NCHIEN CW - TRAO DOI
LY THUYET VE LUA CHON DUY LY VA HANH DONG CO Y THUC' TRONG PHONG,
CHONG TOI PHAM THAM NHUNG
v u CONG GIAO*
HOANG T i n BiCH NGOC*
Tom tat: L^ thuyet ve "lua chon duy 1^" va "hanh d^ng c6 •§
thuc" la hai trong nhirng ly thuyit dugrc nghien cuu ve tham nhung v& phong, ch6ng tham nhung. B^i vilt nay, tac gia ph3n tich hai i^
thuyit tren giiip hieu hov ve nhihig yeu to duffc xem la nguon goc
\k c6 su dnh huong den h^nh vi tham nhung trong xa h$i; tfr d6, d l xudt nhirng phuwng phap phong, chlng tham nhiing mang lai hieu qua cao trong thuc tien.
Tie khoa: Tham nhung; su lua chon duy ly; hdnh dong coy thuc; phong, chong tham nhiing.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 25/12/2018; ngdy Men tap xong: 27/12/2018; ngdy duyet bdi: 03/01/2019.
Tham nhiing la van de thu hut sir quan tam rat Ion ciia cac xa hoi, song phong, chdng tham nhiing (PCTN) ciing la mot
"cuoc chiln" diy thu thach. 6 cac nircrc dang phat triln ciing nhu o Viet Nam, PCTN la mot nliiem vu d p thiet, bed tham nhiing la nguy ca de doa su ton vong Clia che do, la luc can ciia phat triln dit nuoc, anh huong nghiem trong d i n viec xay dung niem tin d l i voi chinh quyen, xiic tien thucfng mai, dau tU" nuoc ngoai va gay nen su mat on dinh trong xa hpi. Viec nghien cuu cac ly thuyit v l tham nhiing giiip chirng ta hiiu ro hon ve dac trung, nguon goc cua tham nhiing tu nhilu goc do; tur do, co giai phap thiet thuc
de PCTN. Hai trong s6 nhiiiig ly thuyit do la ly thuyet lua chon duy ly va ly thuyit tam ly hoc nhan thiic (hanh dong c5 y thilc).
1. Thuyit lua chon duy ly
Thuyit lua chon duy ly hay thuyit lua chon hop ly co nguIn g l c tir trilt hoc, kinh te hoc va nhan hpc. Mot s6 nha khoa hpc tieu bieu nghien ciiu v l ly thuyit nay la Max Weber, George Sunmel, George Romans va Peter Blau. Ho cho rang, ban chit con nguoi
*P/J0 Giao sw, Tien sT, ktioa lu$t, Bai hQc Quoc gia Ha Noi.
**Nghien cim sint}, ktioa luat, Dai hoc QuSc gia Ha NQI.
Tap chl
KIEM S A T - /Sol)7(thaiigOVZ019)
NGHIEN CliV - TRAO DOI
la vi ky, ludn lim den su hdi long, su thda man vd lang tranh su dau khd. Mot sd nha kinh te hoc cd dien thi nhdn raanh vai trd dpng lire co bdn cua yeu td kinh t i , loi nhudn khi con ngudi phdi dua ra quyit dinh lua chpn h^ih dpng. Dac trung ddu tiSn cd tinh chdt xudt phdt diem ciia thuyet lua chpn duy ly ehinh Id cac ca nhan thudng lua chpn hanh dpng phii hpp vdi hodn cdnh, dem lai lpi ich cho ban tban minh.
Thuyet lua chpn duy ly dua vdo tiin d i cho rang eon ngudi ludn hdnh dpng rapt each cd chii dich, cd suy nghi de lua ebon va su dung eac ngudn luc mdt each hpp ly nham dat duoc ket qua toi da vdi ehi phi tii thieu. Cd nghia Id, trudc khi quyit dinh mpt hdnh ddng nao do, con ngudi ludn can nhdc giiia chi phi va loi nhuan mang lai, neu chi phi ngang bang hoac nhd hon loi nhuan thi se thuc Men, cdn neu ehi phi Idn hon ket qud thi hp se khdng thuc hien hanh d6ng. Thuat ngu "lua chpn" dugc dung d i nhan manh viec pbdi can nhac, tinh todn de quyet dinh sit dung loai phuong tien hay each thiic tdi uu trong sd nhiing dieu kien hay each thiic Men ed de dat dugc muc tieu cd nhan. Pham vi cua muc dich d day khong chi cd loi ich vat chat {nhu tien lai, led nhuan, thu nhap) ma cdn cd cd loi ich xa hpi vd loi ich tmh thdn.
