Joumal of Science of Haiphong University | VoL 04, No. 19, pp. 124 - 1 3 0
MOT SO KT THUAT OANH CIA QUA TRJNH TRONG DAY HOC KTTHUAT 6 DAI HOC
Pham Hong Khoa'
Tdm tat lien tue dinh hddng, dieu chinh hoat dong Dda tren ed sd li ludn vl danh gia qud nh|n thfle. Danh gid qua trinh la mdt cdeh trinh, bai \iet dfla ra mdt sd ki thudt thfle hien tiep can mdi trong kilm tra, danh gid. Cach danh gid qua trinh trong day hpe. Mdi ki thuat ddnh gia nay tap trung vio vile ddnh gia Uen ed mue dich, each thflc tien hdnh vd thdi diem tue trong cac thdi diem cua qua trinh day hgc sfl dimg khac nhau. Dl thflc hien dflpe danh vdi mue tieu thu nhdn thdng tin ngflpe de gid qua trinh trong day hpc ki tiiudt, giang dieu chinh edeh day, each hpc, phat trien ki vien cdn nam vflng eae ki thuat danh gia va ed nang danh gia cho cd gian^vien (GV) vd SV sfl phdi hpp trong gidng day de cd nhflng hfldng tdi ehuan kien thflc, ki nang can dat.
nhan dinh chinh xac, dfla ra dflde dinh hddng Nhflng dinh hddng dieu chinh edn dda tren dilu ehinh dung dan. ^^^ ki tiiu^t thu thdp, xfl li thdng tin trong TU khod: ddnh gid qud trinh, ki thuat sudt qud trinh day hgc (gpi ehung Id cde ki ddnh gid qud trinh tiiuat danh gia qua trinh), ddde GV thdc hien 1. Md dau ^^ ^^^ "^^"^ ^"^^ ^^ T)haji thfle, tiin bd trong
Qud trinh hgc tap efla smh viln (SV) hoc tap cfla SV.
ngdnh ki thuat la qud trinh linh hgi kiin thUc, Thflc hien cdc ki thuat danh gid qua trinh ki ndng vd bUdc ddu hinh thdnh ki xdo liin de cd dflde nhflng thdng tin can thiet, hflu ich quan din mgt nghi nhdt dinh. Qua dd, SV cho viec danh gid la mpt cdng vile khdng de hodn thien nhdn edch noi ehung, hinh thdnh vd thfle hien. Bin eanh nhiJng ki thudt ddnh gid phdt trii'n nhdn cdch nghi nghiip noi rieng. nhfl bii kilm tra, bii tap ve nhd... ehiing tdi Trong qua trinh hpe tap efla minh, SV ngdnh gioii thieu mgt sd ki thuat danh gia qud trinh ki thuat phdi tiep thu mdt khdi lddng kiln cd kha nang phu hpp vdi viee danh gia SV thflc ldn bao gdm kiln thflc cd bdn, kiln thfle ngdnh ki thuat.
cd sd vd kiln thflc chuyen ngdnh. Ngoai vile j . Noi d u n g
nam vflng dinh nghia, SV cdn phdi hiiu ban 2.1.Ki thuat sd dung hSsU hpc tap trUctuy^n chat qud trinh, nguyin li boat ddng vd tfl duy, _ ^^^ ^f,h: H6 sd hpc tap trfle tiiyln Id sdng tao van dung vao thfle tien. De nang cao ^^ ^dp nhflng edng viee, san phim, dilm sd hieu qua qud trinh hpe tap, SV can phai dflde ^ j . ^ b y trong qua trinh hpc t | p efla SV dflpc
~ sap xep ed mue dieh vd cd td ehfle trong ThS., Trung tam ThUc hanh Id thuat.
