• NGHlfiN Cim QU6C Tfi •
MOT SO XU HtTdNG CUA GIAO DUC DAI HOC MALAYSIA HIEN NAY
T H A N THI HANH"
Tom tat. Hien nay, ViSt Nam dang CO nhiing nd luc cai each giao due dai hoc manh me nhim nang cao chat luong dao tao, phuc va hieu qua hOn cho sa phat trien cua dat nitdc. Trong qua trinh ban hanh chU truong, chinh sach va thac tien tieh hanh cai each, viSc tham khao kinh nghiSm cua cac qua: gia da va dang tiS'n hanh cai each giao due dai hoc la cin thiSi. Vdi muc dich cung cSp kinh nghiem thuc tiin cho doi mdi giao due dai hgc Viet Nam hien nay, bai viet tap trung phan tich diic trung, bieu hien cua mdt sd'xu hudng trong giao due dai hgc Malaysia hien nay gom: dai chiing hda giao due dai hgc, da dang hda giao due dai hgc va quoc tehda giao due dai hgc. Dong thdi, chi ra hiSu qua cua eai each giao due dai hgc theo cac xu hudng tren do! vdi su phat tridn giao due dai hgc Malaysia ndi rieng, sUphat triin cua Malaysia^ noi chung.
Tii kbda: Cai each giao due dai hgc; giao due dai hgc Malaysia; dai ehiing hda giao due dai hgc; da dang hoa giao due dai hge; quoc te hda giao due dai hgc.
Abstract: Vietnam undergraduate education has transformed significantly towards improving educational quahty and contributing more to national development. In the process of policy making, it is necessary to consult the experiences of other nations. This article reviewed tendencies in undergraduate education in Malaysia, including socialization, diversi&eation and internationalization. The effectiveness of educational reform in Malaysia were also discussed.
Keywords: Undergraduate education; reform; sociaUzation; diversification; internationalization.
Ngay nhan bii: 10/6/2019; Ngay siia bii: 10/7/2019; Ngiy duySt dang bai: 30/8/2019.
1. Dat van de lUdng nguon nhan Itlc khong chi dap ting Hien nay, cai each giao diic dai hoc nhu cau quo'c gia ma con dap ting nhu cau dang diln ra vdi quy mo toan cau nhjm quo'c te.
thich ting vdi stl phat triln, bie'n doi manh 2. Mot so n h a n to' t a c d o n g d e n giao me cila nen kinh te, stl phat trien cila dvic dai hoc Malaysia h i e n n a y khoa hoc - cong nghe va thong tin. De dUa Giao diac dai hoc Malaysia chiu tac da't nudc phat trien trong tinh hinh mdi, dong cua cac nhan to' ben trong va ben Malaysia da tie'n hanh cai each giao due ngoai. NhQng tac dong nay da gdp phan dai hoc. Cai each giao dtic dai hoc chi pho'i xu the vSn ddng cua giao dtic dai Malaysia dugc tiln hanh tii nhiing nam hgc Malaysia.
1990 va trd nen manh me tii nhiing nam ThU nha't, xu the toan ciu hoa. Toan 2000 trd lai day vdi nhiing budc di dgc dao, cau hda la stl di chuyen xuyen quo'c gia v l tao bao. Hien nay, cai each giao dtiC dai vdn, thong tin, tri thtic, cdng nghe, hang hgc cila Malaysia dang diln ra theo mdt so'
xu hudng chinh; dai chiing hda, da dang ' hda, quo'c t e h d a nh&m n a n g cao c h t t "I'S-. Truong Dai hoc Ngo^i thuong Ha N6i.
^ Email:[email protected]
QIQ NHAN LOG KHOAHOCXAHOI
SO 9.2011
THAN THI HANH hda, lao ddng,... Xu the toan c^u hda da
dat cac quo'c gia trfldc sfle ep phai gia tang lflc Ifldng lao dong ky nang, cd trinh dp giao due cao hdn. Trong thdi dai mdi, h^u het cae nfldc deu nb^n thflc dfldc rang, mudn tranh thu nhflng ldi the cua toan c^u hda, c^n dau tfl phat trien giao due dai hgc. Do vay, toan eau hda dfldc xem la nhan 16* quan trong, tao nen nhflng thay doi cua giao due dai hoc ndi chung, giao due dai hoe Malaysia ndi rieng.
Tha hai, kinh te thi trUdng vdi die trOng li nen Mnh te tri thac, thUdng mai hoa tn thdc cung sU bung no cua cuoc cadi mang khoa hgc cdng nghe. Bflde sang the ky XXI, kinh te tri thflc cd vai trd ngay cang ndi bat trong qua trinh phat trien lflc Ifldng san xuat eua moi quoc gia. Sfl phat trien eua kinh td' tri thflc da thuc day sfl ddi hfldng cua cac ed sd giao due dai hoc, do la, khdng ehi dao tao ra nguon nhan lflc cha't Ifldng ma con phai tang cfldng nghidn cflu va phat trien (R&D). O tam vi md, sfl phat tridn cua nen kinh te tri thflc, bien tri thflc trd thanh hang hda (thfldng mai hda tri thflc) da din dd'n sfl eanh tranh gifla eac quoc gia khdng ehi ve ngudn nhan lflc ch&'t Ifldng eao ma cdn la eanh tranh giiJa cac td chflc dao tao ra ngudn nhan lflc chat Ifldng cao.