Nghien ciiu cua tac gia Kendra Dupuy thupc Trung tam chdng tham nhung U4 (the Anti-Corruption Resource Centre U4)' da cMa "lua chpn hgp ly" trong tham nhiing thdnh ba vdn d i nhd hon, bao gdm:
(1) Vdn d i hdnh ddng tap t h i ; (2) vdn de ngudi iiy thac va ngudi nham thac hay
ngudi nhdn uy tiidc; (3) vdn d i v i ehudn rauc xa hpi-^.
Thie nhdt, v i vdn d i hanh dpng tap thi, khi mot ea nhdn cM tap trung theo dudi dieu ho mong mudn hon la phdi hop vdi ngudi khac (su hgp tac) d i ciing tao ra nhiing lpi ieh chung, nguyen nhdn Id cd su xudt hien nhiing xung dot v i Igi ieh giiia cdc ca nhdn khien cho hp khdng mudn hgp tac lam viec ciing nhau. Tinh trang bdt hgp tac nay xudt hien trong nhieu ITnh vuc, trong dd cd lien quan dac biet den viec cung cdp cac dieh vu cdng.
O day, mdi cd nhdn trong xa hdi cd xu hudng hdnh ddng de dupe hudng mdt each tdi da cac dich vu cdng md kbdng tinh den phdn cua ngudi khdc va loi ich chung cua cdng ddng, vi cho rang nhiing thdnh vien khac trong cdng ddng cd kha nang ciing se hanh dpng nhu vdy. Tdm ly do dupe raieu ta cu the qua "ly thuyit trd choi" va "ly thuyet ngudi ngdi khdng budng Igi"^. No dat ra vdn de Id de PCTN hieu qud, can phdi giao due dao diic va tinh liem chinh cho mdi ca nhdn va ca cdng ddng, qua dd thiic day nhiing hanh ddng tap t h i cd tac dung phdng ngua tham nhiing.
Thie hai, thara nhiing edn la vdn de giiia ngudi iiy thdc vd ngudi nhdm thdc - hay ngudi nhdn iiy thdc. Day la mdt dang quan he pho bien xdy ra trong cdng ty
n 2002 f?ii Na Uy, hoat d^ng v^ nghien Giiu vdi myc tieu giai quyit nhimg thach thiic cua tham afiiJng. Hien co to chiic uy tin tai cac quoc gia thanh vien chir Anh, Na Uy, Thuy Dien, Diic, Ha Lan, Canada,
2. Kendra Dupuy (2018), Functionalist and rational choice theories of corruption, the Anti-Corruption Resource Centre U4 published, trang 2 (chiic nang va ly thuyit lua chon hop ly ciia tham nhiing, do Tnmg lam ch6ng tham nhung U4 cong bfl).
3. ThuSt ngii nay trong kinh ti hoc am chi nhiing nguoi thich thu hudng cac Im ich tir hang hoa c6ng m^ khong c6 trach nhiem ganh vac chi phi cSn thilt de tao ra nhiing hang hoa do, hoac chiu ganh chi phi nbirog it hon so vcd lpi ich ma hp dupe huong
So 07 (thang 04/2019) \
Tap chi _KIEM SAT
NGHIEN CVU - THAO DOI
hog.c td chiic ngoai nhd nude. Ddc tnmg cua quan he nay la ngudi qudn ly ehi sd hihi mpt phdn nhd, hoac thdm chi khdng sd hiiu vdn cua cdng ty, ngugc lai, cac ngudi chu lai la ngudi sd huu vdn. Ve nguyen tac, ngudi qudn ly phdi hanh ddng vi loi ich cua ngudi sd hiru (ngudi chu), song do cd su tdch biet giua quyen sd hiiu vd quyen qudn ly nen trong thuc te dan tdi nhiing trudng bop ngudi qudn ly cd the hdnh dpng vi Igi ich rieng eua hp chii khong phdi vi loi ich cua ngudi sd hiiu.
