The scanning electron microscope of the hair follicle from the upper trunk revealed a large number of yeasts of two kinds, orbicular-oval and spherical (Fig. 5 b-c). One of the cases is a 47-year-old farmer who presented to our clinic with a history of progressive red plaque around the inner canthus (Fig. 7a), after dacryocystectomy about a year earlier.
Chromoblastomycosis
Under SEM observation: dematic hyphae with very well defined septa, conidiophores and oval brown spores arranged in a clump could be seen.
Primary laryngeal aspergillosis
Acne
Acne is closely related to the combination of genetic and environmental factors, among which Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) plays a prominent role [18].
Pediculosis
There were some small patches of erythema (in the circle) and a brown dot-like substance on his scalp (Fig. 13a). The dermoscopy revealed a brown parasite (0.9 mm in horizontal axes and 1.2 mm in vertical axes) with two crab-like feet attached to the scalp (Fig. 13b).
Demodiciosis
There were four pairs of feet on the side of the parasite's head and its abdomen was marked by ring-shaped striae on the surface. There were four pairs of feet on the side of the parasite's head and its abdomen was marked by ring-shaped striae on the surface.
Author details
A 28-year-old man came to our clinic because of pruritus, multiple erythema, papules, pustules and lesions on the nose and cheeks.
Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observation of the parasitic form of Trichophyton violaceum in the infected hair of tinea capitis. Mucor irregularis Infection around the inner corner of the eye cured by amphotericin B: a case report and review of published literature.
TOP 1%
Development of Myeloid Dendritic Cells under the
Influence of Sexual Hormones Visualized using Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy
- Introduction
- Functional aspects of DCs in the immune system
- Antigen presentation
- Cross-presentation
- Types of DCs and their characteristics
- Maturation of myeloid DCs (mDCs)
- Immature mDCs
- Mature mDCs
- How sexual hormones influence the development and maturation of mDCs
- Investigations performed in our laboratory
- Generation of DC anti-tumor vaccines
- Conclusion
- Abbreviations
Skin DCs can be divided into epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) characterized by cytoplasmic Birbeck granules containing Langerin and dermal Langerin-positive as well as Langerin-negative DCs [ 2 ]. Nevertheless, the stable expression of peptide-loaded MHC class II molecules requires the intersection of the endocytic and lysosomal pathways as explained above. In this regard, DCs, located in the lamina propria of the small intestine, which extend long cell processes that probe antigens in the intestinal lumen, have been demonstrated [48–50].
TEM images show cells with a relatively smooth surface in the center of a cluster (Fig. 3e) as well as cells in the periphery of clusters that form interdigital cell projections, which are marked with stars (Fig. 3f). In this regard, only mature DCs are fully capable of cooperating with lymphocytes (Fig. 6b) by presenting antigens via MHC class I and II molecules [56]. In this regard, the regulation of the Th1- and Th2-related cytokines is important for a successful pregnancy [66].
Flow cytometry and cell sorting were performed using a FACSort machine (Becton Dickinson) which uses a "clamp tube", a mechanical sorting device, located on top of the flow cell. In addition, they produce high levels of the immune inhibitory molecule programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Generation of DCs from CD34+ HSCs requires mobilization of these cells into the patient's peripheral blood prior to leukapheresis.
Acknowledgements
Differentiation of dendritic cells derived from immunostimulatory stem cells and monocytes involves the maturation of intracellular compartments responsible for antigen presentation and secretion. An immunoelectron microscopic study of macrophages and dendritic cells expressing major histocompatibility complex class II molecules in experimental rat periapical lesions. Endosomally stored MHC class II does not contribute to antigen presentation by dendritic cells in inflammatory conditions.
Dendritic cell lineage differentiation by generation of large numbers of Birbeck granule-positive Langerhans cells from human peripheral blood stem cells in vitro. Estrogen preferentially promotes the differentiation of CD11c+ CD11b(intermediate) dendritic cells from bone marrow precursors. Estrogen receptor signaling promotes dendritic cell differentiation by increasing expression of the transcription factor IRF4.
Pregnancy-related hormones modulate cytokine production but not the phenotype of PBMC-derived human dendritic cells.
Electron Diffraction
General introduction
- Elastic scattering of electrons by individual atom
- Scattering by an ideal crystal structure
- The Bragg law
- The Laue conditions
- The structure factor
- The reciprocal lattice
Coherent beams of electrons and inphases are irradiated from the upper surface of the thin specimen. Some of them are scattered and the rest are transmitted through the specimen, which does not participate in the formation of the diffraction pattern [1-3]. Using the Bragg law and the structure factor, the diffracted planes in the crystal can be determined.
In fact, each of the planes in the real crystal lattice is represented by a point on the reciprocal lattice located at a distance 1/dhkl from the center O. The diffraction vector g(hkl) of the reciprocal lattice is perpendicular to the plane of the crystal lattice. The formation of the Ewald sphere in the reciprocal lattice and the diffraction pattern are shown in Figure 5 .
The incident beam of electrons collides with the thin sample and then a certain percentage of the incident beam is trans‐.
