Kinh nghiem phat trien KCNC or mot so nirdfc tren the gidi
NGUyfiN NHAM
K
hu cfing nghd cao (KCNC) dupc hlnh thdnh ddu lidn tai M^vdo ndm 1950, sau dd xudt hidn d nhidu noi trdn thd gidi. d chdu A. KCNC ddu lidn dupc xdy dung tai Nhdt Ban vdo ddu nam
1970 mang ldn "Thdnh phd khoa hpc" l^u-ku-ba. tid'p sau Id hdng loai cdc khu khac nhu Hsinchu cua Ddi Loan (Trung Qufic).
Cfing vidn khoa hpc Dai hpc Qufi'c gia ciia Singapore. Cfing vidn khoa hpc Selangogc, Cdng vidn cfing nghd phdn mdm Bangalore \.i Cfing vidn cfing nghd qufic le Bangalore cua An Dfi. Tfnh ddn nay, trdn thd gidi da'cd trdn 800 KCNC. Thuc tidn phat tridn cdc KCNC d nhidu qufic gia trdn thd gidi da dua lai nhidu kinh nghidm qui dd tidp luc hodn thidn cdc mfi hlnh KCNC.
Su phll hpp \di dac diem tirng nudc
Theo Tdng Gidm dd'c Cdng vidn nghidn ciiu Edmonton G.
Mi-sen, ndu phan tfch theo loai hinh sd hiru vd co cd'u td chire thi KCNC cd cac loai mfi hinh sau:
(I) Md hinh Lang khoa hpc. do Nha nudc Idp ke hoach, ddu tu xdy dung va ban hanh cde co chd trp giiip (Ihudng thd'y d chdu Au va Dai Loan); (2) Md hinh Lang khoa hpc, duoc xdy dung bdi cac trudng Dai hpc ddng Irdn dja ban (Silicon Valley do Trudng Dai hpc Stanford xdy dung), sau dd dupc khuydn khfch phat tridn bdi chi'nh sach ciia nha nudc; (3) Md hinh Lang khoa hpc dupc xay dung do su kel hop giira cac cdng ty Idn va cac trudng dai hpc, cac td chirc nghien ciiu ldn, trong dd, cac cdng ly ddng vai trd quan trpng hang ddu irong viec dau lu, con cac Id chuc
nghidn cim cd vai ird quan trpng ihii hai. Ndu phdn iheo chiic nang, nhidm \u ihi KCNC cd cdc md hlnh sau: (1) mfi hinh thiic ddy: Ihuc hidn vai trd la hat nhdn mdi cLia ndn cfing nghd trong hodn canh cdn ddi mdi nen cdng nghidp; (2) md hinh Ihu hut:
thuc hidn cdc muc lieu tdng cudng kha ndng ciinh tranh ciia ndn cdng nghidp hon Id muc tidu ndng cao chd't lupng ciia ndn khoa hpc.
Till mdt sd nudc pluit iridn d chdu A nhu Nhdt Ban. Han Qud'c. cae KCNC dupc Xiiy dung itr thap nidn 70 eua ihd ki irudc, vdi sd lupng nhidu. da diing vd hinh thiic, qui md vd mfii khu cd nhij'ng nhidm vu chidn luoc khac nhau. Cac KCNC cd thd dupc xay dung dudi dang trung tdm cdng nghd hoac trung idm ddi mdi cdng nghe chii irpng Ihuong miii hda cac kdt qua nghien ciiu va tao viec lam (nhu cac KCNC d Singapore, Malaysia, Thai Lan). Trung Quflc xdy dung nhirng khu thir nghidm d dang
mfi hlnh "Vudn nam doanh nghiep" chu irpng tao vide lam, phdl Iridn kinh doanh. Thdi Lan ban ddu du djnh xay dung Iheo mfi hinh Cfing vidn ddi mdi cfirig nghd vdi muc dfch phdt tridn viing, tao ra cdc cue cfing nghd, nhung do tac dfing cufic khiing hoang tin chfnh - kinh td ndn da ddn chuydn sang mfi hlnh Trung idm^ddi mdi cdng nghd.
6 Nhdl Ban, cdc hoat dfing khoa hpc trinh dp cao dupc tdp Irung lai cdc irudng dai hpc, nhmig vide xdy dung cdc KCNC dua Irdn co sd cdc irudng lai gdp klid khan vd phiie lap do vidn dd sii dung dat va quydn sd hflu sdng chd'. Vi vay, ngudi la chd trpng dd'n trao ddi, chuydn giao cdng nghd khi thanh Idp cdc KCNC, vd xem cac KCNC la phuong ihiic thiic day phdt tridn vting. Ndu nhu cac KCNC d Han Qufic chii yd'u dd phuc vu cho nghidn ciJu vd phdl trien (R&D), thi d Singapore va Dai Loan lai chii trpng vao nganh cdng nghidp. Tai ede KCNC ciia cac
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nudc mdi thuc hidn cdng nghidp hda (NICs) chdu A, cdc trudiig dai hpc ddng vai trd tuong dd'i ydu so vdi cdc KCNC d My vd chdu Au.