1 2 4 TRddNGOAl HQC HAI PHONG
Pham Kong Khoa
moi trfldng Internet Hd sd hpe tap trflc tuyen giup GV hieu SV d l ca biet hod boat ddng giang day, tao thuan Ipi cho ho^t ddng hpc tdp cfla SV. Ddng thdi, giflp SV nhin nhdn lai chinh ban thdn minh d l ed sfl chfl ddng trong hgc tap, cung nhfl tfldng tac trd lai vdi GV d l khang dinh minh va giup GV hieu chinh xac hdn ve SV. Vile sfl dung hd sd hpe tap trflc tuyin giup eho vile danh gid eua GV dl dang, thu^n ldi hdn. GV cd the thflc hien danh gid, dda ra nhan xet dieu chinh d eae khdng gian va thdi gian khac nhau chfl khong bd hep trong pham vi gid len ldp. Hd sd hpc tap trflc tuyin eho phep SV nhan dflpc ngay nhflng phan hdi cua GV.
- Cdng cu: Wikisapaces
- Md td ki thuat: GV sfl dung cdng cu wikispaees de xay dflng ho sd hpc tap trflc tuyen cua SV trong qua trinh hpc tap hpe phan. Mdi SV si ed m^t trang riing trong Wiki de tong hpp eae san pham, bii ldm vd diem dat ddac trong qua trinh hpe tap. Trong trang Wiki eiia minh, SV tfl vilt thu hoach, nhflng suy ngam, vfldng mac trong qud trinh hgc tdp; ghi lai nhflng gi minh da hpc dflde hoae ehfla hpe dflpc ve kiln thfle, ki nang, thdi do cua mdn hpe vd xac dinh edch dieu chinh nhfl: dieu ehinh each hpe, can dau tfl them thdi gian, can sd hd trd eua GV hay cdc ban trong nhdm; GV ed thi bd sung cae ndi dung nhdn xet, gdp y de SV td nhan ra nhflng thieu sdt, ed k l hoach hpe tdp tdt hpn.
- Thdi diem sfl dung: Trong sudt qua trinh day hpc.
2.2. Kl thuat ddnh gid kien thdc da co (kien thdc nen)
- Muc dieh: Ki thuat nay dflpe sfl dung dl tim hiiu kiln thflc SV da dflde hpe, ddpe tim hieu, ehuan bi tfl trfldc ldm ep sd eho viec tiep thu kien thflc mdi. Qua dd, giup SV he thdng lai kien thflc ca ban da dflpe tieh luy lien quan den bai hgc mdi vd GV xde dinh dflpe diem bat dau hieu qud nhdt. Hien nay, trong giang day dai hpe, vile kilm tra, nhac lai kiln thfle lien quan den bai mdi cdn nhilu han che. GV khdng thfldng xuyen thflc hien viec kiem tra bii eu ddi vdi SV. Dilu niy dan tdi vile GV khd xae dinh dflpe Idpng kiln thflc da cd cua SV de lim cd sd trang bi kiln thflc mdi vd SV khdng td danh gid ddpc mflc dp kiln thfle eua ban than. Vi vay, vile thddng xuyen ddpc danh gia kiln thfle da cd cfla SV la mdt dilu can thiet.
- Cdng Cd: Cau hdi trdc tiep, phieu phan hdi nhanh.
- Md ta ki thudt: GV ehuan bi he thdng cdu hdi vl cic khai niem, van de lien quan den ndi dung se hpc de ylu eau SV tra ldi (ehfl ^ nhan manh ket qud tra Idi khdng dnh hddng tdi kit qua mdn hgc m i ehi nham giup GV vi SV xdy dflng dddc ke hoach day hoc hieu qud). Ket qud dflpc phan hdi ngay khi bat dau bai hpc tilp theo nham giflp SV xae dinh nhflng edng viec can phdi ehuan bi eho bii mdi.
- Thdi diem sfl dung: Trfldc khi bat dau bai mdi.
Vi du: Trddc khi day ndi dung "Khdi quat chung ve hien tflpng phdng diln set".
