CHLTNG KIEN BAO LLJC GIA DINH VA PHAN LTNG CUA TRE Vj THANH NIEN
TS.Nguygn Thi Nhif Trang
Khoa Aif hdi hoc, Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hpc j<d hgi vd Nhdn van, Dgi hpc Quoc gia HdNdi.
T O M T A T
Thong qua viec phdn tich du lieu dieu tra bdng hdi vd phdng vdn sdu doi vdi hoc sinh tai hai trudng pho thong irung hpc Igi Hd Nam, bdi viet mo td chi tiet nhdn thicc vd phdn ung cita Ire vi thdnh nien khi chirng kien bgo luc giira bo vd me vd tdc dpng cita viec chung kien bgo luc gia dinh tdi cdc em. Kel qud khdd sdl cho thdy, ty le hpc sinh chirng kien bgo luc gia dinh Igi dia bdn nghien ciru khd cao vd viec chirng kien ndy khong cd lien he vdi gidi linh ciia hpc sinh. mirc song ciia gia dinh vd dia bdn cu trii. Chirng kien bgo luc gia dinh khong chi tao ra cdc phdn ung cdm xiic lieu cue, md con ddn tdi nhirng hdnh vi tieu cue cho Ire vi Ihdnh nien. Khdo sdt cUng tim thdy moi lien he ro net giua mirc dp chung kien bgo luc gia dinh vdi suy gidm hpc luc, hgnh kiem vd su gia ldng xu hudng sir dung bgo luc trong cdc moi quan he ban be ciia Ire vi ihdnh men.
Tir khoa: Bao luc gia dinh: Vi thdnh nien: Phdn iing cdm xiic: Phdn img hdnh vi Ngdynhdnbdi \0l2/20\7; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi. 25/2/2017.
ABSTRACT
By analyzing data fi-om questionnaire sun-ey and In-depth interviews M'ith sludenls at two high .schools in Ha \'am province, this article provides an insightful description of adolescents' awareness and response when witnessing their parents' violent confrontation and how this witness affects them. Findings .show that the rale of adolescents witnessing domestic violence is quite high among tho.se .surveyed in this research, and witness of domestic violence has no statistically significant associalion with adolescents' .sex, family social-economic status and place of residence, whereas witness of domestic violence results in adole.scents ' negative emotions and behaviors This research also documented significant associations between fi-equency of witness of domestic violence and adolescent's academic performance, di.sciplinary record and tendency to resorl lo violence when dealing wilh peer Lon/hcl
Key nords: Witness of domestic violence -Adolescent. Emotional respon.se. Behmwral respoii'>e
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So 3 (216), 3 - 2017 67
1. Bat v4n de
Bao luc giua va va chdng la van de nhSn dupe nhiiu quan tam tir cic nha nghien ciiu, cac nha hoach djnh chinh sdch, cac nha gi4o due va thuc hdnh nhu tam ly hpe tri Hdu hay edng tac xS hpi. Tuy nhidn, sir quan tam thudng chii yeu tap trung vao nan nhan true tiep ciia bao luc gia dinh (thudng la ngudi phu nil).
Nan nhan gian tiip ciia bao luc gia dinh la tre em it dupe quan tam hem. Ngoai ly do tre em la nan nhan gian tiip (gpi Id "gian tiip" vi fre em khdng phdi la muc dich ma bao lite gia dinh hudng tdi), mpt ly do quan trpng niia Id hdu qud ciia bao lue gia dinh dl lai len tre em it tinh hiin hien vd tinh tdrc thdi hon so vdi nan nhan true tiip cita nd. Vi vay, tre em eua eae gia dinh ed bao luc gia dinh thudng dupe gpi Id "nan nhan tham lang" bay "nan nhan bj bd quen" (Elbow 1982; Groves va ddng su 1993).
Song hdnh vdi vice bj "bd quen", nan nhan tre em ciia bao lue gia dinh gitta bd vd me chiing lai chiu nhtrng hau qua ciing rat khdc nghiet. Nhieu nghien cira thirc'nghiem da ehi ra rdng, viee chirng kiln thudng xuyen hanh vi bao lure giiia bd va me dl lai nhimg tdc ddng tieu cue lau ddi ddi voi tre, lir nhttng vdn dl ndi hda nhu tram cam, suy gidm hpe Iuc,... tdi nhung van de bpc Id ra ben ngodi nhu ed hdnh vi rdi loan chdng ddi xa hdi, ed xu hudng su dung bao lire vdi ngudi yeu hoac chap nhdn dl ngudi yeu sit dung bao lire vdi bdn than minh (Baker, 2002; Meltzer, 2009).