Lien he vdi qudn tri nhd nude, ngudi nham thdc (hay ngudi dugc uy thdc) chinh Id eac CO quan, cdng chiic nha nude (tuy nhien, trong thue te edn ed the bao gdm cdc td chiie bode cdng ty pM nha nude dugc uy nhiem cung cap dich vu cdng - gpi chung Id khu vuc cdng), cdn ngudi uy thdc chinh la ngudi dan. Trong quan he ndy, ngudi ddn trao quyen lire eho cdc co quan, cong chiic nha nude thay mat minh qudn ly xa hdi. Trong bdi cdnh dd, co quan, cdng ehiic nhd nude phdi hdnh ddng vi Igi ich ciia nhan ddn. Tuy nhien, trong thuc te ed nhung co quan, cdng chiic nha nude sir dung quyen lyc dugc giao nham muc dich tdi uu hda Igi ich cua ca nhan rainh thay vi Igi ich ciia ngudi ddn, dac biSt la khi tin tai "thdng tin phi ddi xung""*
giira ngudi ddn va nhd nude, ciing nhu khi ngudi dan khdng cd dieu kiSn va kbd nang gidm sdt ddy du boat dpng cua co quan, cdng chiic nhd nude.
4. Trong ldnh tS hoc, day \i trang fhai mat can bang trong CO cau thong tin - gi5a cac chii the giao dich co muc do n§m giu thong tin khong ngang nhau. Mpt nguoi se co thong tin nhiSu hon so voi ngucri khac ve doi tupng dupe giao dich. Dieu nay dan toi nhieu van de trong kinh te hpc, ma mpt trong s6 nhirng hau qua co the xay ra la nil ro dao diic (xay ra khi tmh trang chenh lech thong tin xay ra sau khi giao dich duac thuc hien).
Thie ba, thara nhiing ciing cd the bi dnh hudng bdi mdi birdng xd bdi. Hanh vi thara nhung cd thi mang tinh he thdng vd phd biin trong mdt xa hpi, bdi nguyen nhan eua tham nhiing khdng cM tii sir suy gidra dao diic cd nhdn md cdn do cd nhung ehudn muc xa bdi (hay tap qudn vdn hoa)^
thudn loi eho su tdn tai eiia nd. Ndi each khac, cd nhiing tap qudn van hod tao diiu kien thudn loi cho cac cd nhdn thuc bien hdnh vi tham nhung rad khdng sg bi tning phat, cd ve mat dao ly vd phdp ly, khi ma hanh vi tham nhimg dugc xem la "chap nhdn dugc" trong xa hpi. Vi du: Trong van hda Viet Nam vd nhieu nude chdu A khdc, phong tue tang qud va tri dn ngudi giiip do thudng bi Igi dung de jthyc hien hdnh vi tham nhung.
Tdm lai, mdi loai vdn de neu tren deu tac ddng den tinh trang tham nhiing theo each ndy hay each khdc, vi tbS mdi vdn de ddi hdi phai cd nhiing phuang thiic gidi quyet rieng, phu hgp. Neu tham nhiing Id vdn de ve tu cdch ea nhdn thi cdn cd nhirng CO che khuyen khieh mpi ngudi thuc Men edc hdnh vi cd dao diic di bdi trii tham nhiing. Cdn neu dd Id vdn di vi td chiic bd mdy thi cdn tang eudng co cbi kiira sodt quyin luc di ban chi co hdi eho thara nhang. Ngugc lai, trong frudng hgp thara nhung thupc ve van de van hod thi phdi tim cdch sua ddi nhung phong tuc, tap quan khdng phu hgp de xod bd nin tdng cho nhirng hanh ddng sai trdi, tranh biin tham nhiing thdnh rapt thuc te dugc chdp nhdn trong xa bdi.
