia dinh ven bien huyen Nui Thdnh, tinh Quang Nam.
TCf khoa: thu nhgp, hg gia dmh, thu nhgp hg gia dinh, ven bien, huyen Nui Thanh.
Abstract: The rural households' income in Nui Thanh district is mainly associated with commercial fishery activities. Pressures ofthe decrease in fishery resources, seafood price instability, increased risks of exploitation, aquaculture and so on that have significantly affected household income. Henee, the research on factors influencing the household income is necessary to provide a basis for proposing policies to improve people's income and living standards. Adopting quantitative approach, the article quantified factors affecting household income in rural coastal areas of Nui Thanh district, Quang Nam province. Research findings indicated that demographic characteristics, production technology, household constraints in production, extension policies, social policies and finally the infrastructure affected the household income. On the other hand, the age, education, income diversification, production scale, experience do not influence household income. The results of this study enabled us to suggest some policy implications in improving livelihood of coastal households of Nui Thanh, Quang Nam province.
Keywords: income, household, coastal areas, Nui Thanh.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 12/6/2018 Ngdy duyet ddng: 20/8/2018
Oat van de so cua huyen. Cae hoat dpng kinh te chinh
K
hu VLTC ven bien huyen Nui Thanh cua CLT dan ven bien eCia huyen tap trung bao gom 5 xa Tam Tien, Tam Hoa, Tam nhieu vao ITnh vUc thuy san, dae biet la ITnh Giang, Tam Quang vaTam Hai, vdi tong ^dc khai thac thuy san la the manh I6n eua dien tich ta nhien 84,39 km2 {chiem 15,18% huyen trong tinh va cua vung. Gia tn san xuat dien tich tir nhien), tong dan so khoang 47,8 linh vUc thuy san dat 2.847 ty dong, chiem nghin ngud\, ehiem 33,2% tong quy mo dan 75% gia tn san xuat toan nganh nong, lam, thuy san cua huyen Nui Thanh. Trong do, gia , , ^ — r ^ - . , , , - „ . tn s^n xuat cua ITnh vUc khai thac dat 1.745• " V i e n Khoa hoc x a h o i vung Tnmg Bo. , • . , . , „. , Email': [email protected]. ^V ^ ^ ^ g (chiem 61,29%), gia trj san xuat cua
24 CHAU NGOC H6E, H6TH! KIMTHOV linh vUc nudi trdng dat 1.102 ty ddng (chiem
38,71%). Dien tich nudi trdng thuy sJn ven bien cua huyen tinh den nam 2016 dat 1.596 ha, tang hon 200ha so vdi nam 2012, san lugng nudi trdng hang nam dat tren 7,5 nghin tan. Linh vUc khai thac thuy san cung cd nhirng chuyen bien dang ke ve gia tri sSn xuat (tang hon 300 ty so vdi nam 2012) va san lugng khai thac (tang hdn 12 nghin tan so vdi nam 2012); sd lugng cac phuong tien khai thac cd sU chuyen djch theo hudng tang cac phUdng tien khai thac xa bd len 247 phUdng tien, vdi cdng suat tren 129 nghin CV. Tuy vay, ddi sdng, sinh ke cCia cU dan ven bien cua huyen NuiThanh van cdn gap nhieu kho khan, sinh ke chu yeu dUa vao kinh te thiiy san vdi rui ro cao; ty le hg ngheo kha cao, cu the: xa Tam Tien (9,75%), Tam Hda (4,5%),Tam Hal (10,25%),Tam Giang (6,63%), Tam Quang (5,43%) (Nien giam thong ke huyen Niii Thanh, 2016, 2017). Ngoai ra, vting ven bien ciia huyen Nui Thanh vdi dac trUng chinh la viing bai ngang nen dieu kien kinh te - xa hgi cdn khd khan; dac biet, hien nay toan huyen van cdn 02 xa v i n dang thudc dien bai ngang ven bien dac biet khd khan (QD 131/QD-TTg ngay 25/01/2017 cua Thii tudng Chinh phii). Do vay, viec nghien cifu thu nhap va cac nhan td anh hudng den thu nhap, qua do de xuat cac ham y chinh sach nang cao thu nhap hg gia dinh ndng thdn ven bien ciia huyen Nui Thanh la rat cap thiet
1. Khung phan tich cac nhan to dnh hudng den thu nhap ho gia dinh khu vUc ven bien
Thu nhap hd gia dinh la tdng cac khoan thu bang ti^n hoac hien vat do lao dgng ciia cac thanh vien trong gia dinh tao ra (bao gom: tien cdng, tien luong gom ca luong huu, cac khoan trg cap gdm ca hgc bong), thu nhap tai chinh (lai tiet kiem, lai mua ban chiing khoan, thu tir cho thue bat ddng
sSn) va cac thu nhap khac (tien thudng,...).
