TAI CHINH-KINH DOANH
THANH TOAN KHONG DUNG TIEN MATTAI VIET NAM:
THirCTRANGVAGIAI PHAP
LETHjTHANH
2020 id nam tu&cung trien khai Dean phdt triin thanh todn Ididng dung tien mat tgi Viet Nam tbeo Quyit tinh sd2545/QthTTg cua Thd ttfdng Chinh phu. Tuy nhiin, den nay, chi tieu tyle tien mat tren tong phifong tien thanh todn van con cao so vdi muc tiiu cua Dean. Tnfdc tinh hinh do, ngdy 26/5/2020, Thu tiidng Chinh phu tiep tucban hdnh Chlthiso22/CT-TTg veviei ddy mgnh triin Idiai cdc gidi phdp phdt trien thanh todn khdng dimg tiin mat tgi Viet Nam. Bdi viit khdi gudtlgi mgt sok& qud vd hgn chi, trong qud trinh tiiin khai cdc hogt ddng thanh todn khdng dung tien mdt tftd/ gian qua, dexuat mdt so gidi phdp eho rfidf gian tdi.
THkhda: Thanh todn khdng dimg tiin mat, tj le tiin mdi, Chllhis622/CT-TTg
NON-CASH PAYMENT IN VIETNAM: CURRENT SITUATION
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ANDSOLUTIONS LeThi Thanh
2020 is the last year to implement the project of developing non-cash payment in Vietnam according to the Decision No. 2545 / QD-TTg of the Prime Minister. However, up to now, cash on the total means of payment ratio in Vietnam is still high compared to the target of the Scheme. Facing this situation, on May 26, 2020, the Prime Minister issued Directive No. 22 / CT-TTg on promoting the implementation of non-cash payment development solutions in Vietnam. The article summarizes some I of the results, limitations and shortcomings in the process of implementing non-cash payment activities [ in Vietnam in the past and proposed some solutions j pr the coming time.
' KeywonSs: Non-cosh payment, cosh ratio. Directive No.22/G-TTg
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Ngdy nhdn bdi: 18/5/2020 Ngdy hodn thiin biin tdp: 28/5/2020 Ngdy duyet ddng: 9/6/2020
Thae trang thanh todn khdng dCing t i l n mdt tai Viet Nam
Thanh toan khSng dimg tien mgt (TTKDTM) la xu the tat yeu ciia toan the gioi va Vi^t Nam cung khong phai ngogi 1?. Nhgn thiic ro vai tro, tam quan trpng cua TTKDTM, cuoi nam 2016, Thii tuang Chinh
phii da ban hanh Quyet djnh so 2545/QD-TTg phe duyet De an phat trien TTKDTM tai Vi?t Nam giai doan 2016-2020. Myc tieu De an huong den la tao su chuyen bien ro r?t ve TTKDTM trong nen kinh te, lam thay doi dan tgp quan sii dyng cac phucmg tien thanh toan trong xa hpi, giam chi phi xa hpi Hen quan den tien mgt, giam ty 1§ tien mat trong luu thong tinh tren GDP, tien mat hen tong phucmg ti?n thanh toan. Dong thai, nang cao hieu qua quan ly, giam sat cua cac co quan quan ly nha nuoc, minh bgch hoa cac hoat dpng thanh toan trong nen kinh te va thu nhap ca nhan trong xa hpi, gop phan vao cong tac phong, chong tham nhiing, tieu cue va tpi pham kinh te...
Tiep do, nam 2018, Thii tuong Chinh phu ban hanh Quyet dinh so 241/QD-TTg phe duy?t De an day manh thanh toan qua ngan hang doi voi dich vu cong: thue, dien, nuoc, hpc phi, vi^n phi va cac chuong trinh an sinh xa hpi; Ban hanh Bp tieu chu&i ca so ve the chip npi dia va Bp tieu chuan co so "Dac ta ky thugt QR Code hien thi tii phia don vj chap nhan thanh toan tai Vi^t Nam" lam co so cho cac to chiic tin dung, to chiic trung gian thanh toan ap dyng nham tang kha nang thanh toan lien thong, tang cuong an toan, bao mat giao dich khach hang... Moi day, ngay 26/5/2020, Thu tudng Chinh phii ban hanh Chi thi so 22/CT-TTg nhim thiic day phat trien TTKDTM, thanh toan di|n hi dgt dupc cac muc tieu ciia Quyet dinh so 2545/QD-TTg, djc biet trong boi canh diln bien phiic tgp cua dich b?nh Covid-19.