5. Thuat ngu nay dupe dinh nghia ; i sau hon la cac quy tac ma mpt nhom su dung cho nhung gia tn, ni6m tin thai dp va hanh vi phii hpp va khong phii hpp. Chiing cung dupe mo ta ia cac quy tiic mang tinh thoi quen cua lianh vi nham diSu tilt mong tde ciia chiing ta voi nguW kh4c
Tap chi
5 0 I KltMSAT_ys607{thangO«019}
NGHIEN CVV - TRAO DOI Cd thd tiiay, ly thuyet lua chpn duy ly da
CO mOt chd dung va vai trd nhdt dinh trong nghi&i dm va thuc hanh chdng tham nhimg tir Idu. Ly thuyit nay ly gidi hdnh vi tham nhung la mpt tap hgp ctia sy tinh todn va yiu td vi lpi cita ban thdn. Tuy nMen, ly thuyit lua chpn duy ly cd mdt Id hdng lien quan den khia canh tdm ly ve nhdn thiic vd su dnh hudng cita nd den hanh ddng thara nhiing, vi vdy, "thuyit tara ly hpc nhdn thuc" (hanh dpng cd y thiic) sau ddy se tryc tiip ly giai ve Id hdng ndy.
2. Thuyit tdm 1;^ hpc nhfin thiic (hanh dOng CO y thirc)
NgMen ciiu ve tara ly hpc nhdn thiie chiing minh rdng, dS hieu dugc qua trinh dua ra quyet dinh cua mdt cd nhdn (trong do CO quyet dinh thyc hien hdnh vi tham nhung), cdn phdi xem xet nhiing yeu td anh hudng tdi qua trinh xir ly thdng tin (nhu thdi gian, nang lye nhan thiic vd dpng lyc) cita cd nhdn dd. Trong tdm ly hpe, cd nhiing ddu hieu chiing minh cho sy tdn tai cua nhimg yeu td ndy trong nhdn thiic ve tham nhung, cu the bao gdm: (1) Yeu to dia vi xa hpi (quyen luc); (2) yeu td danh Igd ca nhdn vd khd nang kiem sodt ban than; (3) yeu td tdm ly khdng mudn thua thiet va san sang chdp nhan rui ro; (4) khd nang hgp thiic hda.
Thu nhdt, yeu td dia vi xa hpi (quyen lire); Ddy la yiu td nin tang trong nghien cmi ve tham nhung (cung ehinh la rapt trong nhiing yeu td eo bdn phdn dnh dieu kien quan trpng cua thuyit lya chpn duy ly, do Id "dpc quyin"^). Quyen lyc d ddy dugc xdc dinh nhu la kha ndng nara giii
viec dua ra quyet dinh, diiu ma cd thi tao CO hdi cho nhirng hanh vi vd dao diic.
Nhu vdy, neu tMeu quyin luc, ca nhdn khd cd the thyc Men hdnh ddng tham nhimg. Mdt sd nha ngMen eiiu, trong dd cd nhd tdm ly hpc Kipms, da ehi ra mdi lien he giiia quyen lye vdi tham nhung khi phdt hien ra rang nhiing ngudi nam giir quyin lyc thudng cd xu hudng ty tm hon, san sang chap nhdn rui ro, tim kiim CO hdi, it cdm thdy tpi ldi va thudng dat Igi ich ed nhan len dau.
Thie hai, yeu td danh lpi va khd nang kiem sodt bdn thdn: Mpt sd ngMen eiiu cita Trung tdm Chdng tham nhiing U4^ da chi ra rang nhiing ngudi nam giii quyen lyc thudng cd xu hudng san sang thyc hien nhiing hdnh dpng mang lai Igi ich cho chinh bdn than rainh, ke cd khi nhung lpi ich do chua chac chan da dat dugc. Trong nghiSn ciiu cua tac gid Trevino va Youngblood (1990)^ da chiing minh rang nhiing ca nhan cd kha nang kiem soat ban thdn vd ed sy phdt trien nhan thirc dao diic cao hon thi thudng 1dm nhiing dieu dung vd it cd kha nang thyc Men cdc hanh vi tham nhiing hon.