Cung vdi sfl phat trien ciia kinh te tri thflc la sfl bung no' eua eudc each mang khoa hoc edng nghe. Neu khoa hoc - cdng nghe dflde coi la ed may vkn hanh nen kinh te tri thfle thi giao due ehinh la ngudn cung c^p nguyen lidu cho eo may dd. Trong hoan eanh mdi, giao due phai dmh hfldng lai vai trd cua nha trfldng, nha giao, ngfldi hoe de khai thac nhiing ldi the do tie'n bo cdng nghd thdng tin va truyen thdng dem lai.
Tha ba, hoin canh, muc tiiu phit triin cua Malaysia. Giao due cua mdi qud'c gia
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trfldc het nham phue vu sfl phat trien cua qud'c gia dd. Do vay, hoan canh, mue tieu phat trien eua Malaysia hien nay ed anh hfldng quye't dinh de'n giao due dai hoc Malaysia.
Malaysia la mpt qud'c gia phat trien tfl nen kinh te dfla tren san xua't lac hau sang nen kinh t§' thi trfldng vdi dac trflng la kinh te' tri thfle. Nam 1957, qud'c gia nay gianh dfldc dpc lap, nhflng eho de'n nhflng nam 1980, Malaysia vin la qud'c gia lac hau. Trong tinh hinh dd, Chinh phu da quye't dinh chuyen hfldng, pha'n da'u dfla Malaysia trd thanh nflde edng nghiep. Tbdi ky nay, vai trd eiia giao due dai hgc dfldc nha'n manh, dflde xem la linh vflc flu tien, coi phat trien giao due la qud'c saeh hang dau.
Cude khung hoang kinh te thd gidi nam 1997 da lam eho kinh te Malaysia sut giam. Dfldi tac ddng tinh hinh trong nflde va qudc te, tfl duy phat trien cua Malaysia cd bflde phat trien quan trgng, thd hien b viee, nam 2000, Chinh phu dfla ra Chien lUdc Tam nhin mdi (2001 - 2010). Chie'n Ifldc nay cho tha'y Chi'nh phu quye't dinh dfla da't nfldc phat trien theo kinh te thi trfldng vdi mue tidu den nam 2020, Malaysia trd thanh nflde edng nghiep, phat trien dfla vao tri thfle, nang suat lao dpng, giao due, vd'n eon ngfldi.
Dd thfle hidn mue tieu tren, tfl nam 2000, Malaysia da thflc hidn nhidu bien phap de dao tao lflc Ifldng lao ddng chat Ifldng, cd du nang lflc ha'p thu edng nghd va tri thfle tien tie'n. Trong giao due dai hgc, Malaysia da ed mdt so cai each quan trgng nhfl sau:
Mot la, thang 5/2004, Chinh phu tach Bd Giao due Dai hpe Malaysia (MoHE) ra khdi Bp Giao due (MOE). Vide lam nay cho phep viec quan ly cac cd sd giao due dai hpe dflde tap trung hdn. Dieu
NH&N LUC KHOAHOCXAHOI ^
nay the hien qua tam nhin ciia MoHE.
MoHE xae dinh: cdn lam cho Malaysia trd thanh mdt trung tam giao due dai hpe cha't Ifldng mang tdm khu vflc vao nam 2020. MoHE xac dinh nhidm vu phai xay dflng va tao ra mpt mdi trfldng giao due dai hpe, thuc ddy sfl phat tridn vd trinh dp hoc va'n va the chd', tao ra nhflng ca nhan cd tri thflc, nang lflc, sang tao, ed pham chat phfl hdp dap flng nhu eau trong nflde va qud'c te'; dong thdi, dfla giao due dai hpe trd thanh nhan td' quan trgng ddng gdp vao sfl phat trien cac nganh edng nghiep; giai quyd't cae thach thflc eiia nen kinh te trong bdi eanh kinh te toan cdu*^'.
Hai la, Chinh phu Malaysia da nd lflc hoan thien eac van ban phap luat va thflc hidn quan ly giao due dai hpe bang luat phap. Thoi ky nay, nhieu van ban luat dflde siia doi hoae ban hanh mdi*^\ Luat phap giup eae cd sd giao due dai hpe cd dfldc edng cu pbap ly can thie't va chudn mfle rd rang nha't trong viec thanh lap va quan ly eae ehfldng trinh hpe tap, tie'n hanh eae boat dpng dao tao can thiet. Ddng thdi, nd giup eho ehinh phu ed the giam sat hieu qua cae trfldng dai hpe thdng qua cae tieu chuan va quy dinh.
Ba la, Chinh phu Malaysia ed nhflng ed' gang de gia tang ngudn ngan sach eho eho giao due dai bpe; nang eao tieu chuan giang vidn va dac biet la khuyen kbich phat trien nghien eflu va phat huy sang tao.
Theo danh gia eua UNESCO, chi tieu cdng cho giao due khoang 4% GDP se phue vu td't eho tang trfldng kinh te cua mdt nflde, d Malaysia kbi chi tieu cdng cdng cbo giao due ludn eao vfldt mfle:
nam 2000 la 6%GDP, nam 2008 la 4,1%
GDP. Trong giai doan 1975 - 2013, chi Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
tieu cho giao due binh quan chidm 18,52% trong tdng ehi tieu cua Chinh phu va ridng nam 2013 con so' nay la 20,97%. Hien nay, Malaysia dfldc xep hang thfl 35 tren the gidi ve mfle dp chi tieu cho giao duc'^'.