Sau gan 4 nam trien khai Quyet dinh so 2545/
QD-TTg, hogt dpng TTKDTM tai Vi?t Nam da dat
w^
dugc nhijmg ket qua tich cyc, Theo Ngan hang Nha nuoc (NHNN), den nay, co 78 to chiic cung ung djch vy thanh toan qua internet va 45 to chiic cung ung dich vy thanh toan di dpng, vol so lupng giao djch len den vai tram tri^u ty dong, Hien nay, 6 Vi^ Nam co 9 he thong TTKDTM chinh gom: H? thong thanh toan dien tii lien ngan hang (IBPS); h? thong thanh toan bii tm; h? thong thanh toan npi bp ciia timg ngan hang thuang mai (NHTM); cac h? thong tiKanh toan song phuong; h? th5ng thanh toan ngogi t? VCB - Money;
he ttiong thanh toan chiing khoan do BIDV quan ly, vgn hanh; h^ thong thanh toan the; h? thong thanh toan qua internet va dien thogi di dpng va he thong SWIFT. Trong d6, h$ ttiong IBPS la tryc ttianh toan quoc gia, san sang dap iing nhu cau chu chuyen von cua hen kinh te va la tien de quan trpng chp viec phat trien va dSy mgnh TTKDTM. Doi voi h? thong SWIFT Viet Nam (ra din tir nam 1996), den nay, hSu h^t cac to chuc cung ling dich vy thanh toan tgi Viet Nam da sii dyng dich vy chuyen tien dien tir ciia SWIFT de chuyen ngo^i te va cac giao djch thanh toan quoc t^. Trong khi do, cac he thong thanh toan npi bp, he thong thanh toan song phuong, he thong thanh toan the, he thong thanh toan qua internet va dien thoai di dpng dupc cac NHTM tiep tyc dugc quan tam, chu trpng dau tu, egp nhgt va phat tril'n voi ky thugt, cong nghe tien tien de cung ting cac dich vy phucmg tien thai\h toan hi^n dgi, da dgng tren toan quoc.
Co s6 hg tang va cong nghe phyc vy TTKDTM, nhat la thanh toan dien tii, tiep tyc dupc chu trpng dau tu, nang cap chat lupng, dap iing tot hon i\hu cau thanh toan ngay c ^ g tang ciia xa hpi va tt\ich iing voi tien trinh hpi nhgp kinh te quoc te. He thong thanh toan di§n tii lien ngSn hang dupc vgn hanh hogt dpng an toan, hi^u qua va th6ng suot. He thong thanh toan bii trir di^n tii ti^ dpng phyc vy cac giao dich thanh t o ^ ban le vdi kha nang thanh toan theo thoi gian thi^c, xu ly giao dich da kenh, da phucmg tien dang dugc thiJf nghiem de dua vao vgn hanh chinh thiic phyc vy nhu cau chuySh tien, giao dich thanh toan ban le, thanh toan cac djch vy tien ich.
