Tiiu ban Sinh hgc vd ngudn lgi sinh vdt Biin
DANH GIA MlTC DO SUY THOAI CAC THAM CO BIEN VEN B 6 VIET NAM
Nguyen Thi Thu, Cao Van Luang, Tran Manh H^, Dinh Van Nhan \k nnk Vipn Tdi nguyen va Moi trudng Biin
246 Da Ndng, Hai Phong Email: [email protected]
Ap li/c tdc dpng tu nhirng thay ddi ve mdi tnrang. khi hgu vd cdc hogt dpng kinh te bien len HST thdm cd biin ven ba Viet Nam ngdy cdng mgnh me. Chiing dang bi suy thodi nghiim trgng. Vipc nghien cim di ddnh gid dugc mirc dp suy thodi dd dirgrc ddt ra trong khudn khd de tdi KC 09.26/06- 10 nhdm cung cdp ca sa khoa hoc cho lap cdc ki hogch qudn li bin vung, nhdm bdo vi, phuc hot vd phdt triin ngudn Igri thdm cd bien. Cdn cu vdo cdc biiu hipn cita qua trinh suy thodi cdc HST ven ba, cdc nguyin nhdn vd hau qud ciia su suy thodi cdc thdm cd biin ven ba, da ddnh gid mirc dp suy thodi HST thdm cd biin ven ba dua vdo 6 tiiu chi Id cdc ddc trung tgo nen cdu trite, chirc ndng sinh thai cita HST TCB vd 2 tieu chi khdc la mirc dp tdc dpng ciing nhu la nguyin nhdn chinh gdy suy thodi HST thdm cd biin ven ba Vipt Nam.
Thdy rdng cdc h? sinh thai thdm co biin ven ba Viet Nam hien biit cd khodng han 20 000 ha dd vd dang bi suy thodi vai ba cdp dp khdc nhau (cdp I, II vd III) b&l nhirng nguyen nhdn khdc nhau a cdc khu virc cd dgc tnrng sinh thdi vd phdn bd khdc nhau. Cdc thdm cd bien vung trieu cua sdn^ ven ba vd viing vinh phia bdc Viit Nam da bi suy gidm nghiim trgng nhdt trong 10 ndm qua v&i tdc dp trung binh/ndm t&l 8 - 9%. Cdp dp gidm ddn tuang ung tir 111 - II khi di tir viing trieu vdo ddm nu&c /p" ra t&i ven cdc ddo. Cdc thdm cd vitng trieu cira sdng tir Qudng Binh - Qudng Nam dang bi suy thodi vol tdc dp trung binh 6 - 7%/ndm (cdp dp III - II). Cdc thdm cd ven baphia nam tning bp suy gidm chdm han v&i tdc dp tning binh nam khodng 5%/ndm (cdp II - 1). Tdc dp suy pdm cdc thdm cd bien trong
• cdc ddm phd miin tnmg khodng 4-5%/ndm (cdp II -1). Tdc dp suy gidm cdc thdm cd ven cdc ddo thip nhdt vdi tning binh 2 - 3%>/ndm (cdp dp I). Tdc dp phuc hdi tu nhiin khodng 1,5%/ndm tgi mpt sd thdm cd biin cho thdy cd khd ndng phiic hoi cdc thdm cd bien ven ba khi kip thai cd cdc gidi phdp qudn li hipu qud
Hpi nghj Khoa hgc vd Cong nghi biin todn qudc Idn thu V
ASSESSING DEGRADATION OF VIETNAM COASTAL SEAGRASS BED ECOSYSTEMS Abstract:
Base on criteria that were charateristed by the ecological structure and functions of coastal ecosystem degration process, on the impacted causes
on ecosysetems assesst degradation the Vietnamese coastal seagrass beds ecosystems were carried out in KC 09.26/06-10 frame.
The seagrass bed ecosystems has been covered with arears above 20000 ha on the coastal waters of Vietnam. They were been degrated in three level (I,II, III) which depend on the different causes that happened in the local areas having different natural ecological, distribution environmental conditions and the social - economical activities...The seagrass beds at the coastal, estuarine and embayment waters in the Northrn of Viet Nam was degrated in the strongest with 80-90% per ten years. The degration is lower than that at the brackishwater poonds and arounding coastal waters of island. The seagrass beds at the north of central coastal waters (Quang Binh — Quang Nam) in degration is slower than that in the above waters with 60-70% per ten years. The seagrass beds at the southern coastal and lagoons waters of Centren was degraed about 50% that is lower then above areas. The surrounding coastal seagrass beds of islands in degration is the lowest with 30% per ten years (level I). The rehabitation of some seagrass beds at Tam Giang lagoons when having good managements is rather high (1,5%/year/area). This first results is pontential scientific bases for effective management policies in the next time.