Thie ba, yiu td tdm ly khdng mudn thua thiet vd sdn sang chap nhdn rui ro: Tham nhiing la hdnh vi cd khd nang riti ro eao, ddc biet niu hi phat Men thudng se phdi chiu hmh phat nang. Cd nghien ciiu da chi ra rdng, con ngudi thudng tin nhiing dieu khdng hay xdy ra vdi ngudi khdc chir
6. Cong Ihijc tham nhung ciia C. Stephan da neu 6 phin tnroc la: Tham nhiing = dpc quyen + bimg bit thong tin - tinh minh bach - dao diic luan ly (gpi tit la: C=M+D-T-M).
7. Kendra Dupuy, Siri Neset (2018), The cognitive psychology of corruption, U4 isue 2018:2 (tam ly hpc nhan thirc Clia tham nhiing}.
8. Trevino, L.K., and S.A. Youngblood (1990), Bad Apples in Bad Barrels: A Causal Analysis of Ethical Decision-Making Behavior, Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(4): 378-386 (Tao xau trong thiing xau:
Phan tich nguyen nhan ciia quyet dinh dao diic - hanh vi).
. Tap chi So07(thangOW019)V_KIEMSAT I 5 1
NGHIEN CVU - TRAO DOI
khdng phdi vdi minh^. Tam ly nay eung xudt Men tiong trudng hgp thara nhiing, thi hien d chd nhiing ngudi tbyc hien banh vi phi phdp thudng nghi rdng ho ed the che gidu, ludn Idch hoac hpp thiic hoa dugc nhirng hanh vi sai trai cita minh. Diiu nay gidi tMcb cho edu hdi tai sao nhieu ca nhdn thyc bien banh vi thara nhiing, mac du khd ndng bi phdt hien la rdt cao.
Thie tie, kha nang hgp thitc boa: Con ngudi thudng tim cdc phucmg phdp nham bien minh hoac hgp ly boa cho nhirng hdnh dpng ciia minh de nhiing hdnh ddng dd dugc xd hdi chap nhdn. Nha nghien ciiu Benson^** gpi ddy Id "ly tiiuyet tirung hda".
Mpt tiong nhiing phuong phap de bmh thudng hda hdnh vi tham nhung chinh la hgp ly hda nd, vdi muc dich xda bd nhiing dinh kiin xa hpi vi nhung hanh vi Ibieu dao dire do, bien nd tid thdnh mdt hdnh vi bmh tbudng. 0 ddy, ed the thdy viec mdt cd nhdn cd gdng hgp thiie hda cac hdnh vi tham nhiing cita hp la diiu dl hieu, my nMen, vi?e xd hdi cd ehdp nhdn nd hay khdng mdi chinh la dieu can quan tdm.
Tdm lai, thuyit tdm ly hpe nhdn thiic ddng vai tird rdt Idn ti-ong viec nhin nhdn rd rang gdc ri, bdn chdt cua tham nhiing. Neu biiu dugc tdm ly eua ngudi thuc hien hanh vi thi ed tbi dy dodn dugc hanh ddng cua hp ti-ong tuong lai, tii dd ed nhiing bien phdp phu bgp di kip thdi phdt hien va
9 Jacquemet, N., J.L.Rulliere, andl.ViaUe. (2008), Monitoring Optimistic Agents, Journal of Economic Psychology, 29: 698-714 (Giam sat cac tac nhan lac quan, Tjp chi tim ly kinh t£).
10. Benson, M (2015), White Collar Crime: Recent Trends and Debates". International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition. Volume 25, pp. 551-557 (Tpi pham c6 trSng: Xu huong va tranh luan gSn day. Bach khoa toan thu qudc t% ve khoa hpc xa h^i va hanh vi).
ngan chan nhiing hdnh vi tham nhiing.