Xac djnh KCNC phti hop vdi didu kidn dd't nudc cd f nghia rd't quan trpng, ddng thdi ddi hdi phai dupc nghidn ciiu khd cdng phu. Tim kidm md hinh cdng nghd cao (CNC) mang ban sdc Tlimg Qud'c Id mdt vf du didn iiinh. Ngay ttr ddu, dd lid'n hdnh xay dung ede KCNC, Trung Qudc da tid'n hdnh ddng thdi hai hoat ddng Id didu tra co ban vd di tham quan hpc tdp d nudc ngodi. Sau dd, tdng hpp kinh nghiem phdl u-idn KCNC cua ihd gidi vd kdl hop vdi ddc thd ciia nudc mlnh dd hinh thdnh ndn md tiinh KCNC mang ban sdc Trung Qudc. Dac trung vd ban sdc Trung Qud'c duoc thd hidn khd rd 6 KCNC Trung Quan Thdn, vdi chidn lupc phdl tridn tu chu, sang tao, ma hat nhdn eo ban la doanh nghidp khoa hpc vd CNC Tinh phong phu, da dang Cd nhidu loai KCNC cd the cung tdn tai va phdt huy lac dung trong mdt ndn kinh id.
Thuc id cho Ihay, giua cac KCNC cua Trung Qud'c cd su canh Iranh manh me vdi nhau Ihdng qua viec phat huy lpi the so sanh cua mlnh. Vf du:
KCNC Trung Quan Thdn ed
ba thd manh md cdc khu khde khdng cd dupc, dd Id: (1) ndm d Bdc Kinh, trung tdm chfnh trj, vdn hda. kinh Id'; (2) noi cd nhidu nhdn tdi tu hpi (trong khu ndy cd 39 trudng dai hpc, hon 200 don vi nghidn cHu, 400 nghin gido su vd phd gido su);
(3) tfnh tu chii, sdng lao cao.
Khai thdc thd manh ndy, Trung Quan Thdn da cd nhiing bidn phdp nhu vfla chii f ihu hiit, vtra quan tdm ddo tao nhdn tdi, hpc sinh b ddy dupc ddo lao ca vd kid'n Ihiic vd vd mdt Idp nghidp;
lao didu kidn dd cdc doanh nghidp ddu lu nudc ngodi dd'n ddy cd thd sir dung ngudn nhdn luc cao vdi gid rd; lidn kdl chdl che gifla cdc trudng dai hpc vdi doanh nghidp; khdng ngtrng ddi mdi vd van hda, vd co chd hoal ddng R&D, phdt Iridn cdc nganh nghd mdi.
Thdm Quydn khdng cd nhidu co sd khoa hpc va cdng nghd (hidn lai ea thanh phd mdi chi cd 1 Irudng dai hoc tdm qud'c gia), do dd mud'n thiic ddy khoa hpc va cdng nghe, thanh phd nay da tan dung ngudn lire khoa hpc va cdng nghd tfl bdn ngoai va quan tdm phdt tridn khoa hpc va cdng nghd trong doanh nghiep. Trdn dia ban thanh phd Tham Quyen cd kh^nhieu doanh nghiep tre vira thanh dat ve kinh te', vtra cd tidm luc manh vd khoa hpc va
cfing nghd, mpt trong sfi dd Id Cdng ty trdch nhidm hflu han Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronis, mdi thdnh Idp ndm 1992 nhung da cd nhflng san phdm dupc cd thd gidi bidt dd'n;
cdng ty ndy cd 37% s6 nhdn luc Idm vide trong ITnh vuc R&D, ddu tu cho R&D chidm tdi 10%
doanh thu.
Cdc chuydn gia da nhdn djnh khdi qudt rdng, khoa hpc vd cdng nghd phuc vu phdt tridn CNC ciia Bdc kinh ehu ydu ndm irong cdc irudng dai hpc, cua Thupng Hai ihudc vd cdc doanh nghiep ddu tu nudc ngodi, cua Thdm Quydn ndm d doanh nghiep trong nude.