Cac cong nghe moi, hien dgi trong thanh toan nhu viec Ap dyng xac thye van tay, nhgn dien khuon m|t, sir dyng ma phan hoi nhanh (QR Code), ma hoa thong tin the, thanh toan phi tiep xiic, cong nghe mPOS...
dupc cac ngan hang nghien ciiu, hgp tac va iing dyng, dgc biet la viec thanh toan biing QR Code g3n voi day mgnh thanh toan qua dien thoai di dpng hpp vdi xu the phat trien tren the gidi va hanh vi nguoi tieu dimg. NHNN cap phep hogt dpng cic to chiic
cung ling dich vy himg gian Uianh toan, trong do, tap trung nhiing tinh nang n^p tien dien thogi, thanh toan qua ma QR, thanh toan hoa don dich vy cudc dien thoai di dpng, hoa don dien nudc, internet, cac khoan vay tai chinh... He thong ATM, POS tiep tyc dupc quan tam dau tu, n3ng cao chat lirgng. Tinh den cuoi nam 2019, tren toan quoc co khoang 18.900 ATM va 282.900 may POS, tang hiong iing 17,3%; 44,5% so vdi dmg ky nam 2018).
Cac phucmg thiic TTKDTM khong ngirng tang mgnh. Viec md va sir dyng tai khoan aia ca nhan tiep tyc tang len. Theo thong k§, Viet Nam hien co khoang 30 trieu ngudi sii dyng he thong thanh toan ngan hang moi ngay, toe dp tang trudng dich vy ngan hang di dpng (Mobile Banking) thai gian qua la 200%.
Den nay, da cd tren 76 tp chuc cung iing dich vy thanh toan trien khai dich vy thanh toan qua Internet va 41 to chiic cung iing dich vy thanh toan qua dien thogi di dpng- Trong nam 2019, gia trj giao dich binh quan qua he thong thtinh toan dien tii lien ngan hang (IBPS) dat gan 375 nglun ty dong/ngay (tuong duong 17 ty USD/ngay); gia trj giao djch qua POS dgt 491 nghin ty dong; qua dien thogi di dgng dat 4,264 nghin ty dong;
qua Internet dgt 17.729 nghin ty dong (tang tuang iing 66,3%; 221,2% va 36,6% so vdi cung ky nam 2018).
Hien nay, cac nha mgng vien thong cung tham gia tich cyc vao qua trinh thanh toan khong diing tien mgt thong qua nhieu hinh thiic, trong do noi bgt la dich vy Mobile Money. Dich vy mdi nay cho phep, ngudi dan dugc gui tien vao nha mgng cho dii khong cd tai khoan tgi NHTM, ho3c co the dimg tien trong tai khoan dien thogi cua minh de giii cho nhau, mua hang hda vdi gia trj nho. Tai Viet Nam, Cong ty Co phan dich vu Di dgng tryc tuyen (M_Service) da dugc NHNN cap phep cung cap dich vy vi va djch vu chuyen tien, thu hp/chi hg...
NHNN cho biet, theo ke hogch, hang logt nghj dinh, thong tu lien quan den hanh lang phap ly thijr nghiem cac phuong tien thanh todn mdi se dupc ban hanh trudc thang 12/2020, bao gom: Nghj djnh ve co che quan ly thir nghiem hogt dpng cong nghe tai chinh trong linh vyc ngan hang; De an day manh TTKDTM giai dogn 2021-2025; sira doi, bo sung cac thong tu ve TTKDTM, v^^ djch vy trung gian thanh toan; de xuat Thii tudng ban hanh quyet dinh thi diem Mobile Money... Rieng ttiong tu ve ap dyng xac ttiyc dien hi (eKYC) se ban hanh trudc ttiang 9/2020. Hien tgi, nghi dinh mdi ve TTKDTM (hong dd cd quy djnh ve Mobile Money) dang dugc NHNN hoan thipn. Co quan nay ciing dang xay dyng De an Co che quan W
thu nghiem hoat dpng cong nghe tai chinh trong linh vvc ngSn hang (Regulatory Sandbox), xay dyng co che thi diem quan ly hogt dgng cho vay ngang hang (P2P lending) tgi Vi$t Nam,..
