24 Xa hgi hgc so 3 (135). 2016
TINH C O N G DONG 6 NONG THON TRONG BOI CANH VlfiT NAM CHUYEN DOI: NHIN TU" MOI LIEN KET S A N XUAT, KINH DOANH CUA CAC HO GIA DINH TAI HAI XA CJ DONG B A N G SONG HONG
NGUYfiN Dtrc CH1$N'
Tom tSt: Tinh cdng ddng Id di tdi thu hdt su quan tdm cua gidi nghien dm khoa hpc xd hpi nhiiu thgp ky qua Tuy nhiin. trong khi cdc hpc gid phuang Tdy thuang xem xet tinh cdng ddng trong trgng thdi dpng thi gidi nghien cdu trong nude c6 xu hudng gidi thich tinh cpng ddng trong trgng thdi ttnh. gdn tinh cpng ddng vai su tdn tgi vd sdc thdi rieng bi?t cua mdi Idng xd vdi ddc trung Id duy cdm vd hf tri. Dva vdo ngudn dQ li$u thftc nghi?m ciia de tdi "Anh hudng cua mgng ludi xd hpi ddi vdi phdt triin kinh ti hp gia dinh d ndng thdn hifn nay", khdo sdt tgi xd Lien Bdo vd Ninh Hifp, bdi viit tim hiiu vd phdn tich vi nhiing dpng thai mdi cua tinh cpng ddng d Idng xd ddng bdng sdng Hdng trong bdi cdnh ndng thdn Vift Nam chuyen ddi vd hpi nhgp.
Tir khda: ndng tfidn, tinh cpng ding, lien kit kmh doanh, ding bdng sdng Hing.
1. Dan nhgp
•Tinh cpng ding" la mft tiiudt ngO dupe thdo lugn khd sdm ttong gidi xd h$i hpc phuong Tdy. Trong tde phim bdn vi "Cpng ding vd xd hii", Tonnies (1887) dd ehi ra rdng cpng ddng Id nhihig mii quan hf gin gui, tinh cdm, mdt dii mdt. gdn chdt vdi noi chdn. V! tiie xd hfi quy gdn vd tfiudn nhit. Marshall (2010: 122) tfil khdng dinh rdng c§ng ddng Id nhihig moi quan hf dupe thiet lap mpt cdch ddt thii dya tten nhihig cdi md tfidnh vien cung cd chung - mpt cdm quan chung vf bdn sdc. Vi mdt ly tfiuyit, cdc hpc gid f T ^ 'li^f^'^u^*'^' ^ ^ •*' "'"^ "^"6 ^""^ ^°"8 *^ hiin chuyin cua qud ttinh hifn r J ! 1 '\^T '*°' " ^ " ^ "^ ^^' * "^ ^ y ^ " " « ^ 8 "hi?n dgi" md mi, ttong nhihig ddc ttung la duy ly hda vdi nghia la sy chuyin dii tii nhihig quan hf dya ttfn tinh
^ t e l f 2 ^ 1 ^ 1 2 ^ *"' ^"^ "^ "^ "'"^ ' ° ^ ''"'' '^ ^ ' ^ ° " " ' ' ' ' ^^*^' ' ^ * ' ° °°"^°"
, . ^ ^.'1' ^ t " . ' ''""^ ' ^ ' ^ " *^P ^^ " " ^ '"^'"h cing ding" Id di tdi tfiu hut sy quan S T S i n h , " ? r ^*" * * " ' ' ^ ^ " ' '^^^ D ' ^ " "^^ Itm y Id cdc nhd nghifn ettu t h l g
^ g d,nh ttnh dpc lgp cua mo. ,^ng ddng, gdn tinh cing ding vdi sy tin tgi vd sdc tfidi neng b.,t eua mo, Idng xd. Nguyin Vdn Huyfn (2003: 829) cho i ^ g : "TrTng sy ttrong quan vd. quoc g.a, Idng Vift ttuyin tfting giing nhu m^t quic gia tt^ng mp, quic g i a ' ' Vifn xa hpi hpc
Nguyin Ddc Chifn 25
7m%Tt^Z ^ ' ' T ' - "^^ "^ ^ "^' ling cd Idnh tfid rifng. bao
0«? tfiifn tai, ttdm eudp hty S 1 ^ S n ''^ "*" "^^^ " ^ '"^'^ "^^ ' ^ ^ "h«
fe ling, tinh tfin cpn^ £ g t n g S f c t o Z S T "^^V^' '^ * ^ '^ ^ ^ «^^^ <=''^
gidi ciia Idng" ^ ^ ^ ' ' ^ * = ^ ' ^ ^ ^ « > ' ^ ' n a khdng phdi vuonra ngodi ranh
"" tdc g i d ' . S ^ c t L l - T ^ ' ' ^ - ' ' " / ' r *""^ " ^ ' ^ '^'^ -^"^ ^ ^ " « vd Tiin Hiep. Hai
«* « du dii p h r v d T i ^ d T t i t ^ ' " H "^"^ ' V ^ '''"•• " ^ " "hit, ^ <% - g nhu
* • ' d d n g n g u t t i i r ^ ^ M ^^"^ ^^"''^'^^'^Sl^nudcmangtinhtfidi '* c h a ^ v d i ^ ; S r , J " c d n S ^ T S J ^ ' I " ^ " ^ "'' '' ' ^ "^ '^^ ^ ««•'^'=hdt
i^p^i^Ln.:i^i^!:^rNri;:nrT;it8^^^
hi. d ^ t i S r ^ S i S r s S r i; 'r^^"" ^^- ^-^ ^^^
Chung c l e d tgp tfii ria d ^ ^ T ^ l - ' ' J " ^ " ' ' ' ^ ''•=" "'"« "^" "'^ '^i v « Ipi ich lich s'tt xa x u a t * : f l h^m^ftfuT^d^^rc '^^^^ ' ' ' ^ ^ ^ M sdn phim cda Huy Bich, 1993: 7). ^ ''"'^ '^'"'^ ^^ "^ hOi Vift Nam" (Mai
trong^:gi^r'5lcrTnt^""^?.'^^
hpc tfiugt vd din nay v £ Z IZ'^jTv^^n'''' ^' T^ ' " ^ ^ ' '^' ' ^ «^«^
thudng gdn vdi ddc diim y i ^ u t i T j ^ u l ^ " ^ ^.'"^ "' * ^ ''^"^ '^^
cu ttu, m^t cpng ding kinh ti, vd^ h ^ ^ ' ^^ 7^ t ^ n - ^ ^ ' t ^ "^^ "^"^ « ^ - tinh cpng ding vdn hda rieng k h e p S L ^ t T J n '^ ^ xd cd m^t sdc tfidi mang kinh t l Vin d i U d c h i cdn i C L ^ t ^ ; ^ ; ^ ^ : ? - ; . * * ^