2. Phiro'ng phap nghien CIJ'U
De lam rd Ihirc trang chirng kien bao lye gia dinh cita tre em d tudi vi thanh nien vd ddnh gia tac ddng cua viec chirng kien bao Iuc gia dinh tdi Ire, bai viet sir dirng mdt phan kel qua cupc dieu tra bang bdng hdi' ddi vdi 216 hpe sinh lir hai trudng phd thdng trung hpc tai Ha Nam, trong dd mdt trudng thudc khu vyc dd thi. mdt trudng thudc khu vyc ndng thdn. Ci mdi trudng. nghien ciru ehpn ngau nhien mpl Idp thudc mdi khdi (10, 11, 12) va phat bang hdi cho loan bd hpc sinh trong Idp. Bang hdi dupe hpe sinh ty dien Iren Idp dudi sy hudng dan ciia dieu tra vien va dupe Iam sach trong ngay. Nhirng bang hdi khdng dam bao ve dp tin cay cita thdng tin cung cap se dupe loai trir de tranh Iam sai Icch thdng tin, Ngoai ra. neu hpc sinh khdng mudn hodn thdnh cupc khao sat vi bat cir ly do nao trong qua trinh tra Idi bang hdi, cac em dupe cham dirt vice tham gia bat cir luc nao ma cac em mudn. Trong sd 250 bang hdi phat ra. sd bang hdi thu vl la 216, ty le phan hdi dat 86,4%.
Cuoc dieu Ira bdng bdng hoi ndy Id mgt phdn ciia nghien cini Viec chirng kien hao luc gia dinh vd khuynh hudng sic dung bao lire ciia tre vi thdnh nien. do TS Xguyen Thi Nhu Trang vd CA' 7Win Thi Tiiyil Thu triin khai nam 2016.
68 TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, So' 3 (216), 3 - 2017
Bang hdi gdm cdc ndi dung: hdnh vi bao luc gia dirih; phdn umg cam xile vd hdnh vi eua con khi chimg kiln bao luc gia dinh; cae vdn dl hpc tap va quan hp ban be ctia tre. Trong dd, bao luc gia dinh Id hanh vi bao luc giua cha vd me gdm 7 mlu hanh vi, nhu: "dap vd dd dac trong nha", "xd, ddy nhau", "lang ma, de dpa, chiri mdng"... (biiu dd 1) vdi 4 muc dp chimg kien, tir 0 = chua chiing kiln; 1 = rdt hilm khi; 2 = vdi Idn mdi thdng; 3 = vdi lan mdi todn; 4 = gdn nhu hang ngdy.
Viec chung kiin bgo luc gia dinh Id bien dupe tinh bang tdng diem ctia ca 7 ehi bdo, vdi 2 gia tri 0 = chua timg chirng kien vd 1 = da timg chirng kien. De phdn tich sau hon mdi lien he va chieu lien he gitta miic dp chirng kien bao lue gia dinh cita hpc sinh vd eac mttc dp hpc tap vd ky luat ctia cdc em. Nghien ciru eung thiet lap bien sd muc dd chung kien bgo lire gia dinh dya tren viec tinh tdng dicm chung kien ddi vdi ca 7 mdu hdnh vi, vdi thang diem ban dau chay tir 0 den 7, sau dd bien ndy ma hda lai thanh bien tndi vdi 3 gia tri. Theo do, nhung em dat 0 - 1 diem dupe gdp thanh nhdm "chua hoac rat hiem khi chirng kien bao lyc gia dinh"; cac em dat 2 - 4 diem dupe gdp thdnh nhdin "chirng kien bao luc gia dinh d muc dp trung binh" va cac em (lat tu 5 diem trd (en dupe gdp thanh nhdm "chimg kien bao lye gia dinh d mirc dp cao".
Sd lieu dieu tra dupe khai thac chu yeu bang cac phep Ihdng ke md ta (ty le %) de chi ra xu hudng trong eae trai nghiem lien quan tdi vice chirng kien bao lye gia dinh va phan ung cita tre vj thanh nien. Trong cac phan tich ddi vdi phan ung cua vi thanh nien sau khi chiing kien bao lyc gia dinh. ty le % ehi tinh tren nhdm tre cd chirng kien.
Nghien ciru cung su dung kiem dinh Khi binh phuong va Pearson's (r) kiem dinh mdi lien he giira viee chung kien bao lyc gia dinh va mpl sd van dc trong hpc tap va quan he ban be ciia tre.