3. M6t so nhan xet, kinh nghigm va giai phap phong, chong tham nhung
Ly tiiuyit lya chpn duy ly la ly tiiuyet da tiling tri edc boat ddng ngMen cuu va cac chinh sdch PCTN d nMiu quoc gia tien the gidi yong mpt tiidi gian dai. Ly tiiuyet ndy tdp trung ngMen eiiu vi cae hanh vi khdch quan md ngudi thara nhung thudng cd xu budng thye Men. Vi du: Yiu td chudn muc xa hdi lam dnh hudng din hdnh vi cita con ngudi, mdt kM hdnh ddng tham nhiing trd nen quen thupc trong xd bgi, mpi ngudi ddn nhan vd thyc MSn nd nhu mpt hdnh ddng bmh tbudng lM nhung ngudi thyc Men hanh dpng sai tidi cd thi khdng nhdn tbiic dugc rdng do la mpt hdnh ddng khdng nen lam, hoac neu cd nhdn tbiic dugc tM bg vdn tiep tuc thyc Men bdi hp eho rdng nd se khdng gdy ra hdu qud bat Igi gi cbo bdn thdn minh; bay nhu trong vdn de hdnh ddng tap the vd mdi quan he giiia ngudi iiy thdc va ngudi nhara thdc, mdi trudng vd tinh budng tao cbo ed nhdn tdm ly ddi hdi Igi ich, tren phuong dien tdra ly khdch quan, con ngudi ludn cd xu hudng cdn nhdc giiia loi ich rieng eua minh vdi lpi ich chung ciia tap the hoac Igi -ich cua ngudi khac, loi ieh chung CO tbe dugc thda man hoac khdng nhimg Igi ich ri€ng tM ludn phdi dugc tbda man.
Cd tiii ndi, ly thuyit lya chpn duy ly da chiing minh mdt each rd rang rang tham nhiing Id mot hdnh vi dugc thye bien nhdm thda man cho loi ich bdn thdn, tuy nMen, nd cdn chua dit thuyet phuc de gidi thieh mdt sd yiu td phuc tap tac dpng din hdnh vi tham nhiing, neu khdng ed su nghien ciiu sdu hon ve yeu td nhdn thirc. Bdi vi, yiu td nhan thiic chinh la ngudn gdc ciia hanh vi rapt banh vi dugc tao ra trudc hit phai dua vdo yiu td nhan thiic ehii quan, sau do mdi
Tap chi
5 2 I Kl£MSAT_ /Sd07(thwg 04/2019)
N G H I £ N CVV - TRAO B^I
din y^u to hodn cdnh khach quan. Ly gidi nhu vdy mdi ddm bdo dugc tinh chinh xac;
tii do, mdi de xuat dugc nhirng giai pbap PCTN phu hpp, todn dien vd Men qud hon.
Nhiing h ^ chi cua ly thuyit lya chpn duy ly da tao tien de cho cde nhd ngMen ciiu va cdc nhd boat ddng chdng thara nhiing tim ra ly thuyet mdi de cd the ly gidi dugc haih vi tham nhiing tu gdc re - tiic la tii cap dp tam Ij" nhan thiic cua con ngudi:
Chinh la ly thuyet tara ly hpe nhan thiic vi/trong tham nhung. Ly thuyet nay tap tnmg ngMen ciiu ve y cM chu quan cita ngudi thye Men hdnh vi thara nhiing kM lien he vdi edc yeu td khach quan cd dnh hudng den nang lyc nhan thiic va ddng co thyc Men hdnh vi. Dieu nay ggi md cho viec xdy dung nhiing co ehe phdng ngica tham nhiing ma tac dpng tryc tiep den tam ly nhan tiiuc cua con ngudi, nhu: Co che kiem sodt hdnh vi, co che gidi trinh vd co che triing phat.
Tdng hgp lai, gdn vdi ly thuyet neu tren, mpt sd nhd nghien ciru ndi tieng da dua ra nhiing cdng thiie ly gidi co che phat sinh, phdt triin cita tham nhung va dinb hudng each thiic phdng, chdng te nan ndy.