Nhu vay, thu nhap ciia hd gia dinh chju anii hudng cua nhieu nhan td tir dac diem nhan khau, dac trung nghe nghiep, chinh sacli phat trien, chinh sach xa hdi den co sd ha tang cCia moi viing, dja phUdng. Cu the trong nghien cufu nay, chung tdi quan tam den cac nhan td sau:
Oac diem nhan khau hgc cd the anh hudng y nghia den thu nhap ciia hd gia dinh, bao gom cac van de ve nhan khau, trinh dp hgc van, dac trung cua hd, do tuoi,... Cac nghien ciru ciia cac tac gia Xiong, Zhang- lin; Niu, Ying (2010), Al Jabri va cac cdng si(
(2013), Hoang Hdng Hiep (2016) va Chau Nggc Hoe (2016, 2017) cung da chi ra rang, cac dac diem nhan khau hgc cd anh hudngy nghia len thu nhap cua hg gia dmh;
Bac trUng nghe nghiep cd the anh hudng y nghia den thu nhap ciia hd gia dinh, dac biet cac hd gia dinh viing ven bien thi hoat ddng kinh te thuy san cung co the anh hudng true tiep hoac gian tiep den thu nhap cua hd. Cac nghien cijru ciia Al Jabri va cac cdng su (2013), Hoang Hdng Hiep (2016), Karmini (2017), J. K. Sesabo va cgng su (2005) va Chau Nggc Hoe (2016, 2017) cung da chi ra rang, nghe nghiep cd cinh hudng rat y nghia den thu nhap ciia hg gia dmh. D6i vdi cU dan ven bien thi cac dac trUng lien quan den nganh thuy sin ciia hg gia dinh cd the cd anh hudng quan trgng den thu nhip cua hd gia dinh;
Vdi dac trUng kinh te hg gia dinh la d khu vUc ven bien va ngudn tao thu nhap chu yeu tir nganh thuy san, do vay chinh sach khuyen ngu cd the Inh hudng den thu nhap cua cac hd gia dinh. Cac nghien culu ciia Al Jabri vi cac cdng su (2013), Garoma va cac cdng sil (2013), Hoang Hdng Hiep (2016) da chi ra rang, chinh sach khuyen ngu cd anh hudngj nghia len thu nhap ciia cac hg gia dinh ngil d i n ;
Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (54) - 2018 25 Chinh sach xa hdi cua dia phuong cd the
gdp phan cai thien thu nhap ciia hg gia dmh.
fl nhOfng dja phuong trien khai thuc hien tdt cac chinh sach nhu giai quyet viec lam, an sinh xa hgi, xda ddi g l i m ngheo cd the lam cho thu nhap ciia hg gia dinh tang len dang ke. Cac nghien cufu ciia Nguyen Qudc Nghi va cdng su (2011), Raju Ghimire va cdng su (2014), Chiu Nggc Hoe (2016) cung da quan t i m va tim thay vai trd ciia chinh sach xa hdi ddi vdi cai thien thu nhap ciia hg gia dmh;
Co sd ha tang cd the anh hudng den thu nhap cua hd gia dinh, d nhijfng dja phUdng cd CO sd ha tang tdt hon cd the gdp phan quan trgng lam gia tang thu nhap ciia hg gia dmh. Cac nghien cufu ciia Mohammad Samaun Safa (2005), Xiong, Zhang-lin; Niu, Ying (2010), Raju Ghimire va cdng su(2014), Chau Nggc Hde (2016, 2017) cung da quan tam va khang djnh vai trd ciia co sd ha tang ddi vdi cai thien thu nhap hd gia dinh.
