VAI NET VE TRAO LlTU "CHT N O H I A MAC MCH"
d PHlTONG T A V
TS. Nguyen Chi Hieu Vien Triet hpc
Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hdnh chinh Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
Co the ndi, tir khi chii nghia Mac ndi chung va chii nghTa xa hdi ndi rieng ra ddi cho tdi nay, do tam quan trgng eiia nhiing van de lich sir xa hdi loai ngudi dugc dat ra trong dd va do dia vi lich sir, anh hudng ngay mdt gia tang tuong irng ciia chiing, nen cae tu tudng gia d phuang Tay ludn ed gang bay td thai do eiia minh ddi vdi hoc thuyet Mac. Khd ed the trinh bay duge ti mi quan diem eiia tat ca mgi hge gia phuang Tay ve van de nay trong mot bai viet, do vay, chiing tdi se dimg lai d viee trinh bay khai quat quan diem ciia cac hge gia phuong Tay ve chii nghTa Mae va ehii nghTa xa hdi dua tren CO sd nhiing ddi mdi ma hg mudn dua vao ehiing va qua dd la nhiing chinh ly ma theo hg la can thiet de hoan thien chii nghTa Mae va ehu nghTa xa hdi.
Ndi each khac, ndi dung ciia bai viet se de cap tdi tdng the nhiing quan diem triet hoe xa hoi va kinh te hoc ddi mdi d eudi the ky XIX - thi ky XX trong long truyen thdng bat ngudn tir Mac, ttr dem minh ddi lap vdi ehii nghTa Mae ehinh thdng. Chung ta ed the goi tat ea nhiing quan diem nay bang mgt ten goi ehung la "chii nghTa Mae mdi". Nd bao gdm cac hoc thuyet chinh tri va phap ly, cac
hoc thuylt my hoe va van hda hge, xa hdi hoe, tam ly hge, tdn giao hoc, tuong lai hoc.
Vdi tu each mdt thuat ngir xa hdi, danh tir
"chii nghTa Mae mdi" bat dau dugc sir dung vao dau nhirng nam 20 eiia the ky XX: vi du nhu trong tac pham "The World of Labour"
(London, 1913), G.D.Cole da tien hanh phan loai cac quan diem macxit mdi. Cd the phan ky qua trinh tien hda eiia ehu nghTa Mac mdi qua cac giai doan nhu sau: Chii nghTa Mac mdi so ky eudi the ky XIX - dau the ky XX;
Chii nghTa Mac phuong Tay (chii nghTa Mae mdi) nhiing nam 1920 - 1980 thi ky XX;
Chii nghTa hau Mac d nhiing nam cudi the ky XX.
Chii nghTa Mae mdi ehi cd y nghTa trong su ddi lap vdi "chii nghTa Mac cu". Dinh hudng dn dinh nhit eiia nd la sir phi tin dilu hda: dau tien la ddi vdi ehii nghTa Mac quan phuong thdi dai Qudc t l II, sau dd la ddi vdi nhung tac phim eiia Angghen va cudi ciing la hudng den di san ly luan ciia ban than Mae. Chinh di san nay duge chu nghTa Mac mdi dua vao van canh vin dl eua trilt hoc va khoa hoe thi ky XX. Su ndi day cua chu nghTa Mae mdi chdng lai tin dilu (ca- n) eiia chii nghTa Mae hoan toan dap ung dinh
'Uai net ayi ti'drx^ litu diu ngJtia JILda nitfi ... 13
hudng mang tinh nguyen tic ciia ban than Mae, la ngudi ed thai do hit sue hoai nghi ddi vdi y dinh riit tir hoe thuylt eiia dng mot sieu khoa hoe, "luge dd phd quat" ma cd the khudn ea vii tru, lich sir va hoat ddng tu tudng tu do ve do. Mae ndi vdi P.Lapharge:
"Toi chi biet rdng toi khong phdi Id nguai macxit".