Dd nang eao eha't Ifldng giao due dai hpe, Malaysia cho rSng, cdn nang cao chat Ifldng giang vien. Chinh phu thong qua MoHE da xay dflng va trien khai ChUdng trinh MyBrainld nham thuc ddy viee tang so' Ifldng tie'n si trong cac cd sd giad due dai hpe. Cac cd sd nay eung dUdc khuyen kbich tuyen dung giang vien cd trinh dp thac si, tid'n si va eae giang vien giau kinh nghidm trong va ngoai nfldc.
Ngoai ra, Cbinh phii Malaysia ciing dac biet khuyen kbich boat ddng nghien cflu va phat trien (R&D) trong cac cd sd giao due dai hpe, gan R&D vdi thfldng mai (commerce - C) va dat R&D&C trong mdt chuoi lien tuc de dfla ke't qua nghien cflu vao san xua't. MoHE dat muc tieu, de'n nam 2020, Malaysia ed 20 trung tam Nghien cflu thdng minh dat chudn qud'c te;
100 nha nghien eflu, nha khoa hoc va ky Sfl (RSE), tren 100.000 lao dpng chat Ifldng eao. Mud'n vay, Chinh phu da cho thanh lap trfldng dai hgc nghien eflu*^\
'" Mmistriy of higher education (2004), National Higher Education Strategic Plan and Vision 2020, Malaysia.
'^'^Thcfi k^ n a y mot so'dao l u a t cua Malaysia dildc siia doi hoac xay d u n g m6i \k: Dao luSt giao due d a i hoc (1971, svla doi n a m 1996 vk sila doi n a m 2009); Dao luat v l cac cd so giao due dai hoc (1996); Dao luSt Dam hao cha't lUdng Malaysia (2007); L u a t To chile Giao due dai hoc t u 1996 (sita doi n a m 2009); Luat Tap doan q u j Giao due Dai hoc quoc gia, nani 1997 {Sda ddi n a m 2000).
» DS Dflc T h i n g (2017), Phat tr,4n gia„ d „ c bae cao phuc vu ting truangkinh tei Malaysia. Thai Lan vi bai hgc kinh nghien, cho ViSt Nan,, Luiln a n t i f a si k m h te. Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa hoi, MS- 62 qi ni nc tr.71. " ' " " '
St 9-2019
THAN THI HANH Nam 2008, Cbinh phu cdn cho thanh lap
trfldng dai hpe theo Chfldng trinh tang td'e den tuy§t hao (APEX). Muc tieu cua APEX la tao ra cac trfldng thudc nhdm 100 trfldng dai hpe nghien cflu to't nha't the gidi.
Bdn la, Chinh phu Malaysia dac biet quan tam den va'n de dam bao cha't Ifldng giao due dai hoc, khang dinh thfldng hieu cho giao due dai hoc. Do dd, Malaysia da xay dflng va hoan thien qua trinh kiem dinh va danh gia chat Ifldng giao due dai hoe theo chuan qud'c te trong day, hpe, nghidn cflu va quan ly.
Nam 2005, Cd quan dam bao chi't Ifldng Malaysia (MQA) dfldc thanh lap. Cd quan nay dam nhan trach nhidm quan ly, dam bao vide cae ed sd giao due dai hoc thflc hidn theo Khung tieu chudn trinh dp chuyen mdn cua Malaysia*^*. MQA ciing chiu trach nhiem kiem dinh cha't Ifldng eac chfldng trinh, khda hoc va mdt sd ehfle nang hen quan khac cua cd sd giao due dai hoc cdng va tfl.
Vdi tham vpng trd thanh trung tam giao due ciia khu vflc, MQA da thidt ke eae hd thdng danh gia eho cd sd giao due dai hoc cua Malaysia, gdm: He thd'ng xep hang cae cd sd giao due dai hgc Malaysia (SETARA, 2009), He thd'ng kiem dinh chat lUdng Malaysia cho cac trfldng dai hpe tfl (MyQUEST, 2011) va Cdng cu nghien cflu, danh gia Malaysia (MyRA)*^'. Nhfl vay, MQA giup dam bao rang cac cd sd giao due dai hpe Malaysia dang cung ea'p dich vu giao due eha't Ifldng. Cac he tho'ng danh gia da trd thanh ngudn tham khao dang tin cay cho hpe sinh va phu huynh, cho cac cd sd giao due dai hgc va cho boat ddng ban hanh ehinh sach cua Chinh phii.
Dfldi tac dpng eua nhieu nhan td ben trong va ben ngoai nhfl tren, giao due dai hgc Malaysia da cd sfl van ddng theo mpt so xu hfldng chu ye'u: dai chung hda, da Sti 9-2019
dang hda va qud'c te hda. Dien tie'n eua cae xu the nay, da tao cd sd thulin ldi eho phat tridn nguon nhan lflc chat Ifldng, giup nen kinh te Malaysia thoat khdi tri tre, sdm thich flng vdi mdi trfldng kinh te' qud'c te ludn thay ddi.
3. Mot so xu hifctng giao due dai hoc Malaysia h i e n nay
Tha nhii, xu hUdng dai chiing hda giio due dai hgc
Trong thdi ky mdi, Chinh phu Malaysia cho rang can phai giup cho ddng dao ngfldi dan cd cd hpi tiep nhan dieh vu giao due ed cha't Ifldng bang each dai chung hda giao due dai hpe. Dfldi tac ddng ciia cac cbinh sach khuyen khich tfl Chinh phu, giao due dai hpe Malaysia ngay cang dfldc md rdng vd so Ifldng va nang cao vd cha't Ifldng.