MCfDAU
Co bien (seagrass) Id nhdm thyc vat bgc cao co hoa song nggp chim dydi biin. Thdm co bien la ch6 dya quaii trpng de duy tri sy sdng d bien, dgc bipt la vung biin ven bd nhipt ddi. Gid tri ciia co biin toan thi gidi tham gia trong cac chuoi dinh dudng (C, N, P) khodng 3, 8 nghin ti (trillion) USD (Costansa, 1997). d vimg Biin Ddng gid tri I ha co biin khoang 212.000 USD (UNEP, 2004).
Nude ta cd vung biin rpng, bd bien ddi trong dd co nhilu loai cd biin pban bo. Chung tao thdnh nhiing thdm co biin (TCB) r$ng Idn ven bd va ven cdc ddo tii Qudng Nmh tdi Kien Giang. Nhiing ndrn gin ddy dp lyc tdc dpng tir nhiing thay d6i vl mdi trudng, khi hdu vd cac hogt dgng kinh tl biin len HST TCB ven bd kbd manh me. Chung dang bi suy thodi nghiem trgng. Viec nghien cuu de ddnh gia dugc mirc dp suy thoai cdc thdm c6 biin ven bd Viet Nam da dupe dat ra trong khu6n kh6 dl tai KC 09.26/06-10 nhdm cung cip ca sd khoa hpc cho cdc ke hogch quan li dl bdo ve, phuc bdi vd phat triln nguon lgi thdm c6 bien.
Tiiu ban Sinh hgc vd ngudn lgi sinh vgt Bien _ _ _ _ _ ^ ?_^'
I. PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU
LI. Tdng hgp tu lieu lich su de cd dupfc sd lieu djnh lugng phuc vy danh gia miic dp suy thoai cdc dgc hung va cau tnic va phan bo HST cdc tham ed biin ven bd
1.2. Khdo sdt thirc dia bo sung de co hien trgng dien tich phan bd, cac dgc trung, ciu tnic, cac chiic nang sinh thdi va cac tac dpng de dga tii mdi trudng tu nhien, nhan tac len cdc TCB
1.3. So sdnh hp thdng de cd dugc sy bien dpng ve dien ticb phan bd, ddc trung cau tnic va chuc nang be sinh thai TCB
1.4. Ddnh gid mirc dp suy thodi he sinh thdi thdm cd biin ven ba can cii vdo cac bieu hien ciia qud hinh suy thodi cac HST ven bd vdi bg tieu chi Nguyin Huy Yet, 2010 da xay dyng. Do Id 20 chi tieu dac trung cho HST nhu m6i trudng sinh thdi, cdu tnic va chiic nang h^ sinh thai, cdc tdc dgng tu m6i trudng tu nhien va xa hpi tdi HST...va 3 cip dg suy thoai cac HST ven bd (I, II, III)
II. KET QUA NGHIEN CUtJ
U.l. Hifn trang phSn bl, ciu true va dac trung sinh thai, nguon lpi cae thdm co bien ven bd Viet Nam
Thdm cd bien ven bd Viet Nam phdn bd d hau khap cdc vimg nude trieu thupc mpt s6 lo?i thuy vyc ven bd va ven cdc ddo Viet Nam. Do la cdc vimg trieu cua s6ng nho, vira ven ba (trir 02 song Idn nhdt Viet Nam Id song Hong d phia bdc va song Cuu Long d phia nam), cac vung vinh vd cdc dam pha ven bd, ven cac dao tu bac vao nam. Thanh phdn Ioai c6 biin gom 14 loai, tuy khong nhilu nhung da dgng ve kieu logi phan bo. Khd ndng phdn bo ciia cac loai phy thupc dgc trung m6i trudng dit, nude cac thu^ vuc. Nhin chung cac thuJ' vyc phia bic co sy da dang thdnh phan va sy phong phii ve cac ddc trung so lugng kem ban phia nam. Hipn da bilt dipn tich phdn bd cac tham cd tdi tren 20.000 ba. Trong do . ddi ven bd chi6m khodng 50%, tuong ung vdi khodng gan 10 000 ha. Nhiing khu vyc co i tham co vdi dipn tich Idn, tap trung hipn nay chi cdn hong cdc dam pha ven bd mien trung a chiem khodng ban 75% t6ng dipn tich cac tham co ven bd.