Vdn dae trung cho tu duy ly luan ciia Mac, su doan tuyet khdng nhirng vdi triet hoc truyen thdng ma ea vdi khoa hoe cd dien ("Tie bdn " - tae pham ehii yeu eiia Mac hoan toan khdng phai ngau nhien lai cd phu de la
"Phe phdn khoa kinh te chinh tri"), vao cudi the ky XIX - dau the ky XX, mot sd nha tu tudng d chau Au, khdng nam trong sd nhiing ngudi macxit chinh thdng, da y thire dugc tinh chat hau ed dien trong cac quan diem phuong phap luan ciia Mac mot each ro rang hon cae dai dien ciia chii nghTa Mac chinh thdng. vao thdi ky nay, tai chau Au va Bac My da bimg nd sir quan tam den Mac:
Th.Veblen giang day chii nghTa Mac va dan chii xa hdi d Chicago; B.Russell giang ve Mac d Dai hoc Kinh te va Khoa hoc chinh tri London; A.Varner (d Berlin) va E.Durheim (d Paris) cimg ban thao ve chii nghTa Mac;
Tai Italia, B.Croehe va J.Jentile viet cae tac pham ve Mae, W.Pareto xuat ban eae doan trich "Tic ban" ciia Mac da dugc chinh ly, F.Tennis xuat ban cudn sach ve Mae va trao ddi thu til' vdi Angghen; R.Stammler xuit ban hgp tuyen "Kinh te vd phdp lugt xet tic goc do quan niem duy vgt ve lich sic"; Tai nude Nga cudi the ky XIX, mot trong cac
trao luu tu tudng xa hdi Idn nhat la chii nghTa Mae hgp phap vdi cac dai bieu nhu:
P.B.Struve, S.N.Bulgakov, N.A.Berdyaev, S.L.Frank, M.I.Tugan-Baranovsky, v.v... Tai Ao - Hung da xuat hien trudng phai ehii nghTa Mae Ao, cac dai dien eiia nd la A.Adler va F.Adler, O.Bauer, R.Gilferding, K.Renner, sau dd la R.Rozdolsky. Tai Kembridge (Anh), vao dau the ky XX da ed mot cau lac bd "Tdng dd" bi mat (G.Sigvieh, B.Russell, J.I.Moore, Litton Strechi, I.M.Foster, J.M.Keyns, v.v...) va cac tae pham eiia Mae da dugc thao luan tai cac budi sinh hoat ciia eau lac bg; Nha van ndi tieng ngudi Tay Ban Nha, M. de Unamuno da trd thanh nha macxit vao khoang thdi gian nay;
Nha sir hoc va xa hdi hoe ngudi Dire M.Weber da cd mot ddng gdp quan trong eho viec lam sang td su dac thii ciia phuong phap ciia Mac va da edng bd nhirng bai viet ve Mae ciia dng va eiia eae nha macxit tren
"Luu tru" eiia minh. Ndi each khae, gidi tri thirc chau Au da bi ldi cudn va chiu anh hudng manh me bdi hien tugng chii nghTa Mac mdi rat phd bien lue bay gid.
Trong cude tranh luan qudc te trudc Thi chien thu' Nhat, cac dai dien kiet xuit nhit eiia ehii nghTa Mae mdi da chuin xac hda dugc sir dac thii ve mat tri thirc luan eiia chii nghTa duy vat lich sir Mac, kiln tao lai phuang phap luan cua dng thdng qua he thuat ngii' ciia Idgic hoc va ly luan nhan thirc tien nghiem (Kant mdi va mot phin la hien tugng hpe). Su ly giai ciia M.Weber vl di san ly luan eiia Mae da trd thanh xuit phat
14 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 (125). 1
diem eho hoat ddng tri tue eiia thi he nhirng ngudi theo chii nghTa Mae mdi sau chiln tranh, trudc het la Lukaes (hge trd eua Weber).