Types of electron diffraction patterns
- Ring pattern
- Spot patterns
- Kikuchi patterns
Finally, the diffraction pattern of the sample is taken which is annular and continuous as shown in Figure 6. R is the distance between the diffracted and emitted (center spot) beams in the diffraction pattern screen. Kikuchi line pattern can occur when sample thickness is more than normal and close to perfect.
By increasing the sample thickness, the intensity of the spot pattern decreases and the intensity of the Kikuchi line pattern increases. Most of the time, spot and Kikuchi line patterns exist simultaneously in photomicrographs such as Figure 8. The position of the Kikuchi line and spot patterns can be seen in Figure 9 in Al 7075 alloy where a thermomechanical treatment has been performed.
To index the paired Kikuchi lines in the pattern, the distance between the pair of Kikuchi lines can be measured.
Structural characterization of electron diffraction patterns
- Orientation relationship
- Phase identification
- Twinning
- Dislocation
- Preferred orientation and texture
- Streaks
Also, the angle between Kikuchi lines in the pattern is consistent with the angle between the diffraction planes because these lines are parallel to reflective planes. The spots, Kikuchi lines and the distance between paired Kikuchi lines in the pattern of γFe are determined. In the spot pattern of two-phase alloys, there are two kinds of spots, as shown in Figure 10b.
The direction of the reflected planes within the twins is not the same as the overall crystal structure and additional spots become visible in the diffraction pattern. These processes create a high density of dislocations in the Al matrix, which affects the spot shapes in the diffraction pattern. Spots in the sample are deformed from a normal shape (circular shape) to stretched and irregular spots (disk-halo).
In fact, striations in a diffraction pattern can be produced by stacking faults in any crystal structure.
Electron diffraction pattern of new materials
- Highly crystalline Multi-Wall carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs)
- Palladium doping into MWCNTs
- Vanadium Oxide Nanotubes (VONTs)
- Amorphous coating
According to the results of measurements, palladium has an f.c.c crystal structure, and the lattice parameter and zone axis of the sample are 3.90 Å and z= 1¯22, respectively. It is noteworthy that using the EDP method and its interpretation results, the structure of different nanotubes will be predictable. The ring pattern with the Miller indices according to the interplanar distance of the VONT crystal structure is given.
Based on the measurement results, VONT has f.c.c crystal structure and its lattice parameter was 3.92 Å. When the grain size of the sample is extremely fine or completely amorphous, the characteristic of concentric rings in the sample disappears and a halo remains around the bright central spot, indicating that the electrons are randomly scattered due to the amorphous structure of the sample. Diffraction pattern of amorphous SiO2−10% ZnO coating prepared by sol-gel method on α-alu‐.
Appendix 1
16] Microbeam Analysis, Analytical Electron Microscopy, Selected Area Electron Diffraction Analysis Using a Transmission Electron Microscope, International Standard, ISO 25498, First Edition, 2010.
TEM as an Important Tool to
Study Aquatic Microorganisms and
Ultrastructure of freshwater bacteria: diversity and morphological alterations in response to environmental stress
- Ultrastructural diversity of bacteria from aquatic ecosystems
- Ultrastructural alterations and death of bacteria in response to environmental stress The physiological state of bacteria is an important parameter in aquatic ecosystems to under‐
- Visualizing virus-infected bacteria in aquatic ecosystems
The flagellar filament is rotated by a motor apparatus on the plasma membrane and allows cell motility in aqueous environments. We also found substantial variation in bacterial cell envelope thickness (Figure 1) and compositions (Figures 1 and 2A), which correlate with the presence of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, both commonly found in aquatic ecosystems. TEM also revealed that bacteria from aquatic ecosystems can display a stable system of endomembranes, - mesosomes and/or thylakoid membranes in the bacterial cytoplasm.
In the cytoplasm (Cy), observe typical spaces and structures, such as nucleoid (N), mesosomes (arrow) and granules (Gr). Yet, in an ecological perspective, the definition of bacterial life/death in aquatic ecosystems depends mostly on cell viability and growth assays [32–36]. The trilaminar aspect of the outer membrane (highlighted in yellow) is clearly seen in high magni‐.
In (B), note bacterial cytoplasmic condensation (arrow) and loss of cell shape, while in (C) clear structural damage to the cell envelope (arrow) is evident.
Production of outer membrane vesicles by freshwater bacteria
Concluding remarks and perspectives
Previous views of the ultrastructure of these microorganisms, which in the past were viewed as cells with a very simple structure, are now expanding to encompass a new understanding of their multifunctional activities and cellular complexity. Our results from environmental and cultural TEM studies revealed an ultrastructurally diverse population of bacteria in freshwater ecosystems characterized by distinct cytoplasmic and external structures. For example, it is not understood how bacteria interact in aquatic ecosystems.
These and other aspects, including bacterial responses to several environmental stresses, mechanisms of bacterial cell death, and bacteria-virus interaction, need to be investigated in more detail so that the functional importance of bacteria and other microorganisms from aquatic ecosystems can be elucidated. fully appreciated. as critical regulators of ecological processes. Changes in fluorescence intensity of DAPI-stained intact bacteria and their implications for rapid bacterial quantification. Rapid detection and enumeration of total bacteria in drinking water and tea beverages by a laboratory-built high-sensitivity flow cytometer.
Viruses and bacteria in floodplains along a major tributary of the Amazon react to the distance from the Amazon.