Vi du, Robert Klitgaard xdc dinh: "Thara nhiing ^ Ddc quyin + Bung bit thdng tin - Trach nhiera giai trinh"^^ Tuong ty cdng thiec tien song cd tinh chi tiet cao hon, C.
Stephan cho rdng: "Thara nhung = Ddc quyin + Bung bit thdng tm - Tinh minh bach - Dao diic ludn ly"^^
Theo nhirng cdng tbiic neu tren, tham
11. Khtgaard Robert (1988), Kiem sodt tliam nhiing, Nxb. Dai hoc California.
12. Stephan Constatin (2012), hidustrial Health, Safely and Environment Management, MV Wissenschaft, 3rd edition, page 26, ISBN 978-3-86582-452-3 (Y ti cong nghiq), quan ly su an toan va moi tnrdng).
nhung phat smh tic cdc yiu td Id ddc quyin, bung bit thdng tin, tMeu tinh minh bach va tMeu dao diic, tiong dd: "Ddc quyin" Id viec rapt he thing (thudng la chinh quyin) sd hiiu phdn Idn hoac toan bd tdi sdn vd cM phdi thi trudng md khdng thdng qua quy luat thi trudng; "bung bit thdng tin" Id khd nang cM phdi thdng tui va ddnh lac budng du ludn; "tinh minh bach" la sy tiong sang tiong chinh sdeh hanh chinh cdng, chi phi cdng vd dau thdu cong; "dao diic" phdn anh ndng lyc ludn ly cua ngudi tham gia vao he thdng, ndng lyc nay de nhan biet dieu diing vd dieu sai.
Cac cdng thiic neu tien dac biet chinh xdc kM ddi cMeu vdi boat ddng ciia bd may nha nude, kbi cae can bd cong ehiic nhd nude tiiudng cd dac quyen va cd thdm quyen quyet dinh ddi vdi cdc ngudn luc cita dat nude. Nhu vdy, chien luge de ngan chan vd giam thiiu tham nhiing tiong khu vyc cdng cdn phdi la: Lam gidm di tinh dpc quyin va lam gia tang tinh cdng khai, minh bach cita bp may cdng quyen thdng qua cdc bien phdp nhu: Ap dung cac quy ludt cua kinh ti thi trudng di giam thiiu su can tMep cua nhd nude vdo cac boat dpng kinh te; md rdng cac quyen ddn chii, dac biet la su tham gia Clia ngudi dan trong quan ly xd hpi; cimg cd cdc CO che kiem soat quyen lyc va bao ddm tiach nhiem giai trinh cua cae co quan, cdng cbiic nha nude... Cude chien chdng tiiam nhiing d cdc qudc gia ben thi gidi Men nay phdn Idn diu dp dung cMin luge nay, raac dit vdi cdch thiec vd mirc dp it nMeu khac nhau. Diin hinh vi viec dp dung cMin luge ndy vd dat thanh cdng tiong cupc cMin chong tiiam nhiing Id cac nude: Dan Mach, Thuy Diin, Vuong qudc Anh, Phdp, Hoa Ky,... (d chau Au va chau My); Han Qudc, Singapore, Trung Quic,... (d chau A).
S607{ttiang04/2019)\
Tap chi _Kl£MSAT I 5 3
NGHIEN CW - TRAO DOI
Lay vi du td Singapore, mdt qudc gia Ddng Nam A, phdn ddu tii rapt nude ed t?
nan tham nhiing tran lan {trong nhiing tii^p ky 1960, 1970) ti-d thanh mdt trong nhirng nude diing ddu t h i gidi v i it thara nhiing trong bang danh gia hang ndm cua Td chiie Minh bach qudc t i . Mdt sd bdi hpc kinh nghiera tu Singapore cd t h i k i den la: Xdy dyng tap qudn cdng quyin t i t dep vd chinh sdch dai ngp thda ddng ddi vdi cdng chiic de cdng chirc ludn phdi cdn nhac vd giii gin phdm hanh; dat ra hinh phat nang va the hien y ehi kien quyet xu ly ddi vdi ngudi tham nhiing, bat ke dia vi hay da tumg ed cong hien cho ddt nude trude dd; xay dung co quan ehuyen trach chdng tham nhung boat dpng dpc lap.