Gidng nhu chii nghTa Mae chinh thong thdi ky Qudc te II, mang tinh qudc te xet ve thuc chat ciia minh va dugc cae nha ly luan d nhieu nudc chau Au nghien ciiu, thi chii nghTa Mae mdi ciing khdng biet den ranh gidi qudc gia. Bdi canh nay da thay ddi triet de trong thdi ky The ehien I va dac biet la sau viec thanh lap Qudc te Cdng san, md ra cude van ddng "bolsevich hda" cae dang edng san phuong Tay va phd bien "chii nghTa Lenin tam thudng" (bi bdp meo) vdi tu each he tu tudng giai phdng duy nhat trong ehiing.
Mdt giai doan mdi ciia ehii nghTa Mae mdi (cai ggi la "chii nghTa Mac phuong Tay") da bat dau tir nam 1923, khi ma cimg mot liie da xuat hien hai cudn sach ndi tieng:
"Lieh sic vd y thiec giai cdp " cua Lukaes va
"Chii nghia Mde vd triet hoe " eiia K.Korsch, trong dd cac tac gia da dua ra yeu eau ap dung chii nghTa Mae vao ban than chu nghTa Mac (ehu nghTa duy vat lich sir vao ehu nghTa duy vat lich sir, phep bien chiing macxit vao phep bien chiing macxit). Su ly giai nhu vay ve chii nghTa Mac da duge eae nha ly luan eiia chu nghTa Mae mdi duy tri trong sudt the ky XX (Nha sir lieu hge ve
"chii nghTa Mae phuang Tay" ngudi Anh P.Anderson da trinh bay quan diem nay trong eae bai giang "Tren eon duang eiia chit nghia duy vgt lieh sic" who nira dau nhiing nam 80). Nhu vay, trong long eiia
truyin thdng macxit da bit diu hinh thanh khuynh hudng kien djnh quan diem sieu macxit vl chii nghTa Mac, theo do chii nghTa Mae, vdi tu each ly luan, ddng vai trd sieu ly luan eua ban than minh. Sieu chu nghTa Mac da lieh sir hda triet dl triet hge, hoan toan loai bd truyin thdng phan chia nd ra thanh ban thi luan, Idgie hge, ly luan nhan thiic va dao dire hge, dat len hang dau phep bien ehimg vdi tu each triet hoc lieh sii va ly luan ve y thiic (Theo Lukaes, phep bien ehiing chinh la ly luan ve lich sir).
Vdi logic ndi tai eiia quan diem eua minh, Lukaes da bat budc phai doan tuyet ve nguyen tac vdi chu nghTa Mac ehinh thdng thdi ky Qudc te II, ke ca vdi quan diem ciia Angghen'. Chii nghTa Mac mdi nhit quan tuan theo cuong ITnh phuong phap luan nay trong sudt 80 nam.
Sau khi cdng bd "Lich sie vd y thiec giai cap", dac biet la thien quan trgng "Vgt hoa vd y thue vo sdn ", Lukaes da ed cae hge tro (B.Phogarashi, Radvani, Revay) va eae mdn de d chau Au. Mdt trong nhung hoat ddng chung cua nhirng ngudi theo chii nghTa Mac mdi do Lukaes dung diu la viee thanh lap
"Vien han lam mua He" d Turingie vao nhirng nam 20 ciia thi ky XX. Ben canh Lukaes, tham gia va sinh hoat khoa hge d day cdn ed hang loat nha tu tudng ndi tieng, nhu Korsch, Veil, R.Zorge, K.Wittfogen, Phogarashi, F.PoUok, v.v...
G.Lukaes, Lieh su vd y thirc giai cdp, Nghien ai phep bien chiing mdexit. Berlin, 1970, tr. 63.
Vai net ae ti'di% lUu "ehu nqhiu JtAe niAi^...