3. Phiin tich ket qua nghien ctiu
3.1. Muc dp chung kiin hao luc gia dinh d Ire vi thdnh nien Du lieu thdng kc cho thay. 34.3% tdng sd hpc sinh dupe hdi cho bill cac em da Itrng chirng kien bao lyc gia dinh. Trong sd cac cm da tirng chirng kien bao lyc gia dinh. 48,6% sd cin da tirng chung kien it nhat indt mdu hanh vi bao lyc. 27.0% da tung chirng kien it nhat 2 tnSu hanh vi, gdn 1/4 sd hpc sinh da tirng chiing kien bao lyc gia dinh chung kiln il nhdt 3 indu hanh vi trd len. ly le chung kien cao nhat ndm d ctic hinh thirc nhe nhdt trong sd 7 hang iTiije hdnh vi bao luc gia dinh la: dap va dii dac trong nhd (21.3% so hpc sinh cho bill cac cm da tirng chirng kien hanh vi nay giira bd va me), tiip din la hanh \ i so.day nhau (17,6%) va ldng ma. de doa. chui mdng nhau (17,1 %).
TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, So 3 (216), 3 - 2 0 1 7 gg
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Bieu do 1: Ty le tre vl thdnh nien chirng kien hdnh vi mdu thudn giira bd vd me (%)
Nhirng hinh thiic xung dpi bao lure nghiem trpng hon giua bo va me la ddnh dap, dudi ra khoi nhd va tdn cong cd sir dung do vgt it dien ra trucTc su churng kien cua con hon (lan lugt la 6,9%; 3,2% va 1,4%). Tuy nhien, dang luu y la CO 0,9% so tre vi thanh nien da tung chung kien bo/me su dung vu khi co tinh sat thuong de tan cong nhau. Ty Ic nay tuy rat thap nhung day lai la hanh vi bao luc rat nguy hiem va co the dan toi an hinh sir.
Ket qua khao sat cung cho thay, hanh vi bao luc giua cac cap vp chong dien ra cong khai iruoc mat con cai khong co su phan bict ve muc song va dia ban cu tru. Kiem dinh Khi binh phuong giua bien chung kien bao luc gia dinh va cac bien ve muc song, dia ban cu tru cho thay khong co moi lien he co y nghTa vc mat thong kc. Ket qua nay phu nhan hai gia dinh ban dau cija chung toi la cac cap vp chong thupc ho gia dinh co muc song cao thuong bict kiem soat vice x6 xat giu'a vp chong trude mat con cai hon cac cap vp chong o gia dinh CO muc song thap va cha mc 6 do thi it x6 xat giua vo chong truoc mat con cai han cha mc a nong thon. Kiem dinh Khi binh phuong cho Ih^y. moi lien he giu'avicc chung kien bao luc gia dinh va gioi tinh ciia tre vi thanh nien ciing cho thay. khong co moi lien he co y nghTa ve mat thong ke, bo me khong vi thuong con gai hay ngai con trai ma kiem che vice x6 xal Iruoc sir chung kien cua con.
70 TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, So 3 (216), 3 - 2017
Tdm lai, kit qua khao sdt cho thdy, viec chiing kiln bao lue giua bo va me diin ra kha phd biin trong gia dinh cua tre vi thanh nien tai dia bdn khdo sat. Va ty le chttng kiln bao luc gia dinh tuong ddi nhu nhau gitta cac nhdm vj thanh nien khdc nhau vl mttc sdng, gidi tinh vd dia ban cu trii (nong thdn/dd thi).
Cau hdi tiip theo dupe djt ra la, khi chung kien hdnh vi bao lye gitta bd vd me, tre vj thdnh nien nghi gi, cac em phdn ling nhu the nao vd bo me phan ung lai vdi phan irng eiia ede em ra sao?
3.2. Nhan thitc vd cdm xdc eua tre vj thdnh nien khi chirng kien bgo luc gia dinh
Vi mdi quan he gitta me va con trong cac gia dinh Viet Nam thudng gdn bd vd thdn thiit hon mdi quan he giua bd vd con. Chung tdi gid dinh rdng, khi chirng kien bao lye gia dinh, tre vj thanh nien se ed khuynh hudng benh me vd dd Idi eho bd. Tuy nhien, tren thyc te, ket qud khdo sat lai cho thdy, trong mdt tre vj thdnh nien, da sd cdc eudc xd xat trong gia dinh la do Idi cita cd bd vd me (67,1%). Chi cd 11,7% eho rang Idi chit yen Id tu me va mdt ty le gdn gap ddi eho rdng, Idi ehii yeu la tu bd (21,2%i). Vd eiing theo cdc em quan sat, xd xdt gitta bd vd me chu yen dien ra trong nhd (72,8%i). Chi ed gan 2,0%! cho biit la mdu thudn gitta bd vd me thudng xay ra nhdt khi gia dinh eae em den tham dng ba. Con sd ndy tuy nhd nhung gpi y tdi mdt dac diem eua gia dinh khu vyc ddng bang Bac Bd la cd sy can Ihiep/tae dpng cita gia dinh idn tdi gia dinh nhd (Dao Duy Anh. 1938/1992). Ngodi ra, dang chu y la ed tdi gan 1/4 sd tre vi thdnh nien (25,4%) eho biet, bd mc cdc em cd the xd xdt d bat cir dau, phan dnh mpl tinh trang bao lye gia dinh tuong ddi thieu kiem sodt eua ca ngudi trong eudc.