Tren cd sd ke thira cac nghien cufu ve thu nhap hd gia dmh va thuc tien d dja ban nghien ciiu, chung tdi xay dung khung phan tich cac nhan to Inh hudng den thu nhap hd gia dinh ndng thdn ven bien bao gdm: (1) Nhan to dac diem nhan khau hgc; (2) Nhin Scr ct6 1 . Khung phan tich cac nhan to dnh hudng den thu nhap ho gia dinh ven bien
/
Thu nhap hp gia dinh ven
bien
L
^
^ (\
Die diem nhan khau hpc Tfinh do hpc van; flp tuoi; Hp ngheo, Nhan
D|c trirng nghe nghiep Nuoi trong; Khai thac; Cong suat tau; Qjy mo nuoi tfong, Da d^ng hoa Ihu nh^p; Kho khan san
Chmh sach khuyen ngu*
Chinh sach xa hqi Xoa ddi giam ngheo; (jiai quvet vi^c lam,H6 trp
Ccrso'hatang - fiien, dLTtrng, giao dye, y te, van hda, the thao
to dac trUng nghe nghiep; (3) Nhan to chmh sach khuyen ngu"; (4) Nhan to chfnh sach xa hpi; (5) Nhan to ca scf ha tang. Do dja ban nghien cufu la khu vUc ven bien cua mot huyen, day la dja ban taong doi nho, nen viec xem xet nhan to dja ban cU tru chung toi khong thuc hien trong nghten cdu nay.
2. Mo hinh nghien cuTu, mo td duT lieu va cor sddCir lieu
DUa tren khung phan tich dUOc de xuat d so do 1, chung toi xay dung mo hinh nghien cUu cac nhan to anh hudng den thu nhap hp gia dinh nong thon ven bien huyen Nui Thanh, tinh Qucing Nam nhUsau:
Y = P,+P,X,+ P,X,+ P3X3+ p/^+ p,X^+ e Trong do:
Yi: Bien phu thupc Cac bien doc lap:
X I : Dac diem nhan khau hpc X2: Dac trUng nghe nghiep X3: Chinh sach khuyen ngU X4: Chinh sach xa hpi X5: Co SCf ha tang
E: Phan du cua mo hinh nghien cUu, i = 1,2,...149.
Theo mo hinh nghien cUu dupe de xuat, chung toi mo ta va do lUdng cac bien, cung nhu ky vpng vao ket quci u6c lupng cCia mo hinh theo bang 1.
De thUc hien nghien cUu nay, chung toi thUc hien dieu tra thu nhap hp gia dinh khu vuc nong thon ven bien huyen Nui Thanh, v6i so phieu dat chat lupng thu dUpc la 149.
Trong do, so ho gia dinh co hoat dpng khai thac thuy san la 84 phieu, chiem 56,4%, nuoi trong thuy san co 65 phieu, chiem 43,6%. Ket qua khao sat cho thay, thu nhap binh quan hp gia dinh dat 186 trieu dong/nam, trong do thu nhap tU khai thac xa bd chiem 58,2%, thu nhap khai thac gan bd chiem 6,21 %, thu nhap xd nuoi trong thuy san chiem 11,9% va thu nhap phi ngu nghiep chiem 19%. Theo Tabachnick & Fidell (1991, 1996), phan tich
26 I CHAu NGOC HOE, H(5 THI KIM THOV Bing 1. Mo ta va do li/cfng cac bien trong mo hinh nghien cilu
TT 1
2
3
4
5 6
Cac bien Bien phu thudc(Y)
Dac diem nhin khau hgcX,
Dac trung nghe nghiep Xj
Chinh sach khuyen ngUXj Chinh sach xa hdi X^
Co sd ha tang X,
Dien giai bien Tdng thu nhap cua hg qia dinh
Thu nhap binh quan Sd nhin khau So nhan khau phu thugc Trinh dd hoc van Dd tuoi Hd ngheo Da danq hda thu nhap Nghe nghiep chinh Kinh nghiem san xuat Cdng suat tau thuyen Quy md nudi trong thuysan Khoa hgc cdng nghe sin xuat Khd khan trong san xuat
Vay vdn san xuat Chinh sach khuyen ngu cua dja phuong Chinh sach xa hdi cua dia phUdng Co sd ha tang
Ky hieu bien
TN TNBQ
NK Phuthuoc
HV Dotuoi Hongheo
DDHTN KTTS KNSX CS QH/INT
KHCN
KK Vayv CSKN
CSXH CSHT
Thang do Trieu ddng Trieu ddnq Nqudi Ngudi So nam di hoc Sdtuoi 1: Ngheo;
0: Khdnq 1: Cd; 0: Khdnq 1: Khai thac thuy sin: 0: nudi trdno Sdnam kinh nqhiem Cdng suit (CV) Dien tich (sao) Likert (5 bac) Likert(5bac)1.