15
Sir phe phan ddng thdi cdn hudng tdi viec chdng lai cac han ehl va cac biin thai trong tu duy sau Mac. Lukaes ludn phe phan tinh chat chu quan eua chu nghia Stalin: Ly luan da bi nit lai thanh sach luge, cac quylt sach da chira dung sir tuyet ddi hoa giao dieu. Ong phe phan viec ngudi ta da bdp meo tu tudng bien ehiing ciia Mae khi ehi nghien ciiu tach rdi tung phuong thuc tdn tai va rut ra, tuyet ddi hoa cae quan he ed tinh ehat khai niem de rdi sau do lai "van dung"
mdi lien he cd dugc ay vao cae loai tdn tai
khad
Trong dieu kien hinh thanh chuin tic macxit mdi d Nga - chu nghTa Lenin, sang kien ve sieu chii nghia Mae ciia Lukaes va nhirng ngudi ddng chi eua dng da dugc ITnh hoi nhu mpt dieu xuyen tac va can bi da pha ve mat tu tudng. Tai Dai hdi lin thii 5 eua Qudc te Cdng san, quan diem eiia Lukaes va Korsch bi tuyen bd la quan diim "chdng macxit", eon hp thi bj quy tdi la "ehu nghTa xet lai ve mat ly luan". Chii nghTa Mac dich thuc d nhirng nam 20 dugc tuyen bd la ehii nghTa Lenin nhu nd dugc Stalin va Bukharin ly giai. Tat ea nhiing dieu do cang lam sau sac hon dudng phan dinh giiia ehii nghTa Lenin tam thudng va chii nghTa Mae mdi.
Ngudi ta thudng coi dudng phan dinh iy la dudng phan dinh giira ehii nghTa Mac phuang Ddng va ehii nghTa Mae phuang Tay.
Nhung kien giai eiia Lukaes ve ban the luan ciia triet hge Mac ndi ehung duge dng trinh bay chu yeu trong tae pham thude giai doan hau ky vdi tieu de: "Ve bdn the ludn cua ton tgi xa hoi" . Tac pham ed tinh chat tdng ket cudi ddi nay eua Lukaes da duge danh gia rat cao. Nd chiing td rang Lukaes da thoat ra khdi thii ehu nghTa Mae cap tien, ta khuynh trudc kia va cho dii cdn ed nhirng va dap ve ehinh tri, nhung ve hge thuat, dng van budc tren con dudng cua ehu nghTa Mae ehan chinh mdt each chan thanh vdi nhilu tran trd tim tdi. Trong dilu van tiln dua Lukaes ve noi an nghi cudi cimg, gidi trilt hge Lien Xd da tdn vinh dng la "hge gia va nha tu tudng kiet xuat... cd nhiing cdng hien xuat sac cho sir phat trien van hoa cua thi gidi". Nam 1983, trong D I cuong Hungari ky niem 100 ndm ngdy sinh G. Lukaes, Uy ban Cdng tae chinh sach Van hoa eiia Trung uong Dang Cdng nhan Xa hdi ehii nghTa Hungari da suy tdn "G. Lukaes la vT nhan eiia thi ky XX, dai bilu kiet xuit eiia tu tudng Mac - Lenin""*.
Giai doan tien hda tilp theo eiia chu nghTa Mac mdi la sir hinh thanh trudng phai Frankfurt tai Vien nghien ciiu Xa hdi d Frankfurt (duge Karl Grunberg thanh lap nam 1923, do nha san xuat banh my giau cd Weil tai trg) va tap chi "Nghien ciiu xa hdi".
La ngudi dimg dau vien nghien cuu nay vao
- Xem them: Nguyen Chi Hieu, Bdn the ludn mdcxit qua kidn giai cua Georg Lukdcs, Tap chi Phat triin
. . 1 .- /A\ onno t.- 1 <; — 1 8
" Georg Lukaes, Ve bdn thi ludn cua tdn tgi xa hoi, tap 1 va 2, do Frank Benseler chu bien. Dam stadt - Neuwied, 1984.