Nguyen nhdn ciia bao lyc giua cac cap vp chdng, trong mat tre, la tdng hpp ciia nhiiiu ly do nhung Iy do chit yeu nhat den tu sy khac biet trong quan diem sdng vd irng xir (chieiri 86,4%). tiieu dd 2 dudi day md td cu thi nhttng man thuan dan tdi bao lyc gia dinh giua bd va tue theo nhdn dinh ciia tre vi thanh nien:
Kct qua khao sat cho thay. cd tdi gdn 56,0% so tre chirng kiln bao lyc gia dinh cho rang, cdc eudc xd xat giua bd vd me cd lien quan tdi minh (bat ddng trong giao due con cai). Xet tdi nhung hau qud tire thdi vd lau dai ma bao luc giua bd va me dc lai eho con khi Ire chirng kiln, viec hon inpl nira sd tre thaiTi gia khdo sal cho rang nguyen nhan bao lyc gia dinh cd lien ddi tdi minh la mdt thyc tc ma cac nhd thyc hanh can luu y. Thuc tl nay cho thdy, vice gidi tda tdm ly mac cam, ty dd Idi cho ban than cua tre trong cdc gia dinh cd bao lyc gia dinh la mpl trong nhung inuc lieu can thiep khdng the xcin nhe.
TAP CHi TAM Vi HOC, So 3 (216), 3 - 2017
DolinhnSl ^ 4 . ' Cugc song qua kho khan M 3u ihuSn cua bo voi ga dinh ngoai Bfl/mc c6 quan he ben ngoai Mau ihuan cua mc voi ^adinh npi C o bac
M iiu ihuan trong chuyen kinh Ic Bill dong trong phan congeong vice gia diiih lidl d6ng Irong pm due con ciii Bat dong loi sdng
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Bleu do 2: Mdu thudn ddn tdi hao luc gia dinh trong mdt tre vi thdnh nien
3.3. Phdn irng cdm xiic ciia tre vi thanh nien Irudc xd xdt bgo lire giira bo vd me
Hieu dd 3: Pluiii img cam .xiic cua Ire vi thanh men khi chicng kien Ildnh vi hao lice giica hd vd me
72 T A P C H I T A M L V H O C S O ? ( 2 1 6 1 , 3 - 2017
Biiu dd 3 md td cu thi cdc phdn ttng cdm xiic cua tre vj thanh nien khi chung kiln hanh vi bao lue gitta bd va me.
Cdn luu y rdng, tre vi thanh nien tham gia khdo sdt deu d giai doan cudi cua tuoi vi thdnh nien (15 - 17 tudi), cae em eiing da d mttc dp trudng thdnh nhdt dinh v l nhdn thue va cdm xuc. Hon ntta, de.n dp tudi ndy thi viee chttng kien bao lyc gitta bd vd me cua da sd cdc em khdng cdn la dieu mdi me. Tuy nhien, dtt lieu khdo sat cho thdy, phdn ung cdm xuc cua tre vi thdnh nien mdi khi chirng kiln bao lyc gitta bd va me vdn khd tieu eye. Da sd cdc em budn (67,1%), gdn 1/5 sd tre vi thanh nien chttng kien bao lyc gia dinh cam thay sp hai. Mdt sd em tue gidn vdi bd vd vdi me.
Ty le eac em tire gian vdi bd (20,7%) vd me (20,2%) cd thi khdng phai qud cao nhung day Id mdt eon sd dang luu y. Phdng van sdu cho thdy, rdt nhiiu cap vp chdng cd mau thuan sau sac vdi nhau nhung lai cd gang chiu dyng nhau vi ly do "giu gia dinh eho eon". Tuy nhien, kel qud khdo sdt cung ddng thdi cho thdy, tre cam thay tdn thuong kha sau sdc khi phdi sdng citng cdnh bd me bdt hda. Dieu ndy dan tdi mdt tinh trang Id, trdi ngupc vdi tdm ly ciia tre em ndi chung la sp gia dinh lan vd, tnpl sd tre sdng trong gia dinh cd bao lyc gia dinh nghiem trpng gitta bd vd me lai mong mudn bd me chia tay nhau. Ichdng cdn chiu dyng nhau. Vd dac biel, tre khdng mudn bd me lay con ra Iam ly do cho viec chiu dyng ciia minh.