hp. Idng xa, vdi nhihig dpng tfJvj d . r b S T Z ^ ^^ ^'^ f °« ^ ^^ *>*««
^ n g t h . d a n g b i ^ d l n g V e o X X ' S . r . S r ^ S : ^ ^ ' ^ - ^
26 TiiOi cpng ddng d nong thdn Irong bdi cdnh Vift Nam chuyen ddi..
2. Cau hoi nghien cuu vd nguin so lifu
Nghien cim nay tap trung 1dm rd tinh cpng dong eua gia dinh trong hogt ding kinh te nhdm trd ldi cho cdc cau hdi nghien ciiu sau: Cdc moi lifn ket san xuit, kinh doanh cua hp gia dinh dang biiu hifn nhu tfie ndo? Logi hinh va khdng gian ciia cac tuang tdc trong sdn xdt, kinh doanh cdn mang tinh truyin thing (ddng, khfp kin. cd kit bin chdt, tin tudng lin nhau) dya vao mdi quan hf gia dinh, ddng hp, phudng hii, xdm lang hay Id nd dang ttong qud ttinh thay ddi, md rpng phgm vi va logi hinh tuong tac dya tren quan hf Ipi ich vd cdc quan hf ndy dang vupt qua khdi ranh gidi khdng gian lang xa dk lifn kit vdi cdc dii tdc ben ngodi?
Nguin dii lifu cua bdi viit trich hi bp si lifu eua mit khdo sd, dinh lupng 600 hi gia dmh tgi hai xd Lien Bdo vd Ninh Hifp do tdc gid vd mit nhdm nghifn ciiu thyc hifn, tfiufc di tdi "Anh hudng eiia mgng ludi xd h^i dii vdi phdt ttiin kinh ti hi gia dinh d ndng tfidn hifn nay" (2015-2016). Nhdm nghifn eihi dd tiin hdnh chpn miu tgi 2 xa Ninh Hifp vd Lifn Bdo tfiupc viing ding bdng sdng Hing ciia Vift Nam. Xd Lifn Bao, huyfn Tifn Du, tinh^Bde Ninh. cdch tini dd Hd Npi 35 km vi phia Bdc, Id mpt xd cd hudng phdt ttiin kinh te hon hpp, kit hpp nhiiu ngdnh nghi (ndng nghifp. chi biin. tiiu tfid cdng. kinh doanh, dich vy). Xd Ninh Hifp, huyfn Gia Ldm, tfidnh phi Hd Npi, cdch tnmg tdm Hd Npi khodng 15 km vi phia Bdc. la xd ed co d u ngdnh nghi phi ndng nghifp phdt ttiin mgnh (tifu tfiu cdng. ehi biin ldm sdn, dupe lifu ldm tfiuic Bdc, kinh doanh vdi, quin do tfidi ttang. djch vy). Hai xd ndy deu ndm d phia Bdc cua vung ding bdng, dgi difn cho miic df phdt ttifn khdc nhau ciia cdc lang xd d ding bdng sdng King. Trong khi Lifn Bdo dupe xem Id diem nghifn eiiu ddc ttung cho Idng xd cdn dgm mdu sdc ciia kinh ti ndng nghifp, ket hpp vdi kinh doanh, budn bdn nhd, tfii Ninh Hifp Id xd diin hlnh vi phd, ttiin tiiu tfid cdng, chi biin ldm sdn vd kinh doanh, dich vy (Nguyin Diic Chifn, 2015).
Di ldm rd ,uih cpng ding eua hf gia dinh ndng tfidn ttong bii cdnh Vift Nam chuyen do., bdi viit gidi hgn vdo 3 npi dung sau: 1) Logi hinh quan hf, phgm viMdng gian hen ket sdn xuat, kmh doanh cua ede nhdm hf gia dinh; 2) Niim tin vd tinh gdn bd Tu^^.T, ^'^"^^^ ^'^ ^ ''°°« ^°^^ <*^"8 sdn xdt, kinh doanh cua cdc nhdm hp gia
f' I- U T " ^^^ ^ * ^ ' " ^ vi tinh cing ding cua gia dmh ttong lifn kit sdn xud,, kmh doanh ttong boi cdnh ndng tfidn Vift Nam chuyin dii vd hpi nh|ip.