•* Xem: Phuong Liru, Tu tuang van hod nghe thuat ciia chit nghTa Mde phuong Toy, Nxb. Thg gioi Ha Npi, 2007, tr. 61.
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nhiing nam 30. M.Horkheimer dinh trudc he chuan nghien ciiu cho trao luu nay ciia chii nghTa Mac mdi. Trong tieu pham ndi tieng Ly thuyet truyen thong vd ly thuyet phe phdn eua minh va Bo sung dugc viet nhan ed sir xuat hien bai tranh luan eua G.Marcuse, Horkheimer nhan manh "su khae biet giira hai phuang thire nhan thire" cua Descartes duge luan chirng trong ''Lugn ve phuang phdp " va eua Mac dugc trinh bay trong ''Phe phdn khoa kinh te chinh tri", tire ly thuyet
phe phan duge dng hieu la ehii nghTa Mae theo tinh than eua ban than Mae^.
Trudng phai Frankfurt do Horkheimer dai dien da len tieng chdng lai chu nghTa quy gian kinh te cua cac nha ly luan macxit tuan theo quy tae: Nhiem vu eiia nha nghien cim khdng phai la quy gian nhung hien tugng thugng tang kien true ve co eau kinh te eua xa hdi, ma la tach biet ehung tir ca cau bao triim tat ca va quyet dinh tat ea ay (khi ed sir thdng tri ciia quan he tien - hang). Quan diem nay eiia Horkheimer da dugc A.Sohn- Rethel nam bat vao dau nhirng nam 60 cua the ky XX khi tuyen bd rang: "Phan tich hinh thiic hang hda bao ham chiec chia khda khdng nhiing de phe phan khoa kinh te chinh tri ma eon de phe phan tu duy khai niem trim tugng"^. Trong so nhiing each tan mdi ciia trudng phai Frankfurt, cin phai ke tdi viee hgp nhit nhan hpc va_q-uan diem Mac ve he tu tudng vdi phan tam hpc va tam ly hpe dai
-' Xem: M.Horkheimer, Ly thuyet phe phdn, Frankfurt./M., 1968, tr. 155.
* A.Sohn-Rethel. Lao dong tri 6c vd lao dong chdn nv London. 1978, tr. 33.
chiing eiia S.Freud. Nhirng tac pham quan trpng nhit trong ITnh vuc nay thupc ve E.Fromm, G.Marcuse, T.Adomo ("Ca nhan quyin uy") va W.Reich. Cae dai dien eiia trudng phai Frankfurt da vilt cac tac pham ndi tiing vl lich sir trilt hpc (Mareuse, Horkheimer, Habermas, A.Smidt), tam ly hpe xa hdi, dao dire hpc (Adomo, Habermas), ly thuyet giao tiep (Habermas), triet hpe ngdn ngii (W.Benyamin), ly thuyet am nhae, v.v... Nhung ITnh vuc tim toi triet hpc dieh thue ciia hp la triet hpc nghe thuat, tham my hpe va van hda hpc.
Trong cae ITnh vuc nay, hp cd nhiing ddng gdp rat dang chii y.
Vao nhiing nam 20-30 the ky XX, ehii nghTa Mae mdi da tham nhap vao cac nudc Dia Trung hai. Mdt trong cac nha ly luan chu dao eiia ehu nghTa Mae phuang Tay la thu linh ciia Dang Cdng san Italia, A.Gramsci.
Ve ly luan, dng da dua vao Lenin va Korsch.
Ong dem quan diem eiia minh ve ehinh tri, triet hpe, van hda, lieh sir, ve Machiavelli, Mac, Lenin va Korsch ddi lap vdi "ehii nghTa Lenin tam thudng" eiia Stalin va cua Qudc te Cdng san. Quan diem nay da ed anh hudng manh me den gidi tri thiic eanh ta d phuang Tay, den ehinh tri hpc va xa hdi hpe van hda.