Thach thuTc, han chf
Tuy nhien, hien nay hogt dgng TTKDTM trong hen kinh te v5n con doi m|it vdi khdng it ton tgi, thach thiic, cy the:
- Hanh lang phap ly trong Itnh vyc thanh toan dien tir van chua hoan thien vh dSng bp, mac dii thdi gian qua da dugc cdi thien nhieu. Cac chinh sach ve TTKDTM chua cd ddt pha dang kC chua luat hda cac hogt dpng TTKDTM. Cac quy djnh con nhieu bat cap, chua theo kip su phat trien ciia thj trutmg, nhieu dich vy mdi ra ddi nhung hanh lang phap ly chua dugc thiet Igp cy the (nhu ti^n do, tien di^n hi...) de tgo mdi trudng phat trien djch vy va hinh thanh co che bdo ve cac chu the, khach the trong hogt dpng ding nhu xay dyng quy trinh giai quyet tranh chap hieu qua, khdch quan.
- TTKDTM d Viet Nam chua phat hien nhu ky vpng, ty le giao dich sii dyng tien mgt cdn cao, Theo Tgp doan Dir Ueu quoc te (IDG) nam 2019, gan 40%
so dan Vigt Nam cd tai khodn ngan hang nhung van con 80% chi tieu hang ngay sir dyng tien m^t, 98%
sii dyng tien mgt khi thanh toan cac mgt hang dudi 100 nglun dong va c6 tdi gan 85% giao dich tgi ATM 1^ giao dich nit tien. Chi tieu ty le tien mgt tren tdng phuang tien thanh toan van con cao so vdi myc tieu da de ra tgi Quyet dinh so 2545/QD-TTg (den ngay 31/12/2019 la 11,33%),
- Viec sii dyng tien m^t van con kha pho bien trong cac giao djch dan sy cua ngudi dan, nhat la d dia ban nong thon, viing sau, viing xa; thanh toan dien tii hong thuang mai dien hi con thap. Ngu)*en nhan chinh Id do thdi quen tieu dimg bang tien mat da Sn sau vao tiem thiic ciia ngudi dan, tam ly e nggi khi tiep cgn vdi cong nghe thanh toan mdi, ding nhu lo nggi ve an ninh an toan va chi phi khi sir dyng cac phuong thirc thanh toan dign tii nen viec trien khai TTKDTM ggp nhieu khd khan.
- Hg tang ca sd va trang thiet bi ky thugt phuc vy cho hogt dpng TTLDTM con kem hieu qua, chua tuong xiing vdi tiem nang. Hien nay, cac td chiic tai chinh (gom ngan hang, trung gian tharJi toan va vi dien tii) deu xay dyng he thong trang ttiiet bi thanh toan rieng tgi mpt diem chap nhgn thanh tpan, dp vay, vira lang phi Igi khong tgn dyng dugc hg tang chung.
Cac hinh thiic thanh toan mdi nhu QR Code, sinh hac
hpc... bdt dau phat triai nhtmg chua dugc quy hogch, ddnh gia de trien khai dien rpng.
- Viec TTKDTM hien nay cdn thieu dong bg giira cac trung gian thanh toan va cac don vi cung iing hang hda, djch vy. Cac ngan hang va cdng ty Fintech chiu trach nhiem ldn ve viec cung cap cac phuang tien thanh todn cho ngudi dan, nhung cdc dan vj cung ling djch vy, hang hda mdi la noi de ngudi dan thye hien viec TTKDTM chua nhieu. Tgi nhieu dan vi cung ling djch vy, hang hda, ngudi dan van chua the dp dyng cac phuang tien TTKDTM...
De x u f t g\i\ phtip thuc 6iy philt trien thanh toan khdng dung tien mdt
De tiep h^c thiic day phat trien TTKDTM, thanh toan dien hi dgt dugc cac myc tieu cua Quyet djnh 2545/QD-Trg, trong thdi gian tdi, can ti% tyc bdm sdt cdc giai phdp neu ra tgi Quyet djnh 2545/QD-TTg va Chi thi so 22/CT-TTg ciia Thd hrdng Chinh phii. Theo do, can tap trung vao mgt sd giai phap trgng tam sau:
061 v6i NHNN Viit Nam
- Tiep tyc daiy manh hogt dpng truyen thdng dong bp, hieu qud hong vife pho bien kien thiie, nang cao nhan thiic, thay doi hanh vi va each thiic thanh toan tieu dimg cua ngudi dan, qua dd nang cao khd nang tiep cgn cdc sdn pham djch vy ngan hang eho ngudi dan, khuyen khich sir dyng cac phuong thiic TTKOTM.