Anh I: Mong mudn cua tre vi thdnh men vdi bo me Irong mot cuoc thdo Imin nhom
Mpt dicm dang luu j nira la. niu niiu chi cd 11.7% sd tre cho rdng bao lyc gia diiih la do Idi cua mc va cd tdi 21,2% sd Ire cho rdng la do loi cua bd, con sd cam thiiy tire giiin vdi bo va mc lai kha hrimg dutmg nhau''(khoang 20,0%). Cau
TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, So 3 (216), 3 - 2017 73
hoi dat ra la: Dieu gi khien tre vj thanh ni^n tuc gi$n vai me du me la n?n nhan cua bao lire gia dinh? Kit qua phong vin sSu cho thiy, kk ci khi me la nan nhan cua bao luc gia dinh, nhieu em van cam thay tiic giein vai m? vi me da cam chiu cupc song bi bao luc. Mpt s6 cho biit, cac em da c6 ging dpng vien me li di bo nhung me van tiep tuc cam chiu. Ban diu cac em trach b6 nhung den mot thai didm nao do, cac em cam thay gian ca bo va me. Gian b6 vi b6 da danh me va gian mc vi me da cam chiu dieu do.
Khac vai suy nghT ciia nhieu nguai me, da s6 tre vi thanh nien cho biet cac em khong muon me phai kho, phai hi sinh vi minh.
3.4. Phdn iing hanh vi cua tre vj thanh niSn khi chicng kiin hao luc gia dinh
Ben canh nhung cam xuc tieu cue, ty le tre vi thanh nien co phan ung thu dpng va tuong doi tieu cue khi chiing kien bao lire gia dinh giffa b6 va me cung kha Ion.
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Bieu do 4: Phdn irng ciia ire vi thanh nien khi chirng kien bgo lire gia dinh Nhu hieu do 4 cho thay, ly le cac em vi thanh nien thucrng co gang tich cue can ngan bo mc chi chi6m 1/4 s6 hpc sinh chung ki&n bao lire (25,4%). Ty le cac cm nho nguoi khac can ihicp voi bd mc con nho hon nua (16.9%). Phhn Ion cac cm cho bict. minh ihuong phan iing kha thu dong hoac tham chi kha
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So 3 (216), 3 - 2017
tieu cue, trong d6 bo nh^ di chiim ty le phan iing cao nhat (31,9%), tiep theo la tam sir vai ai do (thuang la ban than ho^c nguai yeu) cho da buon (24,9%).
Mpt s6 em thuang tr6n vao mot chd nao do d6 khong phai nghe tieng bo me ming chui, x6 xat nhau (12,7%) hoac khoe (9,4%). Vai ty le 4,2% so tre vi thanh nien lira chon phuang an "khdc" (bo di choi game, nghe nhac, quen roi.
khuyen giai khong duac)...
Co khoang gin 1/4 s6 tre vi thanh nien cho biit, cac em thuang tim den nguai khac dS tam su cho da buon. Tuy nhien, khong phai em nao cung tam su ve chuyen xd xat giiia bo va me. Ket qua khao sat bang bang hoi cung cho thay, ty le tre vi thanh nien co khuynh huong giau kin viec bao luc giua bo va me minh rat cao. Thuc te cho thay, mac dii vice chiing kien bao lire gia dinh gay ra nhieu cdm xiic tieu cue cho tre nhung nhieu tre lai lira chon im lang: co 40,4% so tre vi thanh nien ehiing kien bao lire gia dinh cho biet cac em chira tung tam sir hay chia se viec nay vai ai. Neu c6 tho 16 tam sir vdi ngudi khac thi ban than cung trudng dupe cac em lira ehpn nhieiTnhat (39,2%), trong khi chia se vdi ngudi yeu chi chiem 16,0%'. Ddng thdi cung cd mpt ty le nhd sd tre vi thanh nien tam sir vdi thay c6 giao, chiem 4,7%. Nhiing con sd nay goi y cho thay, vice can thiep ho tra nham giam thieu tac dpng tieu cue ciia bao luc gia dinh giua vp va chdng vdi tre em cd the dupe trien khai ca d trudng hoc Ihdng qua vice phat huy vai Iro cua ban be va thay cd.