Sau Thi chiln II, G.Delle Volpe da sang lap mdt trudng phai Mae mdi, cac hpe trd eua dng la eae dang vien edng san Coletti, Merkeer, Petraner, Rossi, Chen-oni, ciing nhu Bobbio. Trudng phai nay tan ra vao nira sau nhirng nam 70.
ta\
Vai net ae fi<da fuu "ehu ngMa Jlde mSt 17
Theo Gramsci, dl ed duge mdt ehien luge each mang that su hudng tdi thanh edng va sir trg giiip eiia quin chiing, trudc hit cin phai nham den con ngudi trong the gidi sdng ciia hp va trong cae mdi quan he xa hdi dan su cua hp, dan dan md mat eho hp thay duge ban chat ciia che dp hien tdn va lam cho hp hieu dugc cac mue tieu phat trien ciia lich sir va sir phan tich macxit ve eae quan he xa hdi thdng tri tuong img trong hien thue. Vi vay, cac tri thirc each mang khdng dugc phep td chirc cac cude dau tranh chinh tri tir tren xudng khi tu coi minh la cac chien luge gia chinh tri va la "ddi tien phong"l ma hp phai bat dau tir dudi trong ban than ^he gidi song eua eon ngudi vdi tu each la "eae tri thiic td chiic", eiing vdi hp tao dimg mdt nen van hoa giai phdng mdi^.
Chi khi nao "sir dde quyin lanh dao"
cua y thiie xa hdi chii nghTa da dat dugc tren binh dien van hoa, thi du an cai tao each mang xa hdi thdng qua ban than quan chiing lao dpng mdi hudng tdi thanh edng.
Phuong an ciia Gramsci ve viec chiem doat dan dan quyen lanh dao van hoa nhd vao su tich cue hoat ddng trong cac ITnh vue the gidi ddi sdng va xa hdi dan su ciing nhu trong ndi bd "bd may van hoa" ciia xa hdi tu ban la ed the dung hgp vdi cae dieu kien eiia mdt nen dan ehu ehinh tri. Nd mang lai cae kinh nghiem mdi vdi eae tae dpng ciia mpt nin van hoa dai ehiing va vai trd cua nd trong viec bao dam sir thdng tri giai cip tu
^ Xem them: Thomas Mayer, Chu nghTa xa hoi, Wiesbaden, 2008, tr. 72.
ban ehu nghTa tren mdt khai niem cd the chap nhan dugc. Bdi vay, nd da cd anh hudng manh me tdi eae tri thire eanh ta trong eae dang dan ehu xa hdi va cae dang xa hdi ehu nghTa, trudc het la vao nhiing nam 1970 va 1980.
Tu duy eiia Gramsci eiing bieu Id ra la ngudi tien phong cho ehii nghTa cdng san chau Au xuat hien trong mdt sd dang eiia cae nudc viing Dia Trung hai chau Au, bat dau tir nhiing nam 1970 trd di. Theo nghTa dd, nd ed anh hudng manh, keo dai vai thap nien trong ndi bd phai canh ta Tay Au. Cdn ngugc lai, trong cac Dang Cdng san cam quyen ciing nhu trong cac cude tranh luan edng san chu nghTa do cae dang ay dinh hudng thi cac y tudng eiia Gramsci lai khdng thi ed vai trd nao.
Tai Phap, vao cudi nhiing nam 20, ehii nghTa Mae mdi la cdng viec eiia nhirng nha macxit rieng le, tham chi ngay trong Dang Cdng san Phap, cae nha ly luan macxit cd trinh dp ciing ehi xuat hien vao eudi nhiing nam 20 (A.Lefere, Nizan, J.Polixer, Fridmen, v.v.). Mdt trao luu tu tudng khae , chuyen bien thanh ehii nghTa Mae mdi d
nhiing nam 50-70 eiia thi ky trudc, ed cdi ngudn eiia minh la hoat ddng trilt hpe eiia A.Caure va hpe trd ciia dng la A.Kogiev.