- Khan truong hoan thanh viec ra soat, sira ddi, bd sung, hoan thien hanh lang phap ly cho hoat dpng TTKDTM, thanh tpan dien hi, dap iing yeu cau phat trien cdc md hinh, san pham djch vy thanh todn mdi;
chu tri, phdi hpp vdi cac bg, co quan co lien quan trinh Chinh phii xem xet ban hanh Nghj djnh thay the Nghj dinh ve TTKOTM.
- Tiep tyc nghien ciiu ban hanh theo tham quyen hoac hinh cap tham quyen ban hanh cac co che, ehinh sdch thich hgp ve phi djch vy thanh todn de khuyen khich to chirc, ca nhan thye hien TTKDTM, Chi dgo hoan thanh xay dung, phdt trien He thong bii trir dien hi tu dpng cho cdc giao djch thanh toan ban le (ACH), chinh thiic dua vao van hanh, hien khai djch vy hoan thanh trudc ngay 15/12/2020. Chu tri phoi hgp vdi cac ca quan lien quan nghien ciiu, trinh Thii tudng Chinh phii viec trien khai cac mo hinh djch vy thanh toan mdi de kjp thdi ddm bao cdng tac qudn ly, ddp iing yeu cau thye tien,
- Nang cap hg tang thanh toan quoc gia (he thong Thanh toan dien tir lien ngan hang); chi dgo trien
49
khai va sdm dua vao van hanh He thong thanh toan bii trir tu dpng phyc vy cac giap djch ban le, qua dp thiet lap hg tang thanh toan ban le Men dai, hogt dpng higu qud, lien tyc, dap iing nhu cau thanh toan nhanh chdng, an toan, thugn tien vdi ehi phi hgp ly cua ngudi dan va doanh nghiep; Nang cao chat lugng eiia hogt dpng thanh tpan dien tii, dp dyng cdc cong nghe, phucmg thiic thanh todn hien dai nham tang miic dp tien Igi, gidm chi phi sii dung va rui ro, ddm bdo an toan ve tai san va thong tin cua ngudi sir dyng. Tiep tyc nghien ciiu, iing dyng cac giai phap xdc thye, nhgn biet khach hang (KYC) bang phuang thiic dien tir de thiic day tiep cgn va sii dung cac djch vu thanh toan.
- Tang cudng cong tdc thanh ha, kiem tra, giam sdt, phong, chong nia tien, tai hp khiing bo hong hogt dgng TTKDTM, thanh toan dien tii, tnmg gian thanh toan, dam bdo hogt dpng an ninh, an toan, hieu qua.
Gidm sat cac he thong thanh todn dam bao hogt dgng an toan, hieu qua; tang cudng eong tac dam bdo an ninh, an toan trong thanh toan dien tii; giam sat hoat dpng cac td ehiic eung iing dich vy tnmg gian thanh todn dam bdo hogt dgng diing quy dinh.
£)df V&I Bd Tdi chinh
- Tiep tyc hoan thien ket noi giira ha tang thanh toan dien hi ciia cdc td chiic tin dyng vdi ha tang eua cdc CO quan Thue, Hai Quan, Kho bac Nha nudc de phyc vy yeu cau phoi hgp thu ngan sach Nha nudc bang phuong thiic dien tir.
- Nghien ciiu md rgng cac gidi phap cho phep cdc NHTM ha ciiu thdng tin td khai hai quan, hd hp NHTM trong eong tdc kiem soat ho so, chiing tir ttianh toan xuat nhap khau va hgn ehe rid ro gian lan.
- Cd hudng ddn cy the ve co che tai ehinh ciia cac to chiic hanh chinh, don vj sy nghiap hong viee ehi ha phi dieh vy thanh toan khdng dimg tien mgt cho to ehiic tin dyng, to chiic tnmg gian thanh toan ddm bao ap dyng khd thi, thye Men thong nhat.