Trong sd nhung cm nhd cay tdi ngudi khac can ngan bd mc, ngudi cac em thudng lim den nhat la gia dinh ben ndi (39,2%). trong khi chi co 9.7% so Ire vj Ihanh nien tim den nha ngoai nhd giup dd (tham chi Ihap hon so vdi ly !c nhd den sir can thiep cua hang xdm - 18.8%). Su chenh lech nay gpi y tdi mot dac diem van hda gia dinh khu vuc ddng bang Bac Bp la quan niem coi trpng gia dinh ben ndi va quan diem nay tac dpng kha rd net tdj cac md hinh ung xu' cua cac thanh vicn trong cac gia dinh (Mai Huy Bich. 1993; Nguy6n Hilu Minh vallirschman. 2000).
Tuy nhien. bai kc la cac cm tu minh can ngiin hay nhd ngudi khac (ihco ihii lu uu lien: gia dinh ben npi. hang xdm. bac trudng Ihon/ld Irudng dan phd).
Ihuc tc cac nd luc nay it mang lai kel qua lich cue nhu kel qua irinh bay d bic'u dd 5 dudi diiy:
Du lieu d bieu dd 5 cho thay. cd mgi ly Ic nhd bd mc cd chu y idi phan ung ciia con cai d lua tudi \ i ihanh nien ciia minh: 27.3% sc giam bdi cudng dp bao luc Irong xd xat khi cd con cai can ihicp, 12.5% iham ehi ngirng \d xal, Tuy nhien. cd idi 40.9% sd [re vi ihanh men cho biel su can ngan cua cac em -'ly IC' ndy tin linh rieng trong nhdm co ngudi yeu Trong nhom co chiing kiCn hao luc gui dinh 30 em (40.6%j dang cd ngirdi yen. 44 em (59,4%) chua cd ngudi \ On
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, SO' 3 (216). 3 - 2017 75
khdng cd tae dung gi. Tham chi, mot sd em cdn cho bidt cac em cang can ngan, bd me eang manh tay hon vdi nhau (3,4%) hoSe quay sang danh ming cdc em (9,8%). NhiSng con sd nay cho thSy, mot bo phan bd me hien nay khdng he chii y tdi hau qua tieu eye eiia viec xd xit va chdng tdi con cai. Tdng hop phdng van sau vdi mot sd vi phu huynh, chiing tdi thjy, mdt nguyen nhSn kha phd bidn la each nghi dan gian rang viec bd me khdng lien quan gi din con cai (•'minh ed danh nd dau ma nd phai nghi") hoac ho eiing ed y thurc ring de con cai chiing kien bao lye gia dinh giQa bd va me la khdng tdt nhuiig y thire nay khdng du manh de ho kidm soat hanh vi, tranh xd xat trude mat con cai. Nhu mdt ngudi me (43 tudi, can bd van phdng, khu vyc ndng thdn) chia se: "Biet thi cUng biet nhung liic day tire len rdi thi khdng the kiem sodt dugc. CUng khdng mudn mdng nd [miang con vi con can ngan bd me - chii thich ciia ngudi nghien ciru] nhung liic ddy gign qud mdt khdn. Sau thi chi ciing xin loi nd".
anl
.„
VI bat) lire
" ^"""'^
Ro mo lap lire dim;: xo xal
Khdti g CO Ilk gl
dunj; Hanh VI bao itre cdn manh hon
Khdng nhiing khdng dimg l^i.
bd/me con dinh mang Idl
Bieu dd 5: Phdn ting cua bd me khi tre vi thdnh nien co gang can ngdn bgo luc gia dinh
Cling kha ddng thuan vdi cac ket qua tren, khao sat cho thay, tre em chirng kien bao luc gia dinh cd xu hudng phan ddi bao lyc gia dinh cao hon so vdi tre ehua tirng chirng kien bao lyc gia dinh. i'uy nhien, khi diinh gia chung Ircn toan bd khach the nghien ciru, da sd tre vi thanh nien lai dia ban nghien ciru the hien thai do chap nhan nhSt dinh vdi bao lye gia dinh.
76 TAP CHi TAM Vi HOC, Sd 3 (216), 3 - 2017
Bi6u dd 6 cho th§y, ty le tre vj thanh nien tai dia ban nghien cuu cam thay chap nhan duac bao luc gia dinh rat cao, mac du miic dp chap nhan cua cac em la khac nhau. Chi cd khoang 27,0% sd tre vi thanh nien chung kien bao lire gia dinh cho biet, bao lire gia dinh la khdng chap nhan dupe, trong khi 41,7% cho rSng cdn tiiy hoan canh; 25,0% cho rang do la chuyen binh thudng va chap nhan duoc. Tham chi, 6,5% cho rang bao luc gia dinh giua chdng va vp trong mpt sd tinh hudng la viec chn thiet dd duy tri ky cuang gia dinh.