TAP CHf KHOA HOC Vol. 04, No 19 - 11/2016 1 2 5
Mot so ki thuat danh gia qua trinh trong day hoc ki thuat ddai hoc
GV ed thi dat cdu hdi yeu cdu SV trinh bdy ve qud trinh hinh thinh thac dien tfl vi eae dang phdng dien trong diln trfldng khdng ddng nhat. Mue dieh cfla cdu hdi ndy giup SV tai hien eae ndi dung kien thflc ve qua trinh hinh thinh thdc dien tfl, hien tflpng phdng dien trong dien trfldng khdng ddng nhdt va khdi phuc Iden thflc ca sd de linh hdi kien thflc ve hien tdpng phdng diln set (cung Id qua trinh hinh thanh thdc dien tfl trdng ididng khi vd phong dien trong diln trfldng khdng ddng nhat).
2.3. Kithuatphdn hoi nhanh
- Muc dich: Ki thuat nay dflpe sfl dung d l tim hiiu nhflng Iden thfle SV dd chilm linh dfldc hodc nhflng khd khan khi ehda hieu rd ve bii hpe. Ki thuat niy eung giflp eho GV xae dinh mflc dd tap trung chu y cua SV vao bii hgc vi khd ndng tfl ddnh gia cua SV trong viec phdn bilt eae ndi dung ehinh efla bii vdi ndi dung bo trp.
- Cdng eu: Cau hdi trdc tiep, philu phdn hdi nhanh.
- Md ta ki thudt: GV ed thi dait cau hdi dfla trln mue dieh mudn thu thdp thdng tin tfl phia SV sau khi hpc xong vl ndi dung quan trpng nhat nhan dddc trong bai hpe hoae van- dl nao chda hieu rd d l ylu cau SV trd ldi. Cdu hdi cd thi hdi trdc tiep tren bdng hoae qua philu phan hdi nhanh. Thdng qua eau tra ldi cua SV, GV giai dap, dilu chinh. Ki thuat ndy thddng dung trong nhflng ldp ddng, ndi dung bdi gidng eung cap nhilu thdng tin, nhflng gid thdo luan, kiem tra bdi tdp vl nhd...
- Thdi diem sfl dung: Neu mudn tim hiiu khd nang nam bat kiln thfle eua SV thi ed the sfl dung thdi gian cudi gid. Neu mudn tim hieu thdng tin ve bai tdp ve nhd thi cd the sfl dung dau gid.
Vi dp: Sau khi day xong ndi dung vl cae giai doan hinh thdnh ddng dien set, GV sfl dung philu trd Idi nhanh nham xdc dinh sai lam trong nhdn thflc cua SV vl giai doan phdng diln ehinh eua qua trinh phdng diln set de eflng cd lai kien thfle trong tilt sau; giflp nhflng SV Ifla ehpn sai dilu chinh ngay dl cd nhdn thflc dung vl giai doan phdng dien chinh (de tra ldi dflpc eau hdi trong philu, SV can hieu dflpc 3 giai doan hinh thinh phdng dien set).
PHI^U TRA L(5l NHANH Hp vatin:
Cau hdi: Giai doan phdng dien chinh bat ddu khi ndo?
1. Khi kinh phdng diln ehinh Iln tdi dam may.
2. Khi phan dien tieh cdn lai cua dam may cham dat.
3. Khi hinh thinh ddng plasma ndi liln kinh tiin dao dam may vi kinh tiin dao ngflpe chieu.
2.4. Ki thuat sddung bdng dgc diem, cdu tao - Mue dieh: Ki thudt nay dddc sfl dung nham danh gia kha nang tai biln, nam vflng khai niem cua SV hodc danh gid kha nang phan tieh kiln thfle quan trpng trong bii hpe.
Thdng qua bang dae diem, SV biet cdeh sap
1 2 6 TRUONG OAI HOC HAI PHdNG
Pham Hong Khoa
xip, td ehfle kiln thflc vi mdi liln hi gifla edc ndi dung kiln thfle.
- Cdng cu: Bdng dae dilm, sd do cau tao khuyet.
- Md ta ki thudt: GV xay dflng bang dac dilm vdi hing va cot dflpe dinh danh, phan loai khdi niem, ndi dung quan trpng, dien vao bdng. Sau khi xay dflng xong, GV xdy ddng bang mdi tddng flng nhflng de trdng cae thupc tinh, d|c dilm de SV diln. Hoae cd the sfl dung sd dd eau tao khuyet d l SV dien ndi dung.