3. Kit quii phdn t.'ch
J.l. Lofi binb vi kbSng gian Uen kit sdn xudt, kinb doanb cda bd gia dinb nong tboB
HAna I:*"^''^ w I ' T i '* " f ^^^^ ^"^ ^^ "h'^t. , i ehiic Xd hpi md ttudc hi. Id g?dD J i ^ ' h T K v \ u " ^ ' "^'^P "" "8"*"8 tdn gido, dia vyc Idng giing, xdm.
l £ l « ^ u-"^ ' ^ ' "' ^^•'^ ^ ^ ° ° ^ 2006: 7). Sing ttong cfng ding Idng chi^d hTJ^ f r . ' ^''.-*'* ^^ * ^ * ~ "^^^S quy « c , chuin mvc, gid ,ri, tiiii,
^ L g eU dSh J ^ . ' ' . ' ' " ' ' ' • "^"^ •**>« *='»"^ '"VC. thiit tfii ndy dd ldm cho
NgiQ/in Due Chifn 27
t
^ „ „ S ^ " ^ ^ ^ "^ "^ P * ^ y* vd khdng gian Uen kit cua cac ca nhdn vd cdc gia dinh t^ng lang xa hien nay nhu tfie nao? Ki. qua khao sd, tai Ufn Bao vd Ninh Hifp i ^ ngoa. cpng don& mang ludi chinh tfiiie (mang ludi chinh quyfn, dodn S , cdng ty)^
mgng luo, pJ chmh tfiiic (hdi. cau lac bd) (Nguyin Dire c L V 2 0 1 5 : 4). ^ ^ , 2 tf^u
%p dupe tfiong ttn vf quan he Uen kit san xud, cua hd gia dinh tai hai i ^ ^ ^ d^cau ho.: Hp g.a dmh dngAia Uen ki, vdi ai d cac khdu eua hoa, ddnTsin X ^ doanh eua gia dmh ttong ndm qua? Bang 1 dudi day cho tfily tinh e d ^ d i n g ^ S ttong cac khau eiia hog, dpng san xul^ kinh doanh eua ndng hp
Bang 1. Cic lien kit trong s u mSt, kinh do»Ui cua h« gi. dinh
TT • - Son vi: %
cuavpvi no nguo. nguyfe doindil, lang neo4i ,^,^,^ , ^ ^!^2i '"^ a°g ^thi-ch hnpK.v» ^ "^'^
1- Ho?t dOng ndng n ^ f p ^^^^5^ = . I Tu vdn huong sdn xudt 45,2 39 8 44 3 -ni
2. Gidp dd vSn khdi -^ ^ "•« '^-^
/«&«> 41,1 48,0 13.7 15,4 17,7 0,0 3. Mua gidng cgy, con,
phdn bdn, thdc On ^^^ 33,4 46,7 27,4 75,6 346 4. Ldm ddt. chdm sdc, Ihu
hogch « . 5 25,4 373 14,8 5. Tieu thy sdn phdm 34.9 r. <; 34^ , 5 ,
Ii. Hog. dang ch* bi&. tiiu thu c6ng nghiep — ^ 0,0 17,7 0,0 0,0
0,0 54,« 51,8 0,0 - • . .—-—. wue "eu'^p 0.0
I. Tu vdn hudng sdn xudt 45,5 25,0 35.2 14 8 01
2 Giup dS vdn khdi • '•' "-^ 3,4 nghi^ 52,9 50,0 16,1 n ^ , 7 ^ j ^ ^ 3 Nguyen lifu ddu vdo 27,6 23,0 644 l t d .. ^
4. Chi biin. nhdn cdng ' "•* "•* '0,6 26,4 too dgng 32,2 24,1 24,1 103 2J 41,4 57 5. Tieu thy sdn phdm 33 3 3«ll <in .,..«
HI. Hogt dOngLdoanh, dich vg ' ^ '-^ '^•' '*'^
1. Tu vdn hmng kinh
doanh 5,6 20,2 17,9 11,6 2. Gap dd vdn khdi
nghiq, 50,7 28,1 6,5 7,1
5.4 12,5 5.7 2,6 3,1 2,0 3Ngudnhdngdduvdo ,3.9 ,84 42.0 ,0,2 5 4 72.2 40 3 4.Tifuth,hdng .73 2 U 45.7 21.9 ^g ^ ^ Z, 5.Nhdnc6nglooddng 22.7 16.8 .3.6 l,*, , 2 ' , 34 yVgwW- l^il<P^khdosdttgixdUe,BdovdNinhHi^nim2015 ' '' —
vy) rl, da dgng. s i Ufu nhin dnh kha ris T^^.^^^^^'^}^<i^>^^cyi
28 Tinh cgng ddng d ndng thdn trong bdi cdnh Vift Nam chuyen ddi...
Lien kit trong sdn xudt ndng nghifp
Hp gia dinh hai xd da khai tfidc ttif, df cac kfnh quan hf d cpng ding vdo cdc khau/hog, ddng sdn xul, ndng nghifp (tti van hudng san x d , ; giiip da vdn khdi nghifp;
mua gidng cay con, phdn bdn, tfnic dn; giiip dd vdn khdi nghifp; mua gidng cdy con; lam ddt, chdm sdc, tfiu hogch vd tifu tiiy sdn phim). Tuy nhifn, so lifu cho thdy miic dp quan tdm vd xu hudng lien kit vdi cac kfnh quan hf la rit khdc nhau. Kenh Ufn kit eua hp gia dinh vdi bd m?, anh chi em rupt, hp hang npi ngogi. hang xdm va td chiie chinh quyin dia phuang van ddng vai trd rdt quan ttpng trong cdc khau eiia hogt dpng sdn x d t ndng nghifp. Mdt khdc. ed ty If khd cao hp gia dinh md r^ng phgm viyTdidng gian lifn kit trong ede khdu sdn x d t ndng nghifp. Chdng hgn. ty If lifn kit vdi ngudi ngoai Idng: khau tifu tfiy sdn phim Id 44,3%; khdu mua giing cay con. phdn bdn. tfiiie dn Id 34.6%. D|c bift khdu lam dit. chdm sdc. tfiu hogch la khdu ttirdc day ehi gidi han phgm vi tt^o dii trong cpng ding tfii nay cd din 51.8% y kiin tra ldi dang tfiyc hifn lifn kit hogt dOng sdn xdt ndy vdi ngudi ben ngodi lang xd. Cd tfii ndi. cdc con s i nay chimg td rdng phgm vi Ufn ket ttong hogt dpng sdn xudt ndng nghifp cua h$ gia dinh d hai xd dang ngdy cang dupe md rpng. Hifn nay. cdc mi. quan hf lifn kit ndy khdng chi gidi hgn ttong phgm vi khdng gian ttuyin tfidng (gia dinh, ddng hp, xdm Idng) md cdn md rpng vug, qua khdi khdng gian Idng xd.