' Ting da dgng cdc quin xd smh vat hen cdc thdm cd Viet Nam udc chirng gin 1500 lodi, trong d6 cac thdm cd ven bd chilm ban 1000 lodi. Ngoai cdc chuc nang ve mdi tnrdng, vai I tro sinh thai Idn nhit cua cac tham cd biin dugc nhgn thay la noi cu tni li tudng cho nguin
;• gi6ng cdc nhdm ngudn lgi sinh vat bien ven bd khi mat dg cua chung hong cdc tham cd
; bien con rat cao. Mdt dO trung binh tdi bang tram cd tbe/lOOm^ thdm co. Tuy nhien ciing
; thdy hdu qud ciia khai thac qud miic thi hipn hong bien ddi cdu tnic ngudn lpi, nguin : giong tren cdc thdm co. Cdc nhom nguin Igi cd gid tri khai thac cao giam tu hang chuc den
hang trdm Idn nhu cac loai cd Ngya, ca Dia, Cd Hong, tdm He, cua Ghe...
Hgi nghi Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghj biin todn quoc lan thu V ^
11.2. Danh gia muc do suy thoai hp sinh thai co bien ven bd Vipt Nam II.2.1. Bdnh gid mirc dp suy thodi thdm cd bien Cira Bgi
Dya vao cac dac tmh HST TCB, vao cac nguyen nhdn va muc dp gdy suy thodi HST TCB, lya chpn 6 tieu chi dac trung cho cau tnic hp smh thai va 2 tieu chi d|c tnmg cho cdc tdc dpng tir biin d6i m6i trudng va cac hogt dpng KTXH, tam xem nhu moi tieu chi dupe ddnh gia deu co vai tro nhu nhau vdi he sinh thai va cd 10 diem. Cdn cu vao ket qud dinh lugng tir hipn hgng cdc HST tham cd bien, ddnh gia miic dp suy thoai h§ sinh thai tham c6 hiln vung trilu Cda Dgi theo cdc tieu chi nhu trong bdng I.
Bdng 1. Ddnh gid muc dp suy thodi hi sinh thdi thdm co bien vitng trieu cira song Cira Bgi , (Qudng Nam) so v&i 10 ndm tnr&c (tru&c 2000 vd 2009)
Stt 2 3
4 5 6
Tieu chi Thanh p h ^ loai CO bien (10 diem) Di^n tich phSn bd (10 diim) Dgphu (10 diim) Sinh lu^ng (10 diem) Nguon lai dac Uung (10 diem)
Tone
Hien trang h$
sinh thai tham
CO
Van CO dii 3 loai Da suy giam m^jinh, tap trung
viing trieu bo phia b^c
30-40 Trung binh 70-
lOOgkho/m^
Tom, ghe giam r6 ret Ca Dia, ca Hong, CS He
giam it 50 diem
Miic do suy giam (%) khong
- 70%
- 30%
- 30%
-(3-10) lan h ddi
Tie dpng chinh
Tram tich boi lang, dap dam Rong, Uam tich phii, khai thac TS
Rong, trSm tich phu, khai thdc TS Khai thac qua miic
Xu thi bi^n d^ng Co kha ning phyc hoi
khi dilu ki^n moi tnrdng tot SS tiep tyc giamnSu di6u ki$n moi truong phdn bl khdng duqic cii
thi?n (-7) SS ti^p tyc giim n^u DK MT khang cdi thi^n
(-5) SS ti6p tyc giam nhu DK MT khdng c^i thifn
f-2) Se tiep tyc giam neu khong kjp th6i quan li
(-5)
-19 Nhu vay muc d? suy thoai h^ sinh thai tham co biSn Cua D^i la Idia nghiem trpng Idii mat gan 40% tdng s6_di6m. Sir suy giam lan nhSt thS hi?n a mit di 70% di$n tich phan b6.