Ve so Ifldng sinh vien, ty le nhap hpe giao due dai hpe tang nhanh, tang lien tuc.
Trong vdng 10 nam (2004 - 2014), ty le nhap hoc giao due dai hge da tang len 70%; sd sinh vien nhap hgc bae ev( nhan tang 6 lan trong giai doan 1990 - 2010, sd' hgc vien nhap hgc bae thae si va tien si
"* Nam 2006, 4 trUdng dai hoc nghien eijtu dUdc t h a n h lap, do la: Universiti Malaya (UM), Universiti Sain Malaysia (USM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) va Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Cac trifcing nay deu thuoc sci hfiu nha niJ6c, dUdc nSng cap tii nhflng trUdng dai hoc lau dOi nha't b Malaysia, dUdc h6 trd 16n tfi Chinh phu, dUdc td chu tai chinh dong thdi dKdc hucing cac dich vu nghien cljlu dac biet n h u dUdc cSip bang sang che.
'=> Khung tieu chu^n t r i n h d6 chuyen mon cua Malaysia (MQF) chi ro: mot chUdng t r i n h dUdc ygu cau p h a i dat dUdc so lUdng tin chi toi thieu sau m6i CO t h e n h a n dudc chflng ehi hoc tap: chiing chi {60 t i n chi), b a n g CLt n h a n {120 tin chi) va bang thac sy (40 tin chi).
'^> Selvaraj Grapragasem, Anbalagan Krishnan &
Azlin Norhaini Mansor {2014), Current Trends in Malaysian Higher Education and the Effect on Education Policy and Practice: An Overview, International Journal of Higher Education Vol. 3, No.
l;p.85-93;p.90,
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHdl [ Q j
t a n g l e n 10 Idn, dflng thfl 3 t r o n g k h u vflc ASEAN<^.
Ve sd' Ifldng cac cd sd giao due dai hgc cua Malaysia ciing ed xu hudng tang. N e u n a m 2000, Malaysia cd 20 trfldng dai bpe edng va 640 trfldng dai hpe tfl thi den n a m 2014, qud'c gia n a y cd 20 trfldng dai hgc nghien cflu cdng lap, 24 trfldng bach khoa, 37 trfldng eao dang edng ddng, 33 trfldng dai hgc tfl, 5 trfldng dai hge chi n h a n h nfldc ngoai va khoang 500 trfldng eao d a n g tfl*^'.
Giao due dai hpe d M a l a y s i a chii ye'u nghieng ve cac trfldng n g h e v a ky t h u a t . N a m 2015 t y le n h a p hoc giao due dai hoc la 37,2%, dflng thfl 69/141 t r o n g tdng s d cac qud'c gia t h a m gia xe'p h a n g , t r o n g dd ty le n h a p hpe dai hpe t r o n g eae n g a n h khoa hpe va cdng n g h e chie'm 39% t r o n g tdng t y le n h a p hoc giao due d a i hpe'^'. Ty le n a y eho tha'y sfl chuyen dich t r o n g giao due dai bpe d a p flng yeu c a u ciia e h u y e n dieh ed ca'u k i n h te' va ha'p t h u ehuyen giao cdng nghe.
C h a t Ifldng giao due d a i hpe eiia M a l a y s i a t h e M e n m d t p h a n q u a viec d a n h gia n a n g lflc n g h i e n eflu t r o n g eac trfldng d a i hpe. T r o n g g i a i d o a n 2 0 0 7 2012, sd' xua't b a n p h d m qud'c te' ciia cae t r u d n g d a i hpe c u a M a l a y s i a t a n g 3,1 l a n , d a t mfle t a n g cao nha't the' gidi, va so' Ifldng cac t r i c h d a n d a t a n g g a p 4 l a n . T r o n g giai d o a n 2007 2 0 1 1 , s d p h a t m i n h , s a n g ehe c u a eae trfldng d a i hpe n g h i e n cflu c u a M a l a y s i a t a n g 1 1 % / n a m , dfla M a l a y s i a vao vi t r i thfl 2 8 t r e n t h e gidi vd cae p h a t m i n h mdi t r o n g giai d o a n nay'^''\
Thfle h i e n dai e h u n g hda giao due dai hoc, M o H E tich cfle k h u y e n khich sii d u n g cdng nghe thdng tin t r o n g giang day. Cac b o a t ddng hpe t a p dflde thflc hien k h d n g p h a i chu yeu q u a giao t r i n h , m a c h u y e u t h d n g q u a cae phfldng t i e n dien tfl. Nhfl
IQH NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hpi
vay, edng n g h e t h d n g t i n v a t r u y e n t h o n g da t r d t h a n h phfldng t i e n e h i n h dd p h d bie'n kie'n thflc v a t h u t h a p t h d n g t i n t r o n g giao due dai hpc<^^'. M a t k h a c , sfl t i e n bp t r o n g edng n g h e t h d n g t i n ciing d a t h a y ddi phfldng p h a p d a y v a hpe. Phfldng p h a p t h d n g thfldng c u a t r u y e n d a t kid'n thfle t h d n g q u a tfldng t a e m a t do'i m a t d a n g d d n lui m d t bflde. L d p hpe trfle t u y d n , hpe t a p dien tii v a hpe t a p k e t hdp n g a y c a n g gifl vai trd chii d a o d Malaysia'^^'.