- Thdi dilm sfl dung: Ki thudt nay thddng dddc sfl dung sau mdt bai gidng, mdt nhilm vu td hpe, thao luan.
Vi du: Sau khi day xong ndi dung "Li thuyet phan vung nang lddng trong vat ran", GV yeu cau SV dien vao bang dae diem de phan loai vat ehat.
f)i|n moi Ban dan Vatdan
MiJfc nang lifcTng vung cam
2.5. Kl thuat sd dung bdng thuan led/
khd khdn
- Mue dieh: Ki thuat n i y nham danh gia kha nang phan tich ve tinh hai mat cua van dl, phan tich gidi phdp ki thuat thay the efla SV.
- Cdng eu: Bdng thudn Idi/khd khan.
- Md ta ki thudt: KT thudt ndy ylu eau SV chi ra dilm thudn lpi, khd khan cho mdt van dl ddpc dat ra. Trln ed sd phdn tieh, SV dda ra nhdn dinh, Ida chpn tdi du.
- Thdi diem sfl dung: Ki thudt niy thddng ddpe sfl dung sau khi tim hieu mdt ndi dung mdi cd tinh hai mat.
Vi du: khi yeu cau SV thilt ke chdng set cho mpt phjim vi can bao vl, GV eho SV lilt ke cdc thdng sd ki thuat, til dd Ida chgn phfldng dn tdi flu.
2.6. Kl thuat sddung bdn do tuduy - Muc dich: Ki thuat nay nham danh gia kha nang sap xep, ket ndi cde ndi dung kien thflc cfla bai hpe.
- Cdng cy: Sd do, ban do td duy.
- Md td ki thuat: Ki thu|t niy ylu eau SV ve ra mgt sd do chi ra mdi liln kit gifla cde ndi dung kien thfle da dflde hpc, ddpe thao luan, td tim hiiu. Qua dd, SV cd edi nhin bao qudt, mach lac vl ndi dung kiln thflc vd danh gid each thfle he thdng efla minh vdi ban hgc.
- Thdi diem sfl dung: Ki thu^t nay cd thi dflpe sfl dung sau mdt bdi giang, mdt ngi dung tfl hgc hoae kit hpp trong trinh bdy thao luan nhdm.
Vi du: Sau khi day xong ndi dung vl bdo vl chdng set danh thing de tong hdp kiln thfle liln quan, GV yeu cau SV ve ra sd dd tfl duy kit ndi kiln thflc lien quan din viee bao ve chdng set danh thang. Qua dd, SV tfl minh he thdng dddc kiln thflc da hoe.
2.7. IG thuat phdt hiin va gidi quyet vdn de - Mue dich: Ki thuat ndy danh gia ki nang phdn tieh, phdt hien vdn dl, mflc dp hieu eae nguyin tae va xdy dflng cac gidi phdp de giai quylt vdn dl.
- Cdng cu: Cau hdi tinh hudng, bai tap tinh toan, thiet ke.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC V o l . 04, No. 19 - 11/2016 1 2 7
Mpt so ki thuat danh gia qu^ trinh trong day hpc ki thuat ddai hoc
- Md td ki thudt: GV yeu eau SV van dung kien thflc da hpe, da tim hieu de gidi quylt van d l thfle tiin. Dang ylu cdu cd thi la bai tap tinh todn thiet ke, bai tap ve nhi.
Thdi diem sfl dung: Ki thuat niy thfldng ddac sfl dflng sau khi kit thfle mdt ndi dung ldn.
2.8. Ki thudt ddnh gid Idm viic nhom - Mue dieh: Ki thudt ndy nham danh gia ki nang phoi hdp, lam viec thed nhdm cua SV.
- Cdng cu: Phieu danh gia thdo ludn nhdm.
- Md td Id thuat: Ki thuat dflpc xdy dflng dddi dang bang hdi de thu thdp thdng tin phan hdi ve qua trinh hpc tap, hpp tde gifla cdc thinh vien efla nhdm. Cdc thdng tin cdn danh gia thddng Id tinh k l hoach, tien dp so vdi muc tieu, khdng khi lim viec, ehat lddng npi dung thdo ludn, vai trd efla cde thanh viln.