Su da dang, phong phu eiia cdc KCNC trong mdt ndn kinh id cd tdc dung thiic ddy sir phat tridn chung. Id didu cdn tliidt dd phdt huy sang kid'n va gdn vdi didu kien dac Ihti cua tirng vung, iflng khu; la co sd de md rdng quan hd phfil hpp vdi nhau, vd cdn la cdn Ihid't khi chua tim ra va xac dinh dupc md hinh phal tridn chung. Thong qua ttmg trudng hpp ma Trung Qud'c phdl hien ra nhflng tidm nang phdt tridn KCNC cho tha'y, neu nhu Bdc Kinh chi ra liem nang lien ke't ciia cac trudng dai hpc vdi doanh nghidp, thi Tham Quyen chi ra tidm nang cua doanh nghiep trong phat tridn KCNC.
Vai tro eiia nhd nUdc va su phdi hpp giiia cae cap
Phal tridn cac KCNC ddi hdi phai cd quyel tam chfnh trj ciia Clip cao nha't. Su quye't tdm nay phai dua tren nhan thiic vd y nghia va tfnh cap thiet lien hanh xay dung KCNC nhdm phat tridn dat nudc. Tren thuc id, su tham gia true tie'p hoac gian tie'p cua nha nudc vao chuang trinh xay dung cung nhu hoal ddng cua KCNC dupc coi la ydu Id'/dieu kien quye't dinh sp Ihanh cdng cua KCNC. trong trudng hpp gian liep, nha nudc (trung uong hoac dia phuong) ban hanh cac qui djnh uu tien cho KCNC, hd trp viec dieu hanh va tac nghidp.
Trong irudng hpp true tidp, nha
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nudc tidn hdnh hdu hdt cdc khdu tit khdo sdt thj trudng cho tdi Idp kd hoach xdy dung, didu hdnh cdc hoal ddng cu thd ciia KCNC.
KCNC "Cu-liin (Ma-lai-xi-a) dupc didu hdnh bdi mpt cfing ly phu (cfing ty tu nhdn) do Tfing Cdng ty Phdt tridn Bang Kd-dan (Kedah) thdnh Idp. nhung chfnh quydn Bang Kd-dan cQng ddng thdi thdnh Idp Hdi ddng (Judn 1^
KCNC thuc hidn Ihco CO chd mfii ciia dd gidi quydt cdc ydu cdu cua cdc nhd ddu tu trong khu.
Hfii ddng ndy cdn Id co quan thuc hidn chlic ndng ddi ngoai, lidn kdt cdc coquan nhd nudc dd gidi quyd'l mpi vd'n dd lidn quan cflng nhu hoach dinh phuong hudng phdl tridn ciJa khu.
KCNCTsu-ku-ba (Nhdt Biin);
Vide xay dung d thdnh phfi Tsu- ku-ba mpt 'Technopolis dupc Thu tudng Nhat Ban duong nhidm Iiic dd Id k . I-kd-da quydl djnh.
Cdng vide xdy dung kdo ddi gdn hai ihdp nidn vd nhd nudc da bd ra 5,5 li USD. Mfii irong nhirng didm ddng chd y Id, Tsu-ku-ba dupc xdc djnh chu ydu Id nhdm vdo nghien ciiu co ban nen chfnh phll Nhdl Ban liic ddu da khfing keu gpi ddu tu.
Cfing vien khoa hpc Singapore: Hdi ddng khoa hpc Qud'c gia dupc giao nhidm \u xay dung kd lioach ihanh lap va phdt Iridn Cdng vidn khoa hpc.
Hpi ddng nay thay mat nhd nudc dirng ra thanh hip Hpi ddng Quan trj ciia Cdng vidn khoa hpc bao gdm mdt mang ludi phi hinh thflc cdc dai dien cua cac co quan Chi'nh phii vd nhflng thanh vien chii chd't ciia Cdng vien khoa hpc. Hdi ddng quan trj cd trach nhidm soiin thao vii ihuc hien cac qui chd dp dung trong Cdng vidn.
Vai tro, Irdch nhiem dia phuang
0 Trung Qud'c, quan hd gifla KCNC va dja phuong da trd ndn chat che bdi neu dia phuong hd trp KCNC phdt tridn tdt thi cac KCNC se ddng gdp cho su phal tridn cua dia phuong vii ngupc hu (Trung Quan Thdn hien dang ddng gdp 60% vao sir phiit trien
ciia Thdnh phd Bdc Kinh). Chfnh vl vdy, thdi gian gdn ddy Chfnh phii khfing cdn Id nguOn cung cd'p tdi chfnh duy nhdt cho cdc KCNC, ihuy vdo dd Id xu hudng cdc chfnh quydn dja phuong ddm nhdn hdu hdi cdc hd trp tdi chfnh (dudi nhidu hlnh thtic khde nhau). Ddy Id mpt budc didu chinh quan trpng phti hpp vdi Id trinh phdt Iridn mdi ciia kinh td vd khoa hpc cfing nghd.