Xu hfldng d a i c h u n g h d a giao d u e ciia M a l a y s i a cdn t r d n d n m a n h m e v a b e n vflng h d n k h i C h i n h p h u b a n h a n h cae e h i n h sach k h u y e n k h i e h giao d u e d a i hgc
''^ Ministry of education (2012), Malaysia education blueprint2013- 2025,Ma\aysia.
'*' Selvaraj Grapragasem, Anbalagan K r i s h n a n &
Azlin Norhaini Mansor, {2014), Current Trends in Malaysian Higher Education and the Effect on Education Policy and Practice: An Overview, International Journal of Higher Education Vol. 3, No.
1; p.85-93; p.86.
'®> D6 Dflc T h a n g (2017), Pbat trien giao due b$c cao phuc vu tang tritdng kinh ted Malaysia, Thai Lan va bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam, L u a n a n ti^n si kinh te. Hoc vien Khoa hoe xa hoi, M S : 62 31 0 1 06, tr.71.
*^''* Ministry of education (2012), Malaysia education blueprint 2013 - 2025, Malaysia.
(11) Nghien eflu dutdc thUc hien b6i Norazah, Mohamed Amin va Zaidan (2011) ve hoc t a p dien fit cho thJfy 11 ed s5 giao due dai hoc eua Malaysia da cung cS'p hdn 50% cac khoa hoc trUc tuyen, Dfl lieu cung cho thSy 13,8% giang vien cung ca'p nhieu hdn 80% t a i li6u hoc t a p true tuyen va 44,6% sinh vien thich doc t a i lieu dUdc tai len hhi eac giang vien eiia hp (xem Selvaraj Grapragasem, Anbalagan Krishnan & Azlin Norhaini Mansor, (2014), Current Trends in Malaysian Higher Education and the Effect on Education Policy and Practice: An Overview, International J o u r n a l of Higher Education Vol. 3, No. 1; p.85-93; p.87).
"^' Selvaraj Grapragasem, Anbalagan K r i s h n a n &
AzHn Norhaini Mansor {2014), Current Trends in Malaysian Higher Education and tbe Effect on Education Policy and Practice: An Overview International J o u r n a l of Higher Education Vol 3 No' 1; p.85-93; p.87. ' '
SO 9-2019
THAN THI HANH tfl phat trien. Tfl nam 2009, Chinh phii
Malaysia cho phep mdt so' doanh nghiep Idn, cae tap doan kinh te, eae td chflc phi cbinh phu, tham chi cac td chflc ehinh tri dfldc lap cac cd sd giao due dai hpe eua minh'^^*. Hien nay, giao due dai hpe tfl eua Malaysia dang phat trien ra't thanh cdng, gdp phan quan trgng vao muc tieu dai chung hda giao due dai hgc d Malaysia va dfla qud'c gia nay trd thanh mpt trong nhflng nflde di dau khu vflc ehau A ve tfl nhan hda giao due dai hpe.
Thd hai, xu hudng da dang hda trong giao due dai hgc
Hidn nay, giao due dai hgc Malaysia dang tfl bd nhflng quan nidm truyen thd'ng cCtng nhae de phat trien linh hoat hdn, da dang hdn. Didu nay the hien d:
Sfl da dang the hien d eung flng giao due. Hien nay, giao due dai hgc cua Malaysia gdm ca dai hgc cdng va tfl. Trong hd thd'ng trfldng dai hpe cdng, ed cac trfldng dai hgc nghien eflu, dai hgc tdng hdp, dai bpe bach khoa va dai hgc cdng ddng. Trong hd tho'ng trfldng dai hgc tfl, cd cac trfldng dai hpe nghien cflu, dai hgc tdng hdp va chi nhanh dai hpe nfldc ngoai va dai hpe cdng ddng.
Sfl da dang ve bac dao tao. Vao nhflng nam 1980, giao due dai hpe ciia Malaysia phat trien manh me. Hien nay, eae trfldng dai hpe b Malaysia bao gdm: cao dang, dai hoc, dai hgc md, dai hpe trfle tuyen, vien dai hgc va eae bac dao tao thae si, tie'n si.
Sfl da dang ve loai chfldng trinh, cd the chia thanh ba nhdm: cae chfldng trinh trong nfldc; cac chfldng trinh xuyen qud'c gia (chfldng trinh "3+0"'"', chfldng trinh ddi"^*, chuyen ddi tin chi, bang lien ket, hpe tfl xa, chfldng trinh hgc do cd sd ben ngoai ca'p bang,...); cac ehfldng trinh do nude ngoai ca'p bang. Nha trfldng dfldc td chflc mem deo, linh boat nham dap flng Sif 9-2019
cac nhu eau hgc tap da dang vdi cae ldp ghep, ldp hpe ban ngay, ldp hpe ban dem, ldp hoc ngoai khda*^^'...
Sfl da dang the hien 6 phfldng thflc sd hflu: Trai qua nhieu nam phat trien, hien nay, cac trfldng d Malaysia da bao gdm nhieu kieu sd hflu khac nhau, mpt so' trfldng la cac doanh nghiep vi ldi nhu^n, mdt so la trfldng phi ldi nhuan*^^. Cac trfldng vi ldi nhuan dfldc thanh lap, td chflc bdi cac ca nhan, doanh nghiep,... Cac trfldng phi ldi nhuan dfldc thanh lap bdi cac cd sd, quy, eac td chflc tfl thien va thdng qua tai trd cua edng ddng.