Lien ket hogt dpng chi biin, tiiu thii cdng
Si lifu Cling cho tfily, quan hf Ufn kit ttong hogt dpng ehi bien, tiiu tfiu cdng tgi hai dia phuang khdo sdt rit da dgng. Cdc Wnh tfiirc li6n kit kiiu tiiiyin tiling (gia dinh, ddng hp. Idng xdm) van giii vai ttd rit quan tt^ng ttong cdc khau cua hogt dpng chi bien tifu tini cdng (hr vin hudng sdn x d t . giiip dd vin khdi nghifp. nguyfn hfu diu vdo; chi bien. nhdn cdng lao dpng; tieu tfiy sdn phim). Niu ttong hogt dpng sdn x d t ndng nghifp.
hen kft eiia hf gia^dinh vdi ede , i chiic chinh quyin dia phuang cd f nghia quan ttpng.
tfu d hogt dpng che bien, tieu tfiu cdng. muc dp lifn kit gifta hp gia dinh vd cdc t i chiie chinh quyen dia phuong rat tfilp. Diim ddng luu y Id cdc hmh tiiirc lifn kit cua hp gia diitfi vdl cdc mgng ludi bfn ngodi cpng ding (ngudi ngodi Idng, ngudi nude ngodi) rit phd, ttien, nhdt Id ddi vdi khau nguyfn lifu diu vdo vd tifu tiiy sdn phim. Diiu ndy phdn dnh phgm V, hfn kit cua h i gia dmh ttong hog, dpng ehi biin, tiiu tiid cdng dd md .«ng.
vup, ra khd. khdng gian Idng xd, tfiam chi cd bifn gidi quic gia.
Lien kit hpgt dpng kinh doanh, djch v?/
hn», ^ ^ ' ^ " J ^ l ' ' " ? * ^ '^ ""'= ^^ "^" ^^ "^"^ h i gia dinh hai xd ttong ede khdu cua hog, dpng kmh doanh, dich vy dupe ttdi ring d ,1, cd ede mii quan hf d cing ding hifn
Z S S r"^'?' ^ "^ "^ ^' '•' '"* ''""^ '"^ ^"^ '^ ^» ^ •^"- ^^^
k T d u S n *^ A" . ! L 5 ^ " ^ "' ^ ^ ^ '^•^"g ^'> v ^ gitt vai ttd quan ttpng ttong Q ^ S l i f t " u " ^ ^ ' ° ' " ' " ' ^ ^=^"8 lao ding, nguin hdng 1 vdo Cdc mii J i 7 n ^ n ? n ' ^ ' l ^ . ' ^ ' '"^" ' ^ S *=°"S ddng vai ttd quan ttpng ttong cdc khdu lifn d L S T a ^ ^ S ^ "^ ''^" * ^ ^ 8 hda. Diiu nggc nhifn Id cd ty If rl, cao h§ gia dinh ttong miu khdo sa, dang lifn kf, vdi ngudi ngodi Idng vd ngudi nude ngodi ttong
Nguyin DCtc Chifn 29
khau hdng hda ^ u vdo vd tifu tiiy hang. Ki, qua nay phdn dnh hoat ding kinh doanh ra^ 1 " . ? " " "^r^"^ " ^ ^ ^' da dgng vd xu hudng ngdy cdng md ring ra S d i
= 1 ^ bift muc dp lien kit trong cdc hogt dpng sdn xudt, kinh doanh giiia hai xd i u . ^ ^ ^ "^ "^" .''^ P*"^ *'''='^ tifn da cho tiily phgm vi ^ a hmh tiiuc lien k i , ttong cdc
t L T ! f d - ' ' " ^ ^ ' ' " " ' " " ^ ^"^ ""' ^ ^ ^ ^ * ^ ' - « - vd Ninh ffiS, s i S ttoi
xS^iti^tiSsrr^"'"""'^'^"^^'"-^^--^--
r^r M^K°!If-°t"-^ ^ ' / ^ "^" ' ^ ° '^\ "^^ '^^ '^ '"^t s i net ttioug ding va khac bift cua cdc hlrtfi tiiuc hen kit ttong sdn x d t . kinh doanh d hai dia phuang l i i v S hog Jdng sdn xuat ndng nghifp. cac ndng hp cd miic dp lifn kit ma.^ vdi ede k r t r t n g eing dong gia dinh. ddng hp. cdc t i chdc chinh quyin. hpp tde xd) di tiiyc h i f r e d c r d u sdn xuat. chpn g.ong. d,ch vu phdn bdn. thuic bdo vf tiiye vgt, tiniy Ipi npi ding 1 ^ 1 S
^ m u a mdng). Diiu nay phdn dnh ede nhdm, t i chiic ndy ttong cpng I g V S vai Jd g Z h ? ? ' \ - ' ' ' ^ " ' ^ '''^* " ' " ^ " ^ ^ P * "^ xd.\;y'nhifn! cd sy i l ^ u c f l i f n k X r a t ^ ' T ? ° '""'f "^^P "^ ""^^ "^"S ''^^•^P 6 - vii ttd tfiu y u nfn cdc hen ket cua hp g.a dinh vdi cdc nhdm trong cpng ding, tfigm chi cd t i chiic chinh quyen, hpp tde xd rit yiu. Trong khi dd d Lien Bdo, cdc mitlif n " y t tfifng c ^ g a dmh trong sdn xul. ndng nghifp tiip tyc dupe duy tti, vd hon tiii hp cdn md rdng m d Z Z r T ' ^ ' ' • ' ' r ^' " " ^ " ^ ^"^^"' «'^- N'^'^- hp ldm J g T g t d L g