- Thdi diem sfl dung: Cd thfle hien trong qua trinh thdo ludn hodc sau khi thdo luan.
2.9. IG thudt tu ddnh gid Idm viic nhdm - Mue dich: Ki thuat nay nham ddnh gid Id nang td danh gia eua SV trong qud trinh tham gia lam vile nhdm. Tfl viec tfl danh gid nay SV ren luyln ddpe ki nang danh gid vd td ddnh gid.
- Cdng eu: Phieu td danh gid ldm vile nhdm.
- Md td ki thudt: Ki thuat dddc xay ddng dddi dang bdng hdi de thu thap thdng tin phdn hoi ve qua trinh tham gia thao luan eua ea nhan trong nhdm. Cde thdng tin can danh gid thddng Id tinh thdn tham gia, nang Ide ed nhan, kha nang lanh dao nhdm...
- Thdi dilm sfl dung: Cd thdc hi?n trong qua trinh thao luan hoae sau khi thao lu^n.
2.1 Q.IG thudt quan sdt
- Muc dich: Ki thuat nham ddnh gid mflc do nhdn thfle, bieu hien vl thdi dd hgc tdp efla SV. Tuy theo muc dieh ddnh gia md GV dinh hfldng quan sdt.
- Cdng cu: Cac tieu ehi quan sdt, edu hdi dim thoati.
- Md ta ki thuat: GV thflc hien vile quan sdt cac hoat ddng hpc tap cua SV hoae trao ddi, phdng van trfle tiep/gian tiep vdi SV. Cae bieu hien, hinh ddng efla SV dvtgc GV quan sat vi tap hdp lim ed sd de dda ra nb^n dinh ve mflc dp kien thfle, thai dp, dpng ed hpe tap.
Dl ed nhan dinh tdt thi GV phdi hoach dinh trddc nhflng dau hieu bdn chdt va xem xet bfii canh todn diln, nlu khdng se de cd nhflng nhdn dinh chfl quan, khdng dflng ban chat.
- Thdi diem sfl diing: Ki thudt nay co the dddc sfl dung d mpi thdi dilm day hpc.
2.11. Ki thuat dat cau hoi
- Muc dich: Sfl dung cdu hdi la viec lam thfldng xuyIn efla GV, ki thudt ndy nham ddnh gid ngay vile linh hdi kiln thfle, mflc dp hieu bilt, khd ndng eiia SV. Dat eau hdi eung Id cdeh d l GV gdi md, hddng dan, thdeh thflc SV tim hiiu tri thflc.
- Cdng eu: Cau hdi.
- Md td ki thudt: Tuy theo muc dich can thu thdp thdng tin m i GV Ifla ehpn edu hdi phfl hpp. Thdng qua ki thuat ddt cdu hdi trong qud trinh gidng d?y ma GV biet dflde SV dang gap khd khan d ddu, cdn hd trp ndi dung ndo, bdng each nio. Ddng thdi, giflp cho SV
1 2 8 TRdONGOAl HQC HAI P H O N G
Pham Hong Khoa
td ddnh gia bdn thdn va ddnh gia ban hpe thong qua edu tra ldi.
- Thdi dilm sfl dung: K! thuat ndy cd the dddc sfl dung d moi thdi diem day hpc,
Muc tieu eiia danh gid qua trinh l i d l GV nam dflde mflc dp tiep thu bii giang eua SV nham tao ra nhflng thay ddi trong qud trinh day va hpc. Cdc ki thudt quan sat vd thao ludn trong ldp hpe cung ed vi tri quan trgng ben e^nh ede phan tieh bdi kilm tra, bai tap ve nhd.