n Can ihiet. dS giCt ky cirong gia dinh Q Chuyen binh [huong, co the chip nhan ducrc n Tiiy. c6 liic chap nhan dirac. c6 luc khong O Khong chap nhsin dugc
Bieu do 6: Quan diem cua tre vi thdnh nien ve vdn de bgo luc gia dinh Tuy nhien, ket qua khao sal cho thay cd mdi lien he ihuan chieu giira miic dp chiing kien bao lire gia dinh va muc dp phan ddi bao luc gia dinh. Cu the, cac em cang chiing kien nhicu bao luc gia dinh thi cang cd xu hudng phan ddi bao luc gia dinh (r = 0,334; p < 0.001). Bang phan bd eho thay, loan bd cae cm thudc nhdm 6,5% cho rang bao luc gia dinh giua vp va chdng la can Ihict deu ihudc vc nhdm vi thanh nien chua tirng chiing kien bao luc gia dinh. Ngupe lai, ly Ic phan ddi manh me bao luc gia dinh (bao luc gia dinh la chuyen khdng chap nhan dupe) cao nhat d nhdm chung kien nhieu bao luc gia dinh (60,5%), cao hon han so vdi nhdm it chiing kien bao luc gia dinh (33,6%) va cao hon gan gap 4 lan nhdm chua bao gid ehiing kien bao luc gia dinh (16,2%).
Nghich ly la, mac du vc nhan ihiic, nhdm chiing kien bao luc gia dinh cd xu hudng phan ddi bao luc gia dinh giCra vo va chdng cao hon han nhdm khdng chiing kien bao luc gia dinh nhung Ircn ihuc le, khi cd mau thuan ban be va mau ihuan vdi ngudi yeu, cac em lai cd xu hudng su dung bao luc cao hon so vdi nhdm khdng chung kien. Kiem dinh Khi binh phuong cho th^y cd mdi lien he ed y nghTa giu'a vice chiing kien bao luc gia dinh vdi vice sir dung bao lire de giai quyel mau Ihuan ban be va mau ihuan vdi ngudi yeu ciia Ire vi
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 3 (216), 3 - 2017 77
thanh nien tham gia khao sat (X^ va bac ty do (df) iin lugt = 40,018/8;
21.129/6; p < 0,001). Ket qua nghien ciiu nay kha tuong ddng vai cac kdt qua nghien cuu di trude ve tac ddng cua vice ehiing kidn bao lye gia dinh cua bd me len xu hudng bao lyc ddi vdi ngudi yeu/ban ddi cila thanh nien sau n^y theo hudng nam gidi eang chirng kidn nhidu bao lyc gia dinh giila bd va rni:
eang cd xu hudng su dung bao lyc vdi ban gai/vg va ty le nil gidi churng kien nhidu bao lyc gia dinh giira bd va me trd thanh nan nhan cila bao hanh gia dinh sau khi kct hdn cao ban han so vdi nhdm nir ehua tirng chiing kien bao lyc gia dinh giOa bd va me (UNICEF, 2006; Future without violence. 2008).
Khdng chi the, ket qua khao sat cdn cho thay, viee chirng kien bao lyc gia dinh cdn ed hau qua kha rd net loi thanh tich trong trudng hgc cita tre vj thanh nien. Tucmg ty cac nghien cim di Irudc, nghien ciru nay ciing phat hien mdi lien he cd y nghTa ctia vice chirng kien bao lyc giira bd va mc vdi ddi sdng hpc dudng ciia hoc sinh. Sd lieu cho thay, hpc sinh eang chimg kien nhieu bao lye giiia bd va me, cac em cang cd xu hudng hpe kem va mdi lien he nay cd y nghia ve mat thdng ke (r = 0,335; p < 0,001). Kiem dinh mdi lien he giu'a viec chirng kien bao lyc gia dinh vdi hanh kiem eua hpc sinh chp thay, mdi lien he nay tham ehi cdn manh hon so vdi mdi lien he vdi hpc lyc (r = 0,379; p < 0,001) va theo hudng hpc sinh citng chirng kien nhicu bao lyc gia dinh cang cd xu hudng cd nhirng hanh vi vi pham ky luat Irong trudng hpe nhieu va nghiem trpng hon sp vdi eae ban khac.