Chinh phu Malaysia thfle hien da dang hda hdp tac qud'c te' trong giao due dai hpe:
Cho phep eac trfldng nflde ngoai ddn lap
Vi du, Dai hoe Ky t h u a t Petronas, Dai hoe quoc gia Dai hoc Da truyen thdng (Multimedia University) da dfldc t h a n h lap b3i eac cong ty co quan hf v6i chinh phu. Trfldng Cao ddng Sunway thuoc T&p doan Sungei Way va Trflcing DH KBU cua Tap dokn Toan quo'c D$ nha't la nhflng vi du ciia cac trflcJng dai hoc do eac t a p doan Idn t h a n h lap. Cac cd s3 giao due dai hoc tfl dfldc t h a n h lap bcii cac dang phai chinh tri bao gom Trflcing Cao dang nghe Seremban ciia T6' chflc MIC, Trflcing DH Tunku Abdul Rahman cua UMNO, va DH UNITAR ciia UMNO {PhUdng Anh dich va gi6i thieu (2013), Cac md hinh dai hoc tii 6 Malaysia, https://baomoi.com/cac-mo-hinh-dai-hoc- tu-o-malaysia/c/10965265.epi).
*'•" Chfldng t r i n h "3+0": la h i n h thflc du hgc t a i cho, cho phep sinh vien h o a n toan hoc t a i Malaysia dUdc heo hoc va n h a n b a n g ca'p cua m6t trfldng dai hoc nfldc ngoai.
"^' Chinh sach ve "chfldng trinh doi" ("twinning programmes") dfldc thflc hien v6i nhi3ng trUdng eao dang tfl n h a n v6'n khong dUdc ph^p ea'p bang cit n h a n trong cae nganh dao tao do. Mot s6' nganh pho bil'n dfldc to chfle dao tao theo kieu "chfldng trinh doi" la:
quan tri kinh doanh, cong nghe thSng tin va khoa hoc may tinh, truyen thong.
»«* Nghiem Dinh Vy - P h a m D6 Nhat Tife'n {2016), Cai each giao due mot sd'vS'n di chung va thiic tien d Viet Nam, Nxb. Chinh tri quo'c gia, Ha N6i, t r . l 7 . '•"'' Darnel Levy (2015), Giao due dai hoc tii d Dong A:
Chinh sach va thiic tiSn, Nxb. Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, tr.31.
NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XAHdl Q
chi nhanh tai Malaysia; nang dong trong viec thu hiit sinh vien quo'c te den Malaysia;
xuat khau giao due ra niidc ngoai.
06 the khing dinh, trong boi canh toan ciu hoa hien nay, giao due dai^ hoc Malaysia c6 miJc do linh hoat cao. De duy tri dUdc dieu nay doi hoi cac cO sd giao due dai hoc phai chii y den cac chie'n lUdc mci cuia thi truong mdi, nS luc ph4'n d&'u xay dung thudng higu ngay mot hlip din va doc dao hdn.
Thvt ba, xa hiidng quoc te hoa trong giao due dai hoc
Quo'c te hda trong hnh vile giao due dai hoc la qua trinh tich hdp cac ye'u to' qud'c te vao chlic nang, nhiem vu vao ti§'n trinh to chile thuc hien giao due. Qua trinh nay tnidc he't diln ra theo mot chieu do npi tai, tUc la do'i mdi chUdng trinh giao due, phudng phap day va hoc, hoat dong nghien ciiu va hdp tae, theo chuin quoc te.
Tuy nhien, trong mUdi nam gin day, quoc te hda giao due diln ra theo mot chieu do khac, chieu do ben ngoai. Chieu do nay co ten goi ridng la "g7ao due xuyen hien gidf.
Dd la sii dich chuyen xuyen bien gidi ciia bd'n nhan to' cd ban; ngUdi hoc, nha giao, chudng trinh giao due va nha cung ling giao duc'^^\
Xu the qud'c te hoa bieu hien ci nhan to' ngudi hoc: Vao dau nhQng nam 1990, chi c6 7,2% sinh vien Malaysia trong dp tuoi theo hoc cac trudng dai hoc trong nUdc.
Hang van sinh vien du hoc nude ngoai, vdi chi phi khoang 800 trieu USD mpt nam"".
Cuoc khung hoang tai chinh nam 1997 da buoc cac sinh vien nay quay vl tim con dudng hoc vin trong nUdc. Hien nay, nhilu sinh vien Malaysia liia chon du hpe trong nUdc de lay b^ng nUdc ngoai vdi chi phi tilt kiem hdn.
Khdng chi thu hiit sinh vien trong nUdc, hien nay Malaysia dang la mot trong nhiing nUdc d i n diu Dong Nam A vl thu
hut sinh vien quo'c te. So' luang sinh vien quoc te vao nUdc nay ngay cang dong- oo sinh vien nUdc ngoai dang ky tham gia giao due dai hpe Malaysia tang tii 27-872 (nam 2002) len 86-919 (nam 2010)'^°- Nam 2014, Malaysia diing vi tri thii 12 tr6n t h i gidi ve so lUdng sinh vien qudc t§
den hoc tap- Trong nd liic thiic h i | n mi^c tieu trd thanh qud'c gia xuit khau giao due Idn thii sau tren the gidi vao nam 2020, Malaysia dang pha'n da'u nang td'ng so' sinh vien nUdc ngoai l§n tdi 200-000 ngudi vao nam 2020'"' va 250.000 vao nam 2025<'''.