Chinh J.P.Sartre, M.Merleau-Ponty, R.Aron, v.v. da nghe A.Kogiev giang bai vl "Hien tuang hoc tinh thdn " eiia Heghen vao nhiing nam 30. Trung tam nhiing nd lire tinh thin ciia nhiing ngudi theo chu nghTa Mae mdi d Phap thi he Sartre la viec nghien ciiu nhan
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NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 (1251n
hpc triet hpe dira tren viec tich hgp chii nghTa Mac phuang Tay va chii nghTa hien sinh vd than. "Bdn thdo kinh te - triet hoc ndm 1844" eiia Mae da trd nen phd bien d Phap nhd edng viee dieh thuat ciia Lefere va Houtherman, nd quy dinh ndi dung tae pham
"Chii nghia duy vgt vd cdch mgng" (1947) cd dinh hudng macxit eiia Sartre. Trong tac pham "Phe phdn ly tinh bien chirng", Sartre tuyen bd chii nghTa Mae la "nhan hpc duy nhat cd the, can phai ddng thdi trd thanh nhan hpc lieh sir va nhan hpc cau true", song dng cimg trach cir nhii'ng ngudi macxit "ludi nhae" vi hp "hoan toan bd qua muc dich ciia con ngudi"; Theo Sartre, sir menh chan chinh cua chii nghTa hien sinh la "hoan lai eon ngudi cho ehii nghTa Mac" .
Nhd hoat ddng ciia gidi tri thirc tap trung xung quanh Sartre, cung nhu nhd tap chi "Les Temps Moderes" va nhii'ng ngudi truyen ba quan diem macxit, ma eae nha macxit mdi d Phap (R.Barth, K.Levy- Strauss, M.Foueeau, J.Lacan, v.v.) da danh gia cao triet hpc Mac. Song, viee thay the he chuan tu duy macxit mdi trudc het la edng lao ciia L.Althusser va trudng phai ciia dng.
Trong cac tac pham "Bdo ve Mdc" va "Doc Tic bdn ", dng da tham gia vao chien dich phe phan do Levy-Strauss khdi xudng nham chdng lai ehii nghTa nhan van va chii nghTa duy lich sir ciia Sartre. Trong tac pham "Bdo ve Mdc ", Althusser khang dinh rang, tir nam 1845, Mac da hoan toan doan tuyet vdi he
van de eon ngudi va ban chat con ngudi, bd qua khdng nhiing ehii nghTa nhan ban Phoiobae, ma ea ky vpng eiia ehii nghTa nhan van ndi chung vdi tu each he tu tudng: "Chii nghTa phan nhan van ve mat ly luan la xuat phat diim ciia trilt hpc Mac"^. Viec doan tuyet vdi chii nghTa nhan van va nhan hpc macxit mdi ciia Althusser gan lien vdi viec phii dinh chii nghTa duy lieh sir macxit mdi eiia Lukaes va Gramsci.
Thira nhan y nghTa lieh su quan trpng ciia pham trii "tdng the" trong di san ly luan eiia Mae, thdng qua Heghen, Althusser da quy nd ve "Tinh than ciia phap luat" ciia Montesquier ma dng coi la ngudi kham pha ra tdng the xa hpi. Song, nhin ehung quan diem dde dao eiia Althusser khdng phai bat ngudn tir Montesquier, Heghen va Mae, ma bat ngudn tir Spinoza. Ong coi triet hpc Spinoza la "each mang ly luan chua tirng co trong lieh sir triet hpc, la each mang triet hpc ed the eiia mpi thdi dai"'". Althusser xem eo sd kinh te nhu la eau triie khdng quan sat thay, vd thiic, duge td chirc theo nguyen tac luang de, chi duge kien tao nhd cac phuang tien ly luan.