Rat khd khan ... 5. Hoan toan khdng khd khin
Likert (5 bac)
Likert (5 bac) Likert (5 bac)
Ky vong
+/-
+
+/-+
+/-+
+/- +/- ++
+/-
+
4-
+
hdi quy dat dugc ket q u i tot nhat, thi kich cd m l u phai thda man cdng thdc n > 8m + so (n la kich cd mau - m II so bien dgc lap); theo Comrey, (1973) va Roger, (2006) thi cd mau phii hgp vdi nghien cuTu phin tich nhin to la n = 5*m (Hoang Trgng, Chu Nguyen IVIgng Nggc, 2015). NhU vay, vdi sd quan sat thu thap dugc la 149 phieu, dam bio thoa man
dieu kien mau de thuc hien hdi quy bdi cac nhin td Inh hudng den thu nhap hd gia dmh ndng thon ven bien huyen Nui Thanh, tinh Quang Nam.
3. Phuong phap nghien ciiu va icet qui Udc lirong
3. J. Phuang phap nghien ciiU Trudc tien, nghien cufu thUc hien kiem dinh cac nhin td khuech dai phuong sai
Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mignTrung, So 4 (54) - 2018
127
(variance inflation factors/VIF), ket qua cho thay cac nhan to nghe nghiep chinh va quy mo nuoi trong thuy s^n c6 VIF ldn hon 10, nen loai ra khoi mo hinh. Cac nhan to con lai, cho thay gia trj trung binh VIF trong mo hinh deu nho hon 5. Dieu nay, cho phep chung toi ket luan mo hinh sau khi loai cac bien nghe nghiep chinh va quy mo nuoi trong thuy san khong ton tai hien tupng da cong tuyen giCfa cac bien gicii thich. Sau do, thUc hien kiem djnh Durbin Watson v6i cac gia trj 1 < p < 3 va deu d mUc gan bang 2. Dieu nay cho thay, trong mo hinh cac bien giai thich khong co hien tUpng tUtUOng quan.Tiep theo, chung toi thuc hien kiem dinh White de kiem tra phuong sai sai so thay doi. Ket qua kiem djnh cho thay trong mo hinh khong co hien tUpng
phuong sal sai so thay doi d mdc y nghTa 5%
(Heteroscedasticity Test: White). Tren co sd cac kiem djnh ve dp phu hpp cua mo hinh nghien cUu tren, chung toi sCr dung phuong phap hoi quy OLS de ddc lupng cac nhan to anh hudng den thu nhap hp gia dinh khu vUc nong thon ven bien huyen Nui Thanh, tinh Quang Nam va ket qua nhU bang 2.
3.2 Phdn tich ket qud itdc litong Dge diem nhan khau hge
Ket qua U6c lupng chi ra rang, cac dac diem nhan khau hoc co anh hudng den thu nhap cua hp gia dinh nong thon ven bien bao gom so nhan khau, so nhan khiu phu thupc, hp ngheo. So nhan khau co anh hUdng tich cue den thu nhap cua hp gia dinh. Trong dieu kien cac yeu to khac khong thay doi, khi tang BSng2. KetquaLrorclirtfngcacnhantoSnhhU^gdenthunhaphdgiadinh
khu vUc nong thon ven bien huyen Nui Thanh, tinh Qudng Nam IVIo hinh
Ten bien Hang sd NK Phuthuoc
HV Dotuoi Hongheo
DDHTN KNSX
CS KHCN
KK
(1) TN
P,
3.881 0.164**"
(0.003) -0.092*
(0.095) -0.005 (0.885) -0.014 (0.699) -0.555***
(0.000) 0.000 (0.995)
0.012 (0.805)
0.028 (0.626) 0.102**
(0.014) 0.085**
(0.017)
VIF 2.658 2.642 1.052 1.159 2.645 1.288 2.188 3.011 1.489 1.109
(2) TNBQ
P,
0.768
-0.095***
(0.007) 0.006 (0.866) -0.012 (0.737) 0.525***
(0.000) -0.002 (0.956) 0.028 (0.565) 0.022 (0.698) 0.119***
(0.003) 0.084**
(0.016)
VIF
1.128 1.052 1.150 2,575 1.104 2.188 2.969 1.481 1.108
28 I
CHAU NGOC H6E, H 6 THI KIM THOyVayv CSKN CSXH CSHT N ff H.Test: White Durbin Watson
0.012 (0.748) 0.228***
(0.000) 0.252***
(0.000) 0.076**
(0.033) 149 0.849***
(0.000) (0.0875) 2.174
1.255 1.459 3.501 1.110
0.015 (0.676) 0.246***
(0.000) 0.272***
(0.000) 0.084**
(0.016) 149 0.856***
(0.000) (0.0993)
2.073
1.246 1.450 3.315 1.107
Ghi chu: Gia tri P-vaiue dugc mo ta trong ddu ngodc dgn.