Diic riit lai, tdt ed nhirng gi rad Singapore thye hien trong ITnh vyc ndy Id de xdy dyng mpt he thdng cdng vu trong sach, trong dd cdng ehiic "khdng the thara nhiing, khdng ddm tham nhiing va khdng mudn tham nhiing".
Ddi vdi Viet Nara, tiong Hdi nghi lan thie V, Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uong Dang (khda XI) da xac dinh tinb hinh ve tham nhiing, lang pM "vdn cdn nghiem tipng, vdi nhiing bieu bien tinh vi, phiic tap, xdy ra tren nhieu ITnh vyc, nhieu cap, nMeu nganh... gdy birc xitc tiong xd hdi va la thdch thiic Idn ddi vdi sy lanh dao cita Ddng, sy quan ly cua nhd nudc"'^. Tir tinh binh do, Hpi nghi da thanh lap Ban chi dao Trung uong''' ve PCTN tryc thupc Bd Chinh tri, do ddng cM Tdng Bi thu lam
Trudng ban chi dao; lap lai Ban Npi cMnh Trung uong vd Ban Ndi cMnh d cac d^a phuong vdi mong mudn tao budc chuyen mdi bong cdng tac ddu tranh PCTN. Tir do din nay, sau 05 nam. Ban cM dao thanh lap, cdng cupc ddu tianh PCTN eua Viet Nam da cd nhiing ddu dn tich cue vd d^t dugc nMiu kit qud tit, dugc nhdn ddn ddng tMh va dugc cae td chiie qudc t i ghi nhan thdng qua mdt sd cdng tac phdi ke den nhu sau:
Thie nhdt. Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uong, Bd CMnh tii, Ban BI thu. Ban Chi dao da lanh dao, cM dao kien quyit xu ly nghiem minh, cd ly, cd tmh mpt sd cdn bp eao cap ca duong chiic va da ngM huu, cd vi pham lien quan d i n cac vu dn tham nhung nghiem ttpng, hoac nam ttong "vung cdm, nhay cam", da dugc chi dao xu ly ngMera minh^^. Budc di nay da mang lai hieu qud cao trong cdng tac PCTN, bdi nd ed tde dung cdnh tinh, ran d e - v a phdng ngira tham nhiing trong bd may nha nude vd ttong xa hdi.
Thie hai, thuc hien cdng tde tdng cudng kiim fra, gidm sat, thanh tta, kiem toan de kip thdi phdt hien xir ly ngMem rainh cac sai phara; siet chat ky Mat, ky cuong ttong Ddng vd bd raay nha nude. Cac co quan thanh tta, kiem todn tdng eudng thanb ti-a nhiing ITnh vyc cd nhieu du Man tieu cyc, cdc du an gay thdt thodt keo dai, du ludn xa hpi quan tdm d6 phdt hien va xir ly cac vi pham kip thdi.
Thie ba, quy dinb cua Ddng vd phdp Mat Clia nha nude v i xay dyng Dang, qudn ly
13. Ket luan so 21-KLmv, ngay 25/5/2012, KSt lu?n Hpi nghi TW 5 khoa XI ve tiep tuc thuc hien Nghi quySt TW 3 khoa X ve tang cuong su lanh d?io ciia Dang d6i ven cong tac PCTN.
14. Ban Chi d^o dupe thanh l?ip ngay 01/02/2013 dieo Quylt dinh s6 I62-QD/TW ciia Bp Chmh trj.
IS. Diln hinh nhu: Vu an xay ra tai ngan hang TMCP Dai Tm hon ! 0.000 ty d6ng; vu an xay ra tai ngan hang TMCP xay dung (giai doan I) hon 6.000 ty ddng; vy AVG ban 8.500 ty d6ng; vu an danh bac, t6 chiic danh bac xay ra tai Phii Thp ban 1.400 ty dong...
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5 4 I KIEMSAT.^ / S o 07 (thing 04/2019)