Tuy nhien theo Nguyin Van Ti6n (2009) khi thanh phin loai con du 100% , dp ph\l va sinh lupng tham co con tai 70% tU neu cac nguyen nhan gay suy giam dupe han chS, thim co bien van co kha nang phuc hdi. Viec danh dinh lupng vai tro tac dpng moi nguyen nhan gay suy thoai tham co bien se la gpi y cho viec d\r hao sir bien dpng va cac giai phap quan If dupe trinh bay trong bang 2
Co the thay cac bit on tir thoi tiSt, moi truong, khi hau...da lam thay d6i moi trucmg nude, tram tich khu virc Cua Dai va da gop phin lam mit gin 70% dien tich cac tham co trong khu vuc. Miic dp suy giam dien tich cac tham co do cac hoat dpng KTXH tai day nhu dap dam, san lap chi chiem khoang 30% dien tich cac than co. Nhu vay co thg thiv tai
Tiiu ban Sinh hgc vd ngudn lgi sinh vdt Bien
tham CO Cua Dgi su suy thoai tham co bien bi gay ra chu ylu do cac tdc dpng tir biin dii moi hudng tu nhien.
Bdng 2. Cdc nguyen nhdn vd mirc dp tdc ddng tai thdm cd Cira Dgi Stt
1
2
Tieu chi Moi trudng dSt, nude (10 diim) Cac boat dgng kinh te xa hpi (10 diim)
Ting
Hien trang he sinh thai tham co - Dp muoi thSp, bien dpng Idn - B q D , C O D t a n ^ I , 2 - ! , 5 - Ling dpng tram tich tang hem nhilu Idn, xoi Id bd
San lap mat bing cho cau cang, du lich, diim nuoi, khai thac khoang.
20 diem
Nguon tac dong chinh Bien d6i khi hau, 6 nhilm
Mdc do tac dpng Lam mat gin 70% dien tich tham CO ( - 7 ) Ldm mat g3n 30%
di?n tich tham co (- 3)
-10 II.2.2. Bdnh gid mirc dp suy thodi thdm co bien ddm phd Tam Giang-Cau Hai
Dua vdo cdc tieu chi da dupe thong nhdt de danh gid miic dp suy giam thdm co biin viing ddm pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai dai dien cho loai thdm co pban b6 hong cdc dam pha mien trung. 6 logi sinh cdnh ndy t6ng dien tich cdc tham co da dupe udc tinh hong 10 nam trudc co khoang 5000 ha phan bo trong khoang 10 dam phd dpc ven bd mien trung Viet Nam.
D\ra vdo cdc dgc tinh HST TCB, vdo cac nguyen nhan va miic dp gay suy thodi HST TCB, lira chpn 6 tieu chi dgc tnmg cho cau true va chuc nang he sinh thdi va 2 tieu chi la cac tac dpng tu m6i trudng vd cdc hogt dpng KTXH, tgm xem nhu m6i tieu chi dupe ddnh gia deu co vai tro nhu nhau vdi hp sinh thai va co 10 diem. Can cii vao hipn trgng cdc hpp phan trong HST cac tham co vd cac tieu chi lua chpn, ddnh gia muc dp suy thoai he sinh thai tham co bien ven bd trong bdng 3.
Bdng 3. Bdnh gid muc dp suy thodi hp sinh thdi thdm cd biin ddm phd Tam Giang - Cdu Hai so v&i 10 ndm tru&c (tru&c 2000 vd 2009)
ST T 1 2
3
•4 5
Tieu chi Tlianh phdn Ioai co
bien (10 diem) Di?n tich phan b6
(10 diem) Dp phu (10 diem) Sinh lupng (10 diem) Ngu6n loi d§c tnmg (10 diem)
T6nB
Hien trang hf sinh thai tham co
- Du 6 loai Da suy giam nhilu song lgi phyc hii d mot so khu vuc
30%
Tnmg binh 1,5 kg tuai W Tom, ghp, Ca Dia,
ca Hong, Ca He 50 diim
Mirc do suy fiiam (%)
Khong - 47%
•-30%
- 30%
- ( 3 - 5 0 ) lan
Tac dgng chinh
Dap dam, no sao Khai thac
thuy san Khai thac TS Khai thdc qua
miic
Xu the bien ddng
Tot Khong giam,
phuc boi (-4) giam (-2) giam (-2)
Giam (-7) -15
Hpi nghi Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe biin todn qudc lan thu V
Nhu vgy miic dp suy thoai he sinh thai thdm c6 bien ddm pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai la khd nghiem trong thdi gian trudc cac nam 2008 khi mat di gdn 50% dipn tich, tuy nhien nguyen nhan din den suy giam phan Idn do cdc hogt dpng ddp dam nuoi va quay cdc no sao. Cho nen khi cd qui hogch sap xip Igi, du cbl mdi bdt d^u gidm hon 10%^ dipn tich no sdo thi sau 02 nam tham cd bien d cac vung Con Lgy, Ba Con va Cdn Son, Cdn Mdn, Con Dai da phat triln trd lgi vdi tic dp trung binh 1,5%/nam. Hy vpng kha nang phyc h6i s6 tang nlu duy tri vd phat buy tot qui hogch nay hong thdi gian tdi. Viec danh gia djnh lupng vai hd tdc dpng mdi nguyen lihan gdy suy thodi thdm co bien s6 la gpi y cho viec du bdo su biin dpng va cac gidi phdp qudn li hong bang 4.