g i i n . t f w h r f ^T "^f"^ '^' '''^"' ''^^ * " *=^"8 "S^^P' ^ h?" ciing cho tiily diim D i m S n ? h ,! " ' ' ,^ " J " " ' ' " ' • * "'^P "^""S "^-^ ^^ "^^ hiin! tiiu tiid edn^
f n g u d i T o ! - ? " " . r ' ' " " ' ^ ' ' ' ' ' " ' '^'^ ' ^ ^ ^ '^'"^ ^ « " g « « hfn ngodi cpng ding (nguai ngodi lang) giii va, ttd quan ttpng ttong ede khau Ufn quan din hogi ddng s ^ x 2 chi biin, t i u tfiu cdng. T i chuc chinh quyin, hpp tdc xd khdng c d l j h u ^ u ^ q Z d n sa^ xuat ehi biin tiiu tiiu cdng cua hp gia dmh d hai xd. Tuy nhifn, diim ^ b S J hogt dpng che b.in, tteu tiiu cdng nghifp d Ninh Hifp dupe chu ttpng hon n r m t t e dd
V. i.h-^"°"f ^ J ^ ^ ' i f ' ' x^"^ "'*" ^'^"' ^^" ^^ ''^"g' <^ t i chuc Chinh quyin, hpp tde Xd khong ed anh hudng dii vdi hogt dpng kmh doanh, dich vy cua cdc h^Z^l^^ M d a phuang trong cac hogt dpng kinh doanh, dich vy. Cdc mii lifn k i . ttoi g U X i b t ngodi cpng dong (ngud, ngodi Idng. ngudi nude ngodi) ddng vai ttd rdt qua^ ttpngS^ v "
khau diu vao vd dau ra ttong hogt dpng kinh doanh cua cdc hp gia dmh
30 rmh cgng ddng d ndng thdn irong bdi cdnh Vift Nam chuyen ddi..
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So
Nguyin Due Chifn
Sy khdc bift ttong hoat ddng kinh doanh, dich vu ciing tfif hifn kha rd tai hai xd d ll^ r t ' - ^ u - ^ ! ! 1''°°^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ *^ • l " ^ trpng dii vdi vifc p u p dd vin S ^ ^ J J ^ t " ^ *=S ' ^ - ^ ' " ^ ^ ^ ° ^ " ^ ^ " vao lien quan dinSiTp nguin
^ , h p ^ a dmh chu yfu hfn kft vdi cd nhdn, t i chuc ben ngoai Idng xd (cac dai ly S n g dm song ttong cung cpng ddng. Ve nhan cdng lao ddng, d Lien Bdo chu yiu la cTe hfttr S i r k S m l T ' J " ' ^ ' r . " ^ • ' ^ ^ ^™ •'""^ ^'^ ^ - T - " « " ^ ^<^tgi Ninh H ^ ^ cac hen ket mang luoi ttong phat ttien kmh doanh, dich vy duoc md rdng ed vi quy md c l " p 3 g h o ^ d "^ ""' T ' ^ ' •'^^ ^ ^ ^ "^^^ '^ ' ^ •"^' ^ «=hi e T r u " : h " k i t t r i ^ t i ' " ' " ' " ^ l " ? ' ' ' ^ ° ^ ° ^ khau nhap hang hda d k vdo. Mang ludi lien ket hp ha,^ np, ngog, eo tfif h,fn nhmig khdng ddng vai ttd quan ttong Nguin hdng l.en ket vo, mgng lua, nguai nude ngoai d ddy ilt phdt ttifn. Cdc mang ludi lifn kit khdc t^^^'tZ.l^s'^'-1" ' ^ ^ ^ ' ^ ^ ' ^ ""• '"^^ ''' ^ n g u ^ f , ^ t c h I d v^
uo oang ke frong hen ket vai nhung mgng ludi ndy df nhgp hang hda.
3.2. Niim tin trong lien kit sdn xu&t, kinh doanh cua hp gia dinh nong thdn
md r d n ^ f l <=hiing vd phan tieh ttfn cho tfily rd tt'nh c^ng ding dupe tf,i hifn qua sy cac nhom hp g,a dmh tg, hai xa LiSn Bao va Ninh Hifp. Tiong phin nay nghien cuu tiin ttonir ^ , " t ? ' ''"^ "^^"^ ' ' " ^ •^"^ ^ ^ ^'^ " - S * - ^ ' ^ « = thiiipn q l X t n trong cdc mo, hen ket san xudt. kinh doanh md gia dinh tiiam gia hpp tdc.