Sir phd'i hgtp Trung uang • dfa phuang
Cd thd thdy rd didu ndy qua trudng hpp didn hlnh ciia Trung Qufic. d Trung Qud'c, ciie KCNC cdp dja phuong do cdc dja phuong quydt djnh (kd cd tidu chf xdt duydt doanh nghidp vdo KCNC). Dfii vdi 53 KCNC qufic gia (vfi'n do Qufic vu vien Trung Qud'c quye't dinh cdng nhdn), chfnh quydn trung uong ed chi'nh sdch chung. Tuy nhidn, itmg dja phuong liii cd su cu ihd hda Irdn co sd van dung qui dinh chung vdo hodn canh cu ihd cua mlnh. Vf du, qui djnh ciiung dfii vdi cdc doanh nghiep mdi ihanh Idp d cdc KCNC qudc gia la "3 midn-3 giam" (3 ndm ddu dupc midn thud. 3 nam tidp theo dupc giam Ihud). nhung giam bao nhieu % Id do cdc dja phuong qui djnh. de cd thd thu hiil (tutve nhieu doanh nghidp vdo KCNC Iren tha h.in ciia mlnh.
Miirng >eu to tiie dung Cac dieu kidn anh hudng tdi su hinh thdnh va phdt tridn cua cdc KCNC cd the qui vd 3 nhdm:
Thi't nhdt, didu kidn hlnh thdnh vil phat tridn KCNC ed lien quan tdi CNC, s;ui iiluini CNC, doanh nghiep CNC va cdng nghiep CNC. Yeu eau phdt tridn. qu>ei lam pluit trie'n va mdc lid ]IIKII uidn ciia CNC, san phdm CNC. doanh nghiep CNC trong ndn kiiili te ndi chung Id dieu kien quan trpng ddi vdi vide hinh thanh va phat tridn KCNC.
Tht( hai, hinh thanh va phdt tridn mpt KCNC cu thd phu Ihudc vao cdc ydu id nhu lua chpn dia didm, thi irudng ddu ra cho san phiim, ngudn luc kinh le va khoa hpc cdng nghe du dd
xdy dung vd phdt tridn KCNC.
mfii qiian h$ vdi qufic td...
Thifba, do chii Intong hudng tdi nhflng muc tidu Idu ddi (thay vl nhflng muc tidu trudc mdt) lidn quan tdi Ipi fch chung. tdng thd (thay vl Ipi fch true tidp vdi Iflng chii thd hoat dfing kinh td), phy thufic vdo su gdn kdl chdl chd gifla nghidn cflu vd sdn xudl (thay vl chi san xudl kinh doanh), KCNC cdn cd su tham gia tfch cue ciia nhd nudc cting cdc chfnh sdch hd Irp, khuydn khfch dii miuih.
Nhu vay, phdt tridn cdc KCNC da vd dang Id vdn dd ldn cua nhidu qudc gia hidn nay. Kdt qud nghidn ciiu cua Trung tdm Nghidn cihi Phat tridn Qufic td dac bidt nhdn manh md hinh cdc KCNC phti hc^ vdi iflng qufic gia, vai trd ciia KCNC vdi ndn kinh Id' qufic ddn. Dac bidt, vai trd ciia Nhd nude vd su phdl hpp chat che giua cdc cdp... Id nhflng yd'u tfi quan trpng quydt djnh thdnh cfing ciia vide phdt tridn KCNC. Vidt Nam Id mpt trong nhflng qufic gia phdl tridn KCNC khd mudn. nhung den nay, cdc KCNC cung da duoc hinh thdnh (lai Ha Npi. TP Hd Chf Minh, Dd Ndng...). Do dd, Ihuc tidn phdt iridn KCNC ciia cac qufic gia tren ihdgidi la nhflng bai hpc kmh nghidm de Vidi Nam tham khao trong qud trinh \ay dung xa phdl tridn cdc KCNC. '•
Tdi lieu tham khao
L Bi'ii Hdng Thanh, Ve phdt tridn khu cdng nghe cao d mdt so nudc Irdn thd'gidi. Tgp chi Ktcn thtfc qud'c phdng hien dai, S0III2OU.
2 Chu Ddc Dung: Phdt trien khu cdng nghd cao: Kinh nghiem the gidi vd mdt sdvd'n de dgt ra cho Viet Nam.
hllp://husla.org.vn
3. hiip:!Uietechsilicone.com:
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15/07/2012
4. Td'ng hap tif lai lieu nudc ngodi