Bdng 4. Nguyen nhdn vd mirc dp tdc dgng t&i thdm cd Tam Giang - Cdu Hai , stt
1 1 ' 7 1
Tieu chi Moi trudng dat, nude (10 diem) Cac hoat dpng kinh t l x 3 h $ i ( I 0 d i l m ) Ting
Hi?n trang hp sinh thdi thdm
CO
- Dp muoi bien dpng cao ban - BOD, COD tang 1,5-2 Idn
- Dap ddm, no sao, khai thac qud miic 20 diem
Tac dpng chinh Bien ddi khi hau, 0 nhiem Tir cac hogt d$ng kinh te
Xu the bien dpng tham CO
Giam (-3) Giam ( - 7 ) -10 Nhu vay nguac lai vung trieu Cira Dgi, tham c6 a dam pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai bi suy giam gan 50% dien tich chu yeu do sy: phat triSn cac hoat dpng kinh Xh trong do chu yeu la dap dam va no sao. Theo de nghi ciia Nguyen Van Tien, 2009 tham co d day co the giam toe dp suy thoai nho kha nang phuc hoi tot tham co neu tang cuang quan li, giai toa cac h?
thong no sao tren dam pha. Ket qua sa bp khi theo doi mo hinh phuc h6i t\r nhien sau khi d9 bo no sao o cac khu v\rc C6n Lay (Ciu Hai), C6n Man - C6n San (Dim Sam), C6n Dai thiy di$n tich va dp phii cac tham co da phyc h6i trung binh tdi 1,5 %/ nam.
Noi each khac nhom nguyen nhJn tir cac hojt dpng KTXH da gop 2/3 trpng s6 diSm khi lam suy giam 50% dien tich. DiSu nay d6ng nghla vai nSu trong 5 nim tai khi dua dam phd vao quan li tot, thirc hien da bo duac 50% dien tich no sao theo qui hogch toi 2015, thi se giam 35% miic suy thoai ve dien tich va miic suy giam chi con phu thupc vao su bien doi moi truong hf nhien gay ra tuong ling voi khoang 1,5- 2%/nam.
//. 2.3. Bdnh gid mure do suy thodi cdc thdm co biin ven b& VietNam
Ket qua danh gia miic dp suy thoai cac tham co bien a 2 khu v\rc dgi dipn tren cho thiy miic dp va toe dp suy thoai tham c6 bi6n la khac nhau a moi khu vuc co dac diSm moi truang tu nhien va sir phat trien cac hoat dpng KTXH khac nhau. Truac h6t no phy thupc vao miic dp tac dpng tit nhiing biSn doi bat thudng tir khi hgu, moi truang. Cac bien d6i nay xay ra tren toari ciu song a Vipt Nam mirc dp tac dpng lan hon nhieu khi Vi$t Nam thupc hg luu ciia rat nhiSu song. HSu qua cila mua lii bit thuang dan vS hg liru cac song gay ra ngpt hoa, ling dpng trim tich 6 nai co cac tham co da tirng phSn bS rit r0ng. Do la trong cac viing vinh, virng triSu va vimg triSu cac cac cua song ven bo tit bic vao nam.