'P-value < 0.1; "P-value < 0.05; "*P-value <0.01 them mdt nhin khau thi thu nhap cua hd gia dinh tang them 0,164 don vi. Trong khi dd, sd nhan khau phu thudc cd anh hudng y nghia trong viec lam giam thu nhap cCia hd gia dinh. Neu nhu trong dieu kien cic yeu to khac khdng doi, khi tang them mdt nhan khau phu thugc thi thu nhap cua hd gia dinh gilm 0,092 ddn vi. Dieu nay dugc giai thich la do thu nhap cua hd gia dinh chiu Inh hudng cua sd lao ddng trong gia dinh, su gia tang so nhan khau thuc chl't II do tang so iao ddng dan den cii thien thu nhap. Neu tang sd nhin khau la nhan khau phu thudc thi se khdng lam tang tong thu nhap ciia hd ma lam giam ding ke thu nhap binh quan nhan kha'u (md hinh 2, bing 2). NhOfng hd gia dinh ngheo d khu vUc ndng thdn ven bien cd thu nhap thap hon nhOng hd gia dinh cdn lai. Theo ket q u i udc lugng thi thu nhap cua hd gia dinh ngheo thap hon cIc hg gia dinh khac la 0.555 don vi. Dieu nay ham y rang, cac hg gia dinh thudc dien ngheo se khdng cd du t u lieu san xuat, vdn de phat trien kinh te hg gia dinh. CIc hg ngheo khdng cd tau thuyen de hoat ddng khai thac thuy san, do vay phii di ban vdi cIc hg cd phUdng tien khai thac. Mat khac, trong linh vUc nudi trong thiiy san, hg ngheo khdng cd dieu kien d i u t u d quy md Idn de tim kiem thu nhap cao hon.
Ngugc lai, cac nhan td thudc ve do tuoi, trinh do hgc van va da dang hda thu nhap khdng cd anh hudng y nghia den thu nhap cua hd gia dinh khu vUc ndng thdn ven bien huyen Nui Thanh. 6 khu vuc ndng thdn ven bien cua huyen, trinh do hgc van cija cIc chii hd (ngudi quyet djnh san xuat chinh) la kiia ddng deu va chu yeu cd trinh do pho thong, vdi hdn 90% cd trinh do tCi trung hgc CO si va trung hoc phd thdng. Nhan td da dang hda thu nhap khdng anh hudng den thu nhap cua hg gia dinh la do thu nhap chinh cua cac hd gia dinh hien nay chu yeu gan lien vdi kinh te ngu nghiep, ddng gdp cua thu nhap phi ngU nghiep vao kinh te hd con thap. Dieu nay h i m y rang, van de da dang hda thu nhap cho cac hg gia dinh ndng thon ven bien chua dugc thuc hien manh me, thu nhap cua hd gia dinh hien nay chCi yeu dua vao kinh te thuy sin;
- Bdc trung nghe nghiep
Ket q u i Udc lugng chi ra rang thu nhap cua hd gia dinh ndng thdn ven bien chiu Inh hudng bdi cac nhan td ve khoa hgc cdng nghe va nhOng khd khan thach thiJc ma ho gia dinh ddi mat trong qua trinh sin xuat Trong khi dd, cac n h i n td ve cdng suit tau thuyen va kinh nghiem khdng co anh hudng den thu nhap cua hd gia dinh. Neu trong dieu
Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hdi mien Trung, Sd 4 (54) - 2018 29 kien cac yeu to khac khong doi, khi trinh dp
cong nghe san xuat dUpc cai tien mot bac thi gop phan tang thu nhap cua hp gia dinh len 0,102 don vj; tuong tU neu nhiJng kho khan trong san xuat giam di mot bac thi thu nhap tang them 0,085 don vj. Oieu nay ham y rang, yeu to nghe nghiep co anh hudng quyet djnh den thu nhap cua hp gia dinh khong phai la quy mo san xuat hay kinh nghiem san xuat, ma nam d van de cong nghe san xuat va mUc dp kho khan ma h6 gia dinh dang doi mat.