Mat khac, Chinh phu Malaysia ciing r&'t chii trpng din vide giii cae sinh vien, can bp Uu tii di dao tao va thiie tap ci nUdc ngoai, dac biet la d eae nildc ed nen kinh te va khoa hoc phat triln. Hieu qua cua vide lam nay da giiip cho hp tiep thu dUdc tri thiic va tao cd sd cho nIn giao due Malaysia hda nhap va theo kip trinh do giao due quoc t l .
Xu the' quo'c te' hda bieu hidn d nhan to trudng hoc: Malaysia dang r i t thanh cdng trong viec thu hiit mpt sd' trudng dai hoc CO tid'ng nUdc ngoai, nhu dai hoc Nottingham, Dai hoc Swinburne vao lap
» ' Nghiem Dinh Vy - P h a m D8 NhM TiSn (2016), Sdd, tr.20.
»» Nghiem Dinh Vy - P h a m D6 NhSt Tien (2016), Sdd, tr.82.
'^'" Selvaraj Grapragasem, Anbalagan K r i s h n a n &
Azlin Norhaini Mansor, (2014), Current Trends in Malaysian Higher Education and the Effect on Education Policy and Practice: An Overview, International J o u r n a l of Higher Education Vol. 3, No.l; p.85-93; p.87.
' " ' Nghiem Dinh Vy - P h a m D6 Nhat Tien (2016), Sdd, Ha NOI, tr.83.
" » D6 Diic T h i n g (2017), Phat trien giao due bic cao phuc vu tang trudngkinh te 6Malaysia, Thai Lan vi bii hoc kinh nghiem cho Vi^t Nam, luan an tien si kinh ti, Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa h6i, MS: 62 31 01 06 tr.62.
I Q ] N H A N I U E KHOA HOC XAHdl SO (.2019
THAN THI HANH tracing, mb chi nhanh, hoac hen ket dao
tao*^^\ Cac triicfng hoae chi nhanh nay tuSn theo cac quy dinh phap ly nhU trUOng dai hoc tiJ Malaysia.
Chinh phu Malaysia dang n6 lilc tao ra moi tracing than thien, khuyen khich cac tnidng dai hoc niidc ngoai den mb chi nhanh b Malaysia, thiic d^y cac trUdng dai hoc tu cua Malaysia nang cao nang luc, hudng tdi cung cap dich vu giao due dai hoc b nUdc ngoai'^^^ D6ng thdi, ehinh phu cung tao dieu kien de eac cd sd giao due dai hoe thUc hien hdp tac giao due xuyen quoe gia.
ChUdng trinh dao tao hS^c dai hoc cua Malaysia cung cd nhUng doi mdi theo xu hudng quoe te hda. Chinh phu Malaysia lap luan: Khong co nguon nhan lUc lanh nghe va gidi tieng .Anh thi khong the tao ra bat ky sU dich chuy§n nao trong kinh t§'. Do vay, trong nd lUc dao tao nguon nhSn lUe lanh ngh^ dong dao, Malaysia thUc hi§n cai each giao due dai hoc theo hudng "ThUc hoc - ThUc nghiep", trong dd chii trong cac mon toan va khoa hoc; cai tien phUdng phap giang day; d^y manh hdp tac trong giao due de nang cao chat lUdng; phat tri^n he thd'ng trUdng eao dang - day nghe; thu hiit giang vien qud'c te den giang day va sinh vien qud'c t§' den hoc tap...
Dong thdi, sinh vien Malaysia dUdc khuyen khich hoc tieng Anh. Thdng qua cac van ban luat giao due siia ddi va ban hanh nam 1995, 1996, Chinh phu da khuygn khieh sii dung tieng Anh lam phUdng tien giang day, dae biet la trong trUdng dai hoe tU. Trong cac ed s6 giao due dai hoe, cac bai kiem tra trinh do tieng Anh nhu lELTS va TOEFL dUdc sii dung rdng rai, ket qua tCt bai kiem tra nay la dieu kign tien quyet de nhap hoc va cung la dieu kien de dUdc xep vao eae vi tri, chUdng trinh hgc tkp khac nhau*^^'.
S6 9-2019
Thang 9/2012, Malaysia edng bd' ban Quy hoaeh giao due 2013 2025. Ban quy hoaeh da nhin nhan vai trd quan trong eua giao due trong phat tri^n da't nUdc trong ky nguyen eanh tranh toan cau. Ban quy hoaeh yeu eau: ean tang cUdng kha nang tiep c^n giao due chat lUdng cao theo tieu chuan quoc te. Dam bao mpi hoc sinh deu thanh thao tid'ng me de va tieng Anh.
Trong nhUng nam qua, cuoc cai each giao due dai hoe cua Malaysia da diln ra theo cac xu hUdng tren da dem lai hidu qua tinh cUc. Trudc hd't, cai each giao due dai hoc dai hoe da gdp phl^n nang eao chat lUdng eiia ehinh nen giao due dai hoc Malaysia. Hidn nay, Malaysia dang dUde danh gia la trung tam giao due dai hoc chat lUdng cao trong khu vUc Ddng A.