Ddnh gid qud trinh khuyin khieh GV sfl dung phdi hop ki thudt dat cdu hdi vd quan sat. Ddy dddc xem la cd hdi de lam tang them kiln thfle va ndng eao sfl hiiu bilt eua SV. Tuy nhiln, edn Idu y nhflng cau hdi dddc dat ra cho SV phai mang tinh td duy va ddi hdi phdi hieu bai sdu sac hdn la nhflng edu hdi ddn gian, mang tinh sd kien. Sau khi dat cdu hoi phai cho SV du thdi gian suy nghi d l trd ldi cau hdi.
3. Ket luan
De ehat Idpng giao diie ngdy cang di len, ban than mdi GV phai tfl tim ra cho minh mdt phfldng phdp danh gid tieh cdc va phfl hdp vdi thde tien, tfl do dfla ra ddpe kit qua chinh xae, giup SV td tin trong hpe tap. Trong qua trinh gidng day, GV cd nhieu ed hdi d l danh gia tinh hinh hgc tap cua SV, tfl do sfl dung dfl lilu thdng tin ndy d l tao ra nhflng thay ddi cd ldi eho vile day - hpc. Viec van dung danh gia qua trinh Id mdt xu hddng mdi, mang tinh kha thi eao vi phfl hpp vdi ylu eau ddi mdi gido due hien nay. Hinh thfle danh gia nay phat huy tinh tich ede cua SV, vi sd tiin bd
cua SV phu hpp vdi dinh hddng ddi mdi each day vd hpc "lay ngddi hpe lim trung tdm" cua nganh giao due. De trien khai thfle hien tdt, ngddi GV can nam vflng cac ki thuat tren vi cd sd phdi hpp nhip nhang eae ki thuat trong bai giang. Sfl dung nhflng ki thuat nay se li eo sd de GV cd nhflng nhan dinh, danh gia ehinh xae mflc dp dat ddpe eua bii giang. Tu'j' theo kit qua ddnh gid, gidng viln ed thi quylt dinh thay ddi trong each giang day hodc gifl nguyen each giang hien tai vi tinh hieu qua.
Tai lieu tham khao 1. Pham Minh Hac (Chu biln), Tran Kilu,
Dang Bd Lam, Nghiim Dinh Vy (2002), Gido due thi gidi di vdo thiki 21, NXB Chinh tri qude gia, Hd Ndi.
2. Trdn Kieu (Chu biln) (1997). Doi mdi phUdng phdp day hgc d trUdng THCS, Vien Khoa hoc giao due.
3. Nguyen Trgng Khanh (2009), Chuyin de Kiem tra ddnh gid day hgc ki thuat, Tii lilu danh eho hpe viln sau Dai hgc chuyen ngdnh LL&PPDH Ki thuat cdng nghiep.
4. Angelo, T.A., and Cross, K.P. (1993).
Classroom Assessment Techniques: A Handbook for College Teachers, 2nd ed.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
5. Andrade, Heidi & Ying Du (2005).
Student perspectives on rubric-referenced assessment. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, J0(3). (Available:
http://
PAREonline.net/getviJ.asp?v=10&n=3)
TAP CHl KHOA HQC Vol, 04, No. 19 - 11/2016 1 2 9
Mot so ki thuSt danh gia qu^ Irinh trong day hpc ki thuat ddai hgc
Black, P. and Wiliam, D. (1998). Inside the black box: Raising standards through classroom assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 80(2):139-148. (Available: http://
www.pdkinti.org/kappan/kbla9810.htm.) Formative and Summative Assessment, Prepared for Gleneoe/McGraw-Hill by Interactive Edueationat Systems Desing, Inc, New York,NY.
http://www.assessment-reform- group.org/
STRATEGIES FOR FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Abstract
Based on the theory of formative assessment, this paper presents some strategies for formative assessment in teaching. Each of the strategies has a different purpose and method, and is used at different times. To use formative assessment well in teaching engineering, the teachers should understand the strategies and combine them in teaching in order to get correct assessment and adjustment.
Keywords: formative assessment, formative assessment strategies
(Ngay nhdn bdi: 31/5/2016; Ngdy phan bien ddnh gia: 10/6/2016; Ngdy duylt ddng:
20/6/2016)
1 3 0 TRI/ONGDAI HOC HAI PHdNG