Trinh dp khoa hpc cong nghe cang cao thi hieu qua san xuat tang len, qua do cai thien thu nhap cua hp gia dinh;
Chinh sdch khuyen ngU
Ket qua Udc lUpng chi ra rang, chinh sach khuyen ngu co anh hudng y nghTa den thu nhap cua hp gia dinh nong thon ven bien.
Trong dieu kien cac yeu to khac khong doi, khi chfnh sach khuyen ngUtot len mot bac se lam cho thu nhap cua ho gia dinh cai thien 0,228 dcJn vj, vdi mUc y nghTa 99%. Cd cau thu nhap thu thap duped npi dungcosddCf lieu chothay,thunhaptrung binh cua hp gia dinh khu vUc nong thon ven bien huyen Nui Thanh van chu yeu tUkhu vUc khai thac xa bd, trong khi khu vUc khai thac gan bd va nuoi trong thuy san co mdc dong gdp thap hon.
Bieu nay cung ham y rang, d khu vUc khai thac xa bd dUpc hudng Ipi nhieu chinh sach Uu dai hon, cung nhUsUquan tam nhieu hon cua can bp ngu nghiep dja phuong cho phat trien. Trong khi do, ITnh vUc nuoi trong thuy san chUa cd nhieu chinh sach den vdi ngUdi nuoi trong, nhat la nuoi trong quy mo hp gia dinh. Cac hp gia dinh chu yeu van nuoi trong theo kinh nghiem truyen thong. Do vay, ket qua dieu tra co den 37% so hp nuoi trong thua 16 trong san xuat;
Chinh sdch xd hgi
Nhu ky vpng, chinh sach xa hpi cd ^nh hudng y nghTa len thu nhap cua hp gia dinh nong thon ven bien huyen Nui Thanh, tinh Quang Nam. Ket qu^ Udc lUpng cho thay cac hp gia dinh nhan djnh nhilTng chinh sach xa hpi tich cue se cai thien dang ke thu nhap cua
hd gia dinh. Ket qua khao sat cung chi ra cac chinh sach xa hpi d dja phUPng co tU 85% so hp gia dinh danh gia thuc hien tU mUc trung binh trd len va tU 45% so ho gia dinh danh gia tU mUc tot trd len. Dieu nay ham y rang, cac xa ven bien thUc hien tot cac chinh sach xda ddi giam ngheo, giai quyet viec lam, bao hiem y te cho vung bai ngang se c6 tac dpng tich cue den nang cao thu nhap cCia cac hp gia dinh;
Cdsdhgtdng
Nhu ky vpng, cO sd ha tang cd Inh hudng den thu nhap cua ho gia dmh khu vUc nong thon ven bien huyen Nui Thanh d mdc y nghia 95%. Dieu nay ham y rang, co sd ha tang d cac khu vUc dan cu cd dieu kien tot hon se gdp phan cai thien thu nhap cho cac hp gia dinh. 6 nhOng khu vUc cd dieu kien co sd ha tang thap hon thi ddi song cua ngUdi dan thap hpn. Co sd ha tang d khu vUc nong thon ven bien cua huyen thdi gian qua dupe cai thien dang ke, nhat la he thdng ha tang giao thong, dien, cd sd van hoa, the thao cong dong. Tuy nhien, mot sd tuyen dudng d cac khu dan cU hien nay da cu va xuong cap nhu cac xa Tam Tien, Tam Hoa, Tam Giang.
Rieng d xa dao Tam Hai, dUdng giao thdng trong xa chu yeu la dudng be tdng xi mang va dudng dat, lai phai di pha qua sdng nen khd khan hon. He thong cung cap nUdc sach sinh hoat d khu vUc ndng thon ven bien chUa dong bp, chUa dam b i o cung cap dii nudc sinh hoat cho ngUdi dan.