Cdu hdi ddt ra vd cin ldm rd d day la trong bii canh phgm vi/ khdng gian lifn kit tt^ng hogt ding ^ x u l , kinh doanh vd xu hudng ngdy c S f n i d i S g Z " X phgm VI lang xd, huyfn, tinh, tfigm chi cd bifn gidi quic gia tfu niim ttn vd t i T c i ki d f t h T t ^ d n t "f- ""u" ; i t ' " ° ' '•'" ^'' " ' ^ '^'^ •^^ ^ ' C - h6i e h 4 t S d"a ra de tfiu tfigp tfiong „n Id: 6ng/ba cho bift miic dp tin ttidng cua mii Ufn kit ttong san xua, kinh doanh md gia dinh ta_ tiiam gia ttong ndm qua? P L ttch dud^ ^ y l g T o ' t h T rd mem ttn ttong cdc mii lifn kft cua hp gia dmh ndng tfidn ttong bdi cdnh Wfn n^y ' m- r ^ ' ' ^ * * ° . ' *^.'''^" ^^ "^^ ^^ tin ttrdng vd khdng tin hrdng ttong cdc kfnh/hinh tf^ue hen ket san xudt. kmh doanh ciia hp gia dinh hai xd Lifn Bdo vd Nii^ ffifp S T q S cho thay trong 7 hinh tiiuc lien ket cua hp gia dinh thi mdi lien kit cua h p ^ g i " L i v « S T ^ ' ' r """ ' " ^ "" "^ "*"'^' ^ « *<' ' ^ " ^ "^' "goo' vik chinh qJin Z tdc xd ed muc dp "rit tm ttrdng" vd "tin ttidng" cao nhit. Tifp din la ede mii S i t S i l g'a dinh vd, hangxom. ngudi long vd bgn be. hp, lu nguyfn. Diiu ddng luu y Id S t j l f l ^ g ke hp g,a dinh trong miu khao sdt cho biit "rit khdng tin ttrdng" l^dc "LdnTti^n ^ ^ g "
ttong cac moi hen ket vdi cdc kfnh quan hf lifn kit ttuyin tffdng nay ttong I g S n g
32 Tinh cgng dong d ndng thdn Irong bdi cdnh Vift Nam chuyfn doi..
hp, xdm lang. chinh quyin) van ddng vai ttd quan trpng mang Igi nifm tm tudng trong lifn ket sdn xudt, kinh tf nhimg ede mdi lien kft nay cung dang cd dau hifu cua sy mat niem tin, sy "bdt tin" trong quan hf. Dieu nay se dnh hudng dfn tinh cpng ddng, hpp tde, tuong trp, c i kit phat trien kinh te ttong bdi cdnh hpi nhgp hifn nay. Cac mii quan hf mdi ben ngodi cpng ding trong hogt ddng san xuit. kinh doanh da md rpng nhung chua mang Igi nifm tin tudng hoan todn cho ngudi dan hai xa Lifn Bao va Ninh Hifp.
Hlnh 1. Niim tin trong Uen ket san xuit, kinh doanh ciia hg gia dinh
Ekm vi: %
N0ifOi nu<yc ngoAi Ngtf«i npo* Mng CMnh quyin. hti. doin I I I , HTX B«i b*. htm/nsuyin. aft tilch HifiQ ndm. nQirdt Mng
Ho Mng nil. ngoni Bi, m*. tnh chKni ruA Wc
0 * JOH 4(m 60K 80)4 locm
• RilllnltfaTig •Tmluitig • Kh«ng tm lui>ng aRit kMngtintuAng iKMngbiil/Kn.
Nguon: Kit qud khdo sdt Igi Lifn Bdo vd Ninh Hifp ndm 2015.
Khdc bift ve niim tin trong lien kit sdn xudt, kinh doanh cua hd gia dinh hai xd
^ Lien Bdo vd Ninh Hifp Id hai dia phuang ed tic dp phdt ttien kinh t i vd chuyin dii CO cau nghe nghifp ilt khdc nhau. Vgy niem tin cua ngudi dan ve cdc kfnh quan hf ttong hogt dpng sdn xuat, kinh doanh dang diln ra nhu thi ndo? Kit qua phan tich dudi ddy tiip tyc ldm rd hon ve ttrong ding vd khdc bift giiia hai xd.
Bdng 3 cho tfily sy khdc bift ddng ki vd r6 rf. giiia hai dja phuang vi sy tin ttrdng vd khong ttn hrdng ttong ede mii lien kit sdn xuit, kinh doanh cua hp gia dinh. Sy khdc bi?t khong ddng ki vf niem tin tiii hifn d hinh tfiiic lifn kit cua hp gia dinh vdi bi m?.