Doi vdi Bd Lao ddng-Thvttmg binh vd Xa hdi vd Bdo hiim Xd Mi Viet Nam
- Xay dyng va ban hdnh theo tham quyen cac hudng dan, tieu chuan, Ip trinh chuan hda thdng tin dii lieu ve ngudi nhgn luong hiru, trg cap bao hiem xa hpi, cae che dp an sinh xa hpi de cd the ket noi chia s^ thong tin vdi to chiic tin dyng, td chiie trung gian thanh loan thye hien ehi ha cac che dp an sinh xa hpi, luong huu, trp cap bao hiem xa hpi qua ngan hang.
- Phoi hgp vdi NHNN trien khai cac md hinh thanh todn tgi khu vyc ndng thdn, vimg sau, vimg xa gan vdi viee xay dyng va trien khai Chi&i lupc Quoc gia ve Tai chinh toan dien tgi Viet Nam; Thue day thanh todn dien hi trong khu vyc Chinh phii.
D6i vdi cdc tS chdrc tin dung
- Tang cudng cdc hogt dgng marketing hudng dan khadi hang md tai khodn, giao djch thanh todn qua cdc phucmg tien dien hi.
- Day manh tich hgp cdc logi the vdi cac the thanh toan ma ngudi dan dang sii dyng pho bien de giam thu tyc dang ky md th^ va the nay cd ttie sir dyng trong nMeu he thong ngan hang. Chu dgng lien ket vdi nha mgng de thye Men ede giao djch chuy&i tien tir tai khoan ciia khdch hang sang cdc vi dien hi ciia khdch hang tgi cac thue bao kM nhirng dy an cua nha mgng duge phdp lugt cho phep.
- Nghien ciiu dieu ehinh miie phi hgp ly cho nhiing khdch hdng cd nMeu giao djch hong mgt ngay, nhat la nhiing giao dich nhd.
- Tiep tyc iing dyng mgnh me cdng nghe Men dai vao hogt dpng thanh todn, lay viec cung iing djch vy tren tMet bj di dpng lam mye tieu chinh; phdi hgp vdi cdc don vi cung iing hang hda, djch vy de ket noi, tich hgp he thong cdng nghe thdng tin ciia cdc dem vj nay vdi he thong thanh toan ciia nganh Ngan hang; dong thdi, tiep tyc day manh truyen thdng, tuyen truyen, khuyen khich ngudi dan, doanh ngMep sir dyr^
phucmg thiic TTKDTM. * Tdi lieu tham khdo:
IThdn/dng Chinh phd (2016), Ouyel dinh s62S4S/QD-TTg ngdy 30/12/2016 phi duyet Bedn phdt Iriin thanh todn khdng diing liin mdt tai Viet Nam giai doan 2016-2020:
2. Thu ludng Chinh phd (2020), Chi thj sd22/G-TTg ngdy 26/5/2020 ve vik ddy manh trien khai cdc gidi phdp phdt tnen thanh todn ididng diing den mdt tai Viet Nam:
3. Ngdn hdng Nhd nudc Viet Nam (2019), Bdo cdo ket gud 2 ndm ihuc hiin de dn Thanh todn khdng ddng tien mat;
4. Nguyen Thanh Thdo (2020). Phdt tnen thanh todn khdng dimg tien mdt Igi Viit Hom, Tgp chi Tdi chinh ky 1 thdng 3/2020;
5. Nguyen Thi Ngoc Dilm {2019), Qudn Ifnhd nudc ddi vdi dich vu lhanh todn khdng diing tien mdt Irong thanh todn ndi dia cua cdc ngdn hdng ihuang mai ViitNam,UidndnTiinsi.
Thdng tin tac gid:
Le Thi Thanh
Khoa Ngogi Ngff, Trudng Bgi hoc Tdichinh - Qudn tn kmh doanh Email: [email protected]