4. Ket luan va ham y chfnh sach SCrdung md hinh dmh lupng de nghien cdu cac nhan to anh hudng den thu nhap hp gia dinh khu vUc nong thon ven bien huyen Nui Thanh, tinh Quang Nam, ket qua udc lupng chi ra rang, cac nhan td ve so nhan khau, so nhan khau phu thupc, tinh trang hp ngheo, Ung dung khoa hpc cong nghe trong san xuat, nhUng khd khan ma hp gia dinh gap phai trong qua trinh san xuat, cac chfnh sach va co sd ha tang cd anh hUdng y nghTa den thu nhap cua hp gia dinh. Dac biet, cac nhan to chinh sach khuyen ngU, chinh sach
30 CHAU NGOC H6E, HCSTHI KIMTHlly xa hgi nhu gill quyet viec lam, xda ddi gilm
ngheo, an sinh xa hdi cd vai trd quan trgng trong viec cii thien thu nhap cda ngUdI dan.
Ngugc lai, cac nhin td ve do tuoi, trinh do hgc van, da dang hda thu nhap, quy md san xuat (cdng suit, dien tich), kinh nghiem sin xuat, vay vdn dau tU cho sin xuat khdng cd Inh hudng y nghia den thu nhap cua ngUdi din ven bien huyen Nui Thanh, tinh Quang Nam. TCr ket qui udc lugng, cho phep chung tdi de xuit mdt sd h i m y chinh sach nham gdp phan ning cao thu nhap hd gia dinh ndng thdn ven bien cua huyen nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, can nang cao trinh do cdng nghe khai thic va nudi trdng thuy san d khu vuc ven bien huyen Nui Thanh, tinh Quang Nam nhIm cii thien nang suat, hieu qua san xuat, gdp phan cii thien thu nhap cCia hd gia dinh. Nang cao vai trd cua chinh quyen dia phuong trong viec ket ndi giufa ngudi d i n va doanh nghiep trong viec cung dng cdng nghe san xuat. TCrng budc djnh hudng phat trien cdng nghiep ddng tau cd cdng suit phu hgp cho tCrng nganh nghe khai thac va phu hgp vdi ngutrudng, sin pham khai thac;
ddng thdi lUa chgn cdng nghe mdi, tien tien de phuc vu cho hoat dgng khai thic. Han che va giam d i n hoat dgng khai thic gan bd, hieu qui thap va nhOIng hoat ddng khai thac thuy sin cd tinh hCiy diet cao. Ddi vdi nudi trdng thuy san, chu trgng day manh ddi mdi cdng nghe sin xuat, cdng nghe xCr ly mdi trudng de giam thieu rui ro trong sin xuat hien nay Van dung cac quy trinh sin xuat mang lai hieu q u i cao trong nudi trdng thuy san hien nay nhunudi xen ghep, nudi mat do thua, nudi ban tu nhien de tao thu nhip ben vOng cho ngudi dan va han che t i c ddng den mdi trudng. CIn luu y, dau t u doi mdi cdng nghe sin xuat ddi hdi chi phi rat Idn ddi vdi hp gia dinh, nhl't la cac cdng nghe phuc vu cho hoat ddng khai thic xa bd, do vay can cd nhiing chinh sach khuyen ngu phCi hgp (nhat la cac chinh sach ho trg tai chinh), de thuc day doi mdi cdng nghe san xuit;
Thii hai, can nIng cao hon niia vai trd va hieu q u i cua chinh sach khuyen ngu, qua do gdp phan cai thien thu nhap cho ngu6i dan. Chinh sich khuyen ngU trudc het tap trung t h i o gd nhCng khd khan cho nguii dan trong hoat ddng khai thic va nudi trong thuy sin.Trong dd, can tap trung thao gd kho khIn cho hai nhdm hd khai thac gan bd{c6 thu nhap kha thap) v l nudi trdng thuy s5n (cd thu nhap bap benh bdi nhieu rui ro trong q u i trinh sin xuat). Ddng thdi, chinh sach khuyen ngU can chu trgng khuyen khich ngudi dan ddi mdi cdng nghe san xuat, SL[
dung cdng nghe hien dai phuc vu khai thac xa bd. Trong dd, chu trgng chinh sach ho tro tin dung cho cac hd gia dmh ven bien dong tau mdi, nIng cap, c i i hoan tau thuyen, dau t u ngu ludi cu, cdng nghe khai thac, cong nghe sin xuat de nang cao hieu qua sin xuat, qua dd gdp phan c i i thien thu nhap ho gia dinh. Ngoai ra,de chinh sach khuyen ngu sdm di vao thuc tien cudc sdng va gdp phan nang cao thu nhap cho ngudi d i n , cIc dia phuong can chu trgng chuan hda va nang cao trinh do cho can bg khuyen ngU co sd;