anh chji em mp. cua vp chong, vdi hp hdng npi ngogi. Cy tfii. d kfnh lifn kit cua hp gia dmh vd. bo m?. anh chi em rupt eua vp ching. ty If trd ldi d Lifn Bdo Id: 67,0% rit tin tiif^; 29.3% tin tudng; 0.3% rit khdng tin ttrdng; 1,0% khdng tin hrdng; 2,4% khdng b.6ttkhong tta ldi. Ty If ttd ldi phuang an nay d Ninh Hifp Id: 72.9% rit tin hrdng; 24.2%
Z M°"^'x-'uu°'t**""^ ' ' " ^'"^^^ ''^"''' ' ^ ° " 8 tin tudng; 1.6% khdng biit/khdng ttd 1^^^ ^Ju'- ' * "^^ "^ "^^ '^ ^°"8 lian kit sdn xuit, kinh doanh cfia hi gia Anh tg. ha. xd tfie h,?n ttong cdc hmh tfnic Uf„ kit nhu vdi hdng xdm, ngudi Idng; bgn Cu t S 1 " - " ? ! " ' 1^"^' ' ^ ''"y^"' ' ^ ^ ^"^ ^^•' "gt^^ " 8 ° ^ ' ^ g ; n g " « n^-fe ngo^- cy tfie. d kenh hen ket cua hp gia dinh vdi hdng xdm. ngudi lang. ty If ttd ldi d Lifn Bdo
Nguyin Ddc Chien 33
V%^.^-^^' '°''°f.*^ * ^ = ''""* "^ ^ ^ ^ * ^ : 4,8% khdng tin ttidng;
mI;t-^0 w "^ *" '"• ^^ '^ ^ ' ^ P'^"^8 ^ nay d Ninh Hiep 1^8,2 rit L
S S S.""^^ ''''°''° -^ "^'"^ ^ "^^= ^'^•^- "^-^ «^ -^= 20.3% khdS
Bing 3: Khic bift niim tin .rang lien ^ t sin xnit, kinh doanh cu. h , gi, dinh
—s . Dan vi: % Rat lin mong Tintoong Khong tin Rl, khong Khdng tra
tinfadng Idi/KB Bo Bift anh chi em rugl cda
vg/chdng Hg hdng ngi ngogi Hdng xdm, ngudi Idng Bgn bi, hgi ttf nguyfn, sd thich Chinh quyen, hpp tdc xd Nguai ngodi Idng Ngudi nude ngodi
67,0 46,3 3,1 i.I 13,9 l,U 0,0
72,9 42,5 8,2 3,6 2 J i.O 0,0
2 9 J 47,6 80,6 72,4 74,5 36,1 3,4
24,2 42,5 39,5 52,6 50,7 22,2 10,5
0,3 2,0 7,8 8,8 5,1 35,0 18,4
0,0 0.7 26,5 12,4 14,7 39,5 28,4
1,0 1.0 4.8 3,7 2,0 5,8 11.6
1,3 3 J 5,6 5,6 9,5 9,2 3,9
2,4 3,1 3,7 9,9 4,4 22,1 66,7
1,6 3,3 20,3 25,8 22,9 28,1 57,7
mmh chimg .tag tdc dp phdt triin kinh ti, chuyin dii eo elS nghi n g " L mJrp'g Ngu« d ^ d cTh . i " '^' " " ""• ''"^ ''"^ '"^ •>' 8ia dinh hai xd hifn na^
S k . r d „ l - •'" """= ' ^ '"^ *"""« ^^° ^ ^ ""' 1 " - hf lifn kit ttong s i xdm i t ? ?i t u c T r * " T ' ' " '•""• ' ' " « '•'• ^"^ • * ' - ' v « cdc kfnh nhu dii t ^ i J T t *=''"*,^"y^" * ' -"^f <^9 tin tudng hay khdng tin tudng cua hp gia t t i T " ^ T ' ' ' ' ' ' '^'"•- ^'''"S '*^- "g^« ' ' ^ ^ Ninh Hiep eo miic dd tin
uong vao ede mo. l.fn kit ndy tiidp hon rit nhiiu so vdi Lien Bdo. Ben e ^ dd 1 M COng cho tfily CO mpt t^ If ddng ki y kiin ngudi ddn Ninh Hifp ti^^t^t To khong ttn nrdng vdo , i chirc chinh quyin. Cd tfif ndi. cdc din Hfu X ^ h o S y i ^ dau h.pu CO bdn ve mim tin vd nhihig khdc bift lifn quan din tinh i kittt^L c ^ f ddng xd hp. ndng thdn hifn nay. ^ ^ " g
4. Ban lu|ui
Unh ^f^- t ^ ^ 1 " ' ^ '^^ '^" ^ '"^'^ *^y "'^' « « ^ trong hoa, ddng sdn xuit ktnh doanh cua hp g.a dinh d hai xd Lifn Bdo vd Nmh Hifp - hai dia nhimno ^5 T T ttinh d$ phd, ttiin khdc nhau d ndng tfidn ding bdng s d ^ Hinf v S T a ^ ^ - ^ " "
ttpngid cdc bdng chiing khdo ^ , t f , ^ < f i a d h a i L r p h l n n ^ p t h S r r ^
cgnh Ufn quan dfn ,inh cpng ding ttong hoat ddng kiitfi ti c T S ^ ^ t ^ ^ "^"^
chuyin dii vd hpi nhgp quic ti. ^ ^ ' ^"* '™"81"^ trinh
34 Tinh cgng ddng d ndng thdn trong bdi cdnh Vift Nam chuyin ddi..
Cac mii lien kit sdn xudt, kinh doanh ciia hp gia dinh ndng tbon dang theo xu hudng md ipng phgm vi, khdng gian vd cdc hinh thiirc hpp tac. thf hifn d tat ca cdc hogt dpng kinh tf ciia hp gia dinh ndng thdn. tii san xuat ndng nghifp, chf bifn, tifu thii cdng, cho din kinh doanh, dich vu. Rd rang la trong bii canh chuyfn ddi va hpi nhgp xd hpi sdu rpng hien nay, hp gia dinh ndng dan dang rdt ndng dpng khai thac tii da cdc mii lien kit trong cpng ding, ding thdi khdng ngimg md rdng moi liSn ket ben ngoai c^ng ding di cdi tfiien hogt ddng san xuat, kinh doanh nhdm dgt lai ich vd phat trifn kinh ti gia dinh.
Thuc te ndy phdn dnh cdc gia dinh vd cdng ddng lang xa khdng cdn ty cung. ty cap ve phuong difn kinh te nhu kft qud eua mpt sd nghien ciiu trudc ddy (Nguyen Hong Phong.
1978: 481). Ban than moi gia dinh dang rat chii df ng va ndng dpng tim kifm. md rpng cac mdi lien kft mdi bfn ngodi cdng ddng. Tat nhifn. qua trinh nay khdng phdi dien ra mpt cdch ding nhit. gidng nhau ma cd sy khac bift giOa cdc dia phuang do toe dp chuyin dii CO cau nghe nghifp, phdt trien kinh te vd hpi nhap xa hpi khdc nhau.