He tu tudng duge Althusser phan tich theo phuong phap phan tam hpc eiia Freud va Laean, xem xet nd nhu bieu hien cua eai vd thirc can dugc giai ma. Theo Althusser, tit ca mpi xa hdi ngudi deu tach biet he tu tudng nhu la thanh td va bau khdng khi vd ciing cin thiet eho cude sdng lich sir ciia ho.
J.-P.Sartre, Phe phdn ly tinh bien chimg, Paris, tr. 59.
1960, ' L.Althusser, Bdo ve Mdc, Paris, 1965, tr. 238.
'" L.Althusser, Doc Tu bdn, Paris, 1968, tr. 3.
Vdi net o* trdo luu ehu nqJiitt JLde uuU ..
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Vdn dugc cai vd thirc dinh trudc, he tu tudng khdng cd lich sii' gidng nhu cai vd thiic cua Freud, nd la bat biin xet vl mat ciu triie va chiic nang trong xa hdi va the hien khdng han la hinh thai y thiie, ma chu yeu la he thdng nhiing tac ddng nhan qua dde lap vdi y thue. Do vay, xa hdi khdng ed giai cap van giir lai ITnh vuc kinh nghiem vd thire tii'ng trai, he thdng nhiing sai lam va lira ddi nhu nhirng eai can thiet de dam bao sir thdng nhat sdng cdn ciia co eau xa hdi vd hinh va bat kha tri ddi vdi ea nhan. Ciing vdi sir ra di ciia cac nha triet hpe Idn theo chii nghTa Mac phuang Tay, nd eung cham dirt tdn tai eiia minh vao nua sau nhiing nam 70 the ky XX.
Giai doan tien hda eudi eung eiia ehii nghTa Mac mdi la chii nghTa hau Mac qudc te phat trien nhiing nam 80 - 90 d chau Au.
Nam trong bdi canh chii nghTa hau hien dai, chu nghTa hau Mae khdng coi trpng khac biet giira ehii nghTa Mac phuong Tay va ehu nghTa Mac phuong Ddng. Nd ma hda hoan toan he chuan macxit trong triet hpe duge quan niem la "tu do", cd quan he vdi ehinh tri khdng phai ve mat y thire he va dao diic, ma ve mat ngdn ngir thuan tuy.
Tdm lai, trong bdi canh giao luu, hdi nhap qudc te ngay cang sau rdng, dac biet la trong "thi gidi phang" cimg qua trinh toan eau hda dien ra manh me ngay nay, de hieu duge nhirng ngudi phuang Tay vdi the gidi quan, phuong thuc tu duy va hanh ddng ciia hp, chiing ta khdng the "be quan tda cang"
ve tu tudng, ma can phai nghien ciin mdt each sau sac va can ban eae tu tudng triet hpc phuong Tay the ky XX den nay. Y nghTa CO ban ciia viee nghien ciru eae trao lun tu tudng phuang Tay hien dai ndi chung va
"ehii nghTa Mae mdi" ndi rieng khdng ehi the hien d viec nang cao hieu biet va nang lire tu duy ly luan, ma cdn the hien d chd eho den nay ehiing van cdn cd nhii'ng anh hudng dang ke, van cdn tiep tuc de lai nhiing dau an trong cude sdng duong dai eiia eae qudc gia phuong Tay. Nhirng nghien cim nay cdn gdp phan vao viec hoaeh dieh ehinh sach ngoai giao, hgp tae van hda vdi cae nude phuang Tay theo phuong cham "biet minh, bilt ngudi", "cang nghien cuu ngudi thi lai cang hieu ta hon", biet "gan due, khoi trong", tiep thu mdt each cd phe phan nhung thanh \\xu van hda tinh than eiia the gidi.