ThU ba, can tiep tgc thuc hien tdt cac chinh sach xa hdi nhu giai quyet viec lam, xda ddi giam ngheo va cIc chinh sach xa hoi khic de gdp phan nang cao thu nhap cho ngudi dan.Trong dd, die biet chu trgng thUc hien chinh sach g i l m ngheo d cac xa cotj le hg ngheo cao nhuTam Tien,Tam Nil.Tilp tuc trien khai hieu qua cac chinh sach an sinh xa hgi cho cac hg gia dinh ven bien nhu chinh sach ve ho trg b i o hiem y te, chinh sIch cho ngudi gia, chinh sach hd ngheo, chinh sach cho ngudi cd cdng. Qua dd, gop phan c i i thien ddi sdng cho cIc hg gia dinh khd khan, gia tfinh ngheo d cdng ddng dan cu ven bien. Uu tien thuc hien dong bd cac chinh sach cho xa d i o Tam Mil de thUc hien muc tieu giam ngheo ben vdng va nang cao thu nhap, vi d l y la xa duy nhat cua khu vUc ven bien huyen Nui Thanh chua dat cac tieu chi ve thu nhap binh quan va hg ngheo ciia chuong trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi;
Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mign Trung, So 4 (54) - 2018 31
ThLTtu, tiep tuc dau tUcho phat trien co sd ha tang d khu vUc ven bien huyen Nui Thanh.
Nang cap, sda chUa nhOng tuyen dudng da xuong cap d cac xa Tam Tien, Tam Hai, Tam Hda. Dau t u md rpng tuyen giao thong noi tCr cang ca An Hda vdi cac true giao thdng chinh de tao dieu kien thuan loi eho viec giao thuong cho cac san pham thijy san, qua do gdp phan nang eao thu nhap cua ngudi dan. Ngoai he thong dudng giao thong, cac CO sd ha tang ve dien chieu sang cdng cdng, nUdc, dien san xuat, co sd vat chat van hda, the thao can tiep tuc dupe chu trpng quan tam dau t u nham dap Ung tdt nhu cau cho ngUdi dan. Chinh sach dau tU co sd ha tang khu vUc ven bien can Uu tien cho cac xaTam Tien, Tam Giang, Tam Quang, Tam Hai nhIm sdm dat ehl tieu cP sd ha tang cOa ChUPng trinh muc tieu qudc gia ve xay dung ndng thon mdi d huyen Nui Thanh hien nay.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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2. Chau Ngoc Hde (2016), "Nhan td anh hudng den thu nhap hp gia dmh khu vUc ndng thdn huyen Nui Thanh, tinh Quang Nam'; tap ehi Khoa hgexd hgi mien Trung, sd 6.
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Beyene, F. (2013), "Analysis of determinants of gross margin income generated through fishing activity to rural households around Lake Ziway and Langano in Ethiopia", Agricultural Sciences, 11 {4},pp. 595-607.
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cac hd ngU dan khai thac h^i san xa bd vijng Duyen hai Nam Trung Bp: fVlpt tiep can thUc nghiem", Hpi thao khoa hpc Phat trien ndng nghiep ben vdng d vung Duyen hai Nam Trung Bp, thang 6/2016.
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"Factors affecting Income Strategies among households in Tanzanian Coastal Villages:
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"Socio-Economic Factors Affecting the Income of Small-scale Agroforestry Farms in Hill Country Areas in Yemen: A Comparison of OLS and WLS Determinants", Small-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy.
10. Nguyen Quoc Nghi va cong su (2011),
"Cac yeu to anh hudng den thu nhap cCia ngudi dan toe thieu so d Ddng bang sdng CCfu Long", tap chi Khoa hgc, Trudng Dai hpc Can Tho, sd 18a,tr. 240-250.
11. Quyet dmh 131/QO-TTg ngay 25/01/2017 cija Thu tUdng ehinh phu ve viec Phe duyet danh sach cac xa dac biet khd khan vung bai ngang ven bien va hai dao giai doan 2016-2020.
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