Bdng chimg nghien cihi chi ra rdng d Ninh Hifp vd Lifn Bdo, cdc hinh thiic lien kit trong cpng dong nhu gia dmh, ddng hp. bgn be. xdm lang va ddc bift la cac t i chiic chinh quyin v5n ddng mpt vai ttd quan ttpng trong hp gia dinh sdn xuit ndng nghifp. Cdc hinh thiic lien ket ciia gia dinh vdi ben ngoai cpng ding lang xd (ngudi ngodi lang, ngudi nude ngodi) Cling dang rit phdt ttiin vd ngay cang sdu rpng trong cdc hogt dpng sdn xuit, kinh doanh ciia hp gia dinh d hai dia phuang. Lifn Bdo Id dja phuang phat triin kinh te hon hpp. ndng nghifp kit hpp chi biin. tiiu tini cdng. kinh doanh. dich vy nfn cdc nhdm, ti ehiic trong cf ng ding van ddng vai ti6 quan ttxjng dii vdi cdc hogt ding sdn xuit, nhat la san xuat ndng nghifp. Cdc mii lifn kit khdc nhu ehi biin, tiiu thu cdng nghifp, kinh doanh. dich vy ciing dang ttong qud ttinh md rpng cdc lifn kit vdi cdc chu tiii bfn ngodi cpng ding. Tuy nhien, Ninh Hifp la dia phuong ndng dpng, sy phdt ttiin kinh ti tfieo hudng phi ndng dd tgo ra khdng chi sy da dgng ve nghe nghifp ma eon tao ra sy da dgng h6a cdc hinh tfnic lifn kit ttong san xuit kinh doanh ciia hp gia dinh. Moi lifn kit ttTiyin tfiong cua gia dinh ttong hogt dpng sdn xuat ndng nghifp it di nhung tfiay vdo dd la cdc lifn ket ttxing hogt df ng che bien, tiiu tfni cdng, kinh doanh, dich vy dang phdt ttiin rit mgnh md rfng ra ngodi cpng ding, huyfn, tinh, bifn gidi quic gia.
Cd tfii ndi. cdc mii liSn kit ttong hoat dpng sdn xuit, kinh doanh eua cdc nhdm hp gia dinh ndng tfidn dang bi chi phii mgnh bdi qua ttinh chuyin dii vd hpi nhap quic ti dang diin ra ngdy cdng sdu rpng. Ngdy nay ede mii lifn kit ttuyin thing ttong cpng ding dya vdo gia dinh. hp tpc npi ngogi, Idng xdm vin tin tgi, dupe duy tti ttong cdc khdu cua hogt dpng sdn xuat (Tinh cpng ding cua gia dinh vin tiip tyc tin tgi). Tuy nhifn, tinh cing dong cua hp gia dinh dang md rpng ban nhdm thich iing vdi bii cdnh xd hfi hifn nay Khong g.an cdc lifn ket ndy dd giup cdc hp gia dinh cd co hpi phdt ttiin md ring sdn
tteu thu cdng nghifp va kmh doanh budn bdn dich vy di cimg nhau ldm dn cd hifu qud trong bdi cdnh xd hp, hifn nay.
Nguy hi Due Chifn 35
S d ^ u v^etdn ;h-"".^ ' " ^ " ^ "^^ ?"^ * ^ ^ ^ '^''"y^ hiin cua tinh cpng 1 m i i t L ^ t . 1 * ° " - r T " " '"° ''^^ *™°8 '^^''g ^°°8 d ^ trfn tinh cdm san|
eac moi hen ket dya tten sy hpp ly frong quan hf ttao ddi lam an eiia cac chu tfii d nd^f SiTng r a n ' ^ L l t " h '^''f''^^ ^ <^ 'ien quan din m ^ ^ ; h r v t Z h th ^ "! "^°^ '^"8 ^"'^S ciing dang ddt ra nhihig vin dk duoc xem Id
S f Ii T h S ^'" "^" '^^ ^" ""^ "^"^ ^^" - - ^^ ^ "^--
Tai Ueu tham khao
D3UngviTrfnHi^p. 2000. 7 - < ^ / , . , „ , ^ „ , , ^ , „ - , , ^ . , ^ ^ ^ , ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
" ' ' g ° r S S l . * ' " ^ - " * ' ' " - ^^-''(B'" ^^ C u ^ V. cong sy djch, Nxb Bgi hpc Qu6c
!KZr''',r'''^*'"''''""*'^^*^^^''"«"'^'^''''^^''«^*^''S.in.HiNOi.
W^^--^^O.euanhfddnghgdehdulhSsdngHdng.^,,Kiu»i^^i^.,^,^^.
'''"''" h ^ H X - ' " " " " " • ^'""'*^ "^*'-^" " ^ ^"' ""^ '-' ''""• ^ 2. Nxh Khoa hpc xa TA, Dinh Hugu. 1996. £)&hifndgitirtruyin thdng. Nxb VSn h6a tf,6ng tin. H4 N$i
""'S^*™ M l ^ ' • " - "' ^-^ ^'^ "*" "'^ ^'>-' ^ - -^^ ^ ^ P-^ HO Chi Minh. Thinh ph6 Robert A. Nisbet. 1966. The Sociological Tradition. Basic Books Publishing House
Jose Hams (editer). 2001. Ferdinnand Tonnies 1887 77>»r„-. v. ..„• ,
in .he histoiy of Poli.ica, •^^^^C^^^.^'t^^Z^tZ'^m. ^ ' ^ ^ '^'^'^ ^^^"^