D6ng thdi, giao due dai hoe ddng gdp to Idn ddi vdi nhiing thanh tUu phat trien cua Malaysia, do la: nang cao ch^'t lUdng nguon nhan lUe, tao dieu kidn phat trien mot sd' nganh cdng nghiep che' tao, dieh vu, thay doi ed e^'u nganh ngh^ theo hudng hien dai, thiic day tang trUdng kinh td' va giai quyet mot sd' van de xa hoi. Hdn
<23) rp-jj^ jjg-j^ j ^ ^ j ^ 2015, CO 6 trudng dai hgc niidc ngoai CO chi n h a n h tai Malaysia, do la Dai hoc Monash (Uc), Dai hoc Nottingham (Anh), Dai hoc Curtin (Uc), Dai hoc Cong nghe Swinburne (Uc), Dai hgc Y Newcastle (Anh) va Dai hoc Southampton (Anh).
'•^^' Hi§n nay, co khoang 25 tniflng dai hoc tii cua Malaysia cung ctfp dich vu giao due dai hgc ci nu6c ngoai. Trong so do co Vien Cong nghe ThBng tin dang hoat dong 5 Sri Lanka, Pakistan va An Do k h u vtfc chSu A Thai Binh DUdng, va Dai hoc Limkokwing hoat dong 6 Anh, Lesotho, Botswana, Campuehia va Indonesia.
"^' Selvaraj Grapragasem, Anbalagan Krishnan &
Azlin Norhaini Mjuisor, (2014), Current Trends in Malaysian Higher Education and the Effect on Education Policy and Practice: An Overview, International Journal of Higher Education Vol. 3, No.l; p.85-93; p.9L
NHAN LUIC KHOA HOC XA HOI [ Q
nQa, nhd cd nguon nhan lUc chg^t lUdng, Malaysia da thu hiit hieu qua vd'n d^u tU nUde ngoai, gdp phan nang cao nang suat lao ddng va h^'p thu cdng nghe tien tien the gidi.
4. Ket luan
Nhu vay, de' dua dat nUdc phat trie'n trong thdi ky toan cau hda va sU phat trien manh me eua kinh te tri thiic, cua eudc each mang khoa hoc cdng nghe va bung no' thdng tin, Malaysia da thUc hien cai each giao due. Vdi nhQng ehu trUdng diing dan, giao due dai hoc Malaysia da phat trien nhat quan, dUdc the hidn 5 nhUng xu hUdng tien bd la: dai ehiing hda, da dang hoa, qud'c te' hda. Cae xu hudng nay deu nhlim de'n mue tieu tiJfng budc nang eao chat lUdng giao due dai hoc, gSn giao due dai hge vdi nghien ciiu va dd'i mdi.
Co the khang dinh, Malaysia da thue hien thanh cdng cai each giao due dai hoe, qua dd, tao da manh me cho sU phat trien dat nUdc ve moi mat.
Nhin d gde dd eua mdt nUdc dang phat trien, eo the khang dinh, cai each giao due dai hoc eua Malaysia cd nhiing bUdc di ddc dao, mang tinh dot pha va dem lai hieu qua. Malaysia ed thi la mot trUdng hdp dien hinh de Viet Nam tham khao kinh nghiem trong phat trien giao due dai hge, tao da thiic d&y dat nUde phat trien kinh te' thi trUdng dUa vao tri thUc, khoa hpe, nguon nhan lUc chei't lUdng cao.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. PhUdng Anh dich va gidi thieu (2013), Cac md hinh dai hgc tud Malaysia, https://baomoi.com/cae-mo-hinh-dai-hoc- tu-o-malaysia/c/10965265.epi
2. Vu Thi PhUdng Anh, Pham Thi Ly (2009), "Dai hoc dang cap qud'c te' b Malaysia: Khat vong va thUc te*', Tap chi
Phat triin Khoa hgc va Cdng nghi, tap 12, s o l .
3. Molly N. N. Lee (2004), Global Trends, National Policies and Institutional ResponsesiRestructurmg Higher Education in Malaysia, Education Research for Policy and Practice (2004) 3:31-46, DOI 10.1007/sl0671-004-634-y.
4. Daniel Levy (2015), Giio due dai hgc tad Ddng A: Chinh sich vi thUc tiin, Nxb. Dai hge Qud'c gia Ha Ngi.
5. Pham Thi Ly (2017), Kinh nghiem qud'c te trong viec xay dUng chinh sach doi vdi Dai hgc tU, http://www. lypham.
net/?p=2688
6. Ministry of education (2012), Malaysia education blueprint 2013 - 2025, Malaysia
7. Ministriy of higher education (2004), National Higher Education Strategic Plan and Vision 2020, Malaysia.
8. Selvaraj Grapragasem, Anbalagan Krishnan & Azlin Norhaini Mansor, (2014), Current Trends in Malaysian Higher Education and the Effect on Education Policy and Practice: An Overview, International Journal of Higher Education Vol. 3, No. 1; p.85-93.
9. Do DUc Thang (2017), Phit trien giao due bic cao phuc vu tang trUdng kinh ti' d Malaysia, Thai Lan va bai hgc kinh nghiem cho Viit Nam, LuEin an tid'n si kinh te, Hoc vien Khoa hge xa hdi, MS: 62 31 01 06.
10. Nghiem Dinh V^ - Pham Dd Nhat Tie'n (2016), Cii each giao due mdt sd'vi'n de chung va thiic tiin d Viit Nam, Nxb.
Chinh tri qud'c gia, Ha Ndi.
11. Wan Chang Da (2007), Public and private higher education institutions in malaysia: competing, complementary or crossbreeds as education providers Kaiian Malaysia, Jld. XXV, No. 1, Jun 2007 Q Q N H A N LUU KHOA HOC XA HOI
SO 9-2019