4. Kct luan
Ket qua khao sat cho thay, mdt ly Ic dang ke so tre vj thanh nien tham gia khao siil cho bict cac cm da Itrng chirng kien bao lye giila bd va mc, bit kd cac em sdtig d khu vyc ndng thdn hay dd thj hay den tir mdi trudng gia dinh vdi mirc sdng khae nhau nhu the nao. Nhin chung. Ire vj thanh nien cd each nhin nhan kha can biing vc man thuiin giira bd va me nhung vd inat cam xuc.
vice chiing kien niiy tdi nay van gay ra eho cae em nhidu dang cam xiic tieu cue khac nhau. mac dit cac em deu da gin vdi dp tudi trudng thanh. Va tuong ung. ty Ic sd tre vj thiinh nien nd lyc can thiep bao lyc gia dinh tuong ddi thip, trong khi Ciic phiin irng hanh vi cd tinh tieu eye lai cao hon.
Nghien ciru tim thay indi lien he cd y nghTa giila vice chirng kidn bao lyc gia dinh vdi viec suy giam kdt qua hpc lap va Ciic hiinh vi vi pham ky luat trudng hpc ciia tre vi thanh nien. Ddng thdi, kdt quii khao sat cung cho thiy. cd tuong quan kha manh giua vice chirng kiiin bao lyc gia dinh vdi xu hutVng bao lyc cua Ire vi thanh nien trong cac moi quan he vdi ban be va ngudi yeu. Mdt each khai quat. kct quii niiy cho thiiy, tac ddng tieu cue cua vice chirng kien bao lyc gia dinh ddi vdi tre vj thanh nien khdng thuin tiiy chi la viin de cam xiic hay cac phan irng hanh vi tire thdi (tai thdi didm chimg kidn) ma ed tinh lau dai htm rit
TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd 3 (216), 3 - 2(117
nhidu (anh hudng tdi vide hinh thJnh cdc miu hanh vi lech chuin tai tnroTig hpc va suy giam hoc lyc), ddi hdi cin cd sy quan tam, can thiep cOa khong chi cac nha nghien cilu mi ca cic nha thyc hanh nhu tu van tam ly hay cdng tac xa hpi.
Nghien cdru nay cung ggi y ring, chiing ta can tien hanh them cac nghien curu khac vd tac dpng cua bao luc gia dinh ddi vdi trd a lira tuoi nhd hon, ddng thdi cin danh gii, so sanh giOa cac khu vuc sdng khac nhau: cae dd thj Idn nhu Ha Ngi, thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va cac khu vyc ndrig thdn, khu vuc mien ndi;
giGa nhdm bd me khac nhau va giGa nhdm bo me va eon cai de cd the xiy dyng dugc eac chuong trinh/md hinh can thiep hidu qua nham giam thidu tac dOng tieu eye cua viec chiing kien bao lye giGa chdng va vg tdi nan nhan gian tidp cua no la tre em.
Tai lifu tham khao
1. Dao Duy Anh, Viet Nam vdn hda su cuang, NXB Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, 1938/
1992.
2. Baker Linda L., Peter G. Jaffe, Lynda Ashbourne, Children Expo.ied to Domestic Violence, Available at www.lfcc.on.ca, 2002.
3. Mai Huy Bich, Bac diem gia dinh ddng bdng sdng Hdng, NXB Van hda Thdng tin.
Ha Ndi, 1993.
4. LIbow M., Children of violent marriages: The forgotten victims. Social Casework, 63,pp. 465-471. 1982.
5. Future without Violence, The Facts on Children and Domestic Violence, https;//
www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&csrc-s&source-web&cd=2&ved=0ahUKEwj XgM 7l4rOAhVrNpQKHSBqCxcQFggqMAI-&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpolice.ucsf.ed u%2Fsyslcm%2Ffiles%2Fdomesticviolencechildren.pdf&usg=AFQjCNEL03gQwoq 3x6wUtklVZqkVJjbOLQ&sig2=IZ2ZlykJz-pl23N7V94qvg&cad=rja, 2008.
6. James M., Domestic Violence as a Form of Child Abuse- Identification and Prevention, Issues in Child Abuse Prevention, 1994.
7. Groves B.M., Zukerman B., Marans S. & Cohen D.J,, Silent victims. Journal of the American Medical Association, pp. 262 - 264, 1993.
8. Meltzer, Howard. Lucy Doos, Panes Vostanis, Tamsin Ford, and Robert Goodman, 77K? mental health of children who witness domestic violence. Child and Familv Social Work, Vol. 14, pp. 491 - 501, 2009.
9. Nguyen Hthi Minh va Charles Hirschman, Md hinh sdng chung vdi gia dinh chdng sau khi kit hdn d ddng bdng Bdc Bg vd cdc nhdn td tdc dgng. Tap chi Xa hoi hgc, Sd 1 (69), tt. 41-54,2000.
10. UNICEF, Behind Closed Doors: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Children, 2006.
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