Cimg voi cac tac dpng tit bien d6i moi truang tu nhien, cac hogt dpng phat triSn kinh tS xS hpi rat da va dang rit soi dpng cr vimg ven bci song lai thieu sy qui hogch vJ kiSm soat moi truang da gop phan lam suy giam nghiem trpng cac tham co biSn.
Tiiu ban Sinh hgc vd ngudn lgi sinh vgt Bien
Cdn cii vao s6 lipu khdo sdt thuc te vd t6ng quan, vdo su phdn tich vai tro tac dpng cua s\r hiln d6i m6i trudng va cac hogt dpng KTXH, dua vao cdc tieu chi va cdp dp ddnh gia miic dp suy thoai TCB, thdy miic dp suy thodi cac HST thdm co biin ven bd Viet Nam (di tit bac vdo nam) rat khac nhau theo cac khu vuc phan bo noi chiu cdc muc dp tdc dpng cua cac bien dpng moi trudng tir nhien va nhdn tdc khac nhau.
Co thi thdy cac tham cd bien vimg bieu cua s6ng ven bd va viing vinh phia bdc Viet Nam da bi suy gidm nghiem hpng nhdt trong 10 nam qua vdi tie do mdt dipn tich bung binh tdi 8 - 9%/nam. Din nay cac thdm cd ven bo tir Qudng Ninh tdi Thanh Hod hdu nhu khong con ngogi trir mpt s6 loai phdn bo trong cdc ddm nude lp va ven cdc ddo. Cap dp suy thodi gidm ddn tuong ung tir cdp HI - II khi di tir vung trieu vao dam nude Ip ra tdi ven cdc ddo).
Cdc thdm co viing triSu ciia s6ng bac trung bp (Qudng Binh - Quang Nam) dang bj suy thoai vdi tic dp trung binh 6-7%/nam (cap dp II). Cac thdm cd ven bd phia nam trung bp suy giam chdm hon vdi t6c dp trung binh nam khodng 5%/nam (cap I). Theo Nguyin Van Tien, 2004 toe dp suy giam cdc thdm co phia nam trung bp vd nam bp thdp hon phia bac voi trnng binh khodng 3%/nam. T6c dp suy giam tham ed trong cdc ddm pha mien trung khoang 4-5%/nam (cap II -1), gidm dan tir bac vao nam. Toe dp suy gidm cdc tham co ven cac ddo thdp nhat vdi trung binh 2 - 3%/nam (cap dp I).
III. Ktr LUi\N
1. Cac thdm co blln ven bd dang bj suy thoai nghiem trpng. Trong 10 nam dipn tich co biin ven bd bj mdt trung binh 40-50%. Muc dp suy thodi cac thdm cd phdn bd d cac viing nude trilu, cira s6ng va ven bd phia bdc trung binh tdi 70—80% la cao nhdt khi so vdi cac tham CO phdn b6 d cdc viin^ ddm pha mien tnmg vdi 40-50%. Muc dp suy thodi cdc thdm CO ven cac dao phia nam thdp hon vdi khoang 20-30%.
2. Muc dp suy thodi cde thdm co phu thupc miic dp tdc dpng tir bien d6i m6i trudng tu nhien hay hogt dpng phdt triln kinh tl d cac khu vuc khac nhau thi khdc nhau. Da co su biin dii Idn vl cau tnic vd cdc chiic nan^ sinh thai cua HST TCB. Nhin chung chung suy giam hang chyc Idn thdm chi hang trdm Idn. Noi each khdc chi co thi hgn chi muc dp suy thoai cac tham cd biin ven bd khi qudn li tdt sir phat triln cac boat dong kinh tl biin tren cac ddi ven bd
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Costanza R., R., d'Arge, R., de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, K. Limburg, S.
Naeem, R.V. O'Neill, J. Panielo, R.G. Raskui, P. Sutton and M. van der Velt, 1997. the value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Natural 387,253-60 2. UNEP, 2004. Seagrass in the South China Sea. UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical Publication
No3.
3. Nguyin Van Tien, 2009. Mpt s6 vdn dl vl quan li he sinh thdi co biin d Viet Nam.
Tuyen tgp HN KH todn quoc vl sinh hpc biin vdphat triln bin vung: 151-157 4. Nguyin Huy Yit vd nnk, 2010. Bao cao T6ng kit. DT KC 09.26/06-10. Bao cdo luu
Thu vien Vien Tai Nguyen va Mdi trudng bien.
