MOT SO SU^A DOI, BO SUNG TRONG CAC QUY DINH
VE THITA K E CUA B O L U A T DAN Sir NAM 2015
Tr&n Van Ha
Tdm tat: Bdi viet Idm ro mdt sd sita ddi. bd sung cua cdc quy dinh ve thira ke trong Bd luat Ddn su ndm 2015.
Abstract: This article clarifies some amendments of inheritance provisions under the Civil Code of 2015.
B
d luat Dan su 2015 dugc Qudc hdi thong qua ngay 24/11/2015, cd hieu lire tir ngay 01/01/2017 da khic phuc mdt sd ban che, bat cap ciia Bg luat Dan sy 2005 ve van de thira ke nham dap ung thuc tiln ddi sdng xa hdi. Cu the:Mot la, ve viec lap di chiic - Chit the lap di chuc
Didu 647 Bd luat Dan sy 2005 quy djnh:
"Nguai da thdnh nien cd quyen lap di chuc, trir truang hgp nguai do bi binh tdm thdn hoac mac benh khdc md khdng the nhdn thirc vd lam chu duac hdnh vi cua minh". Dieu 625 Bg luat Dan sy 2015 sua ddi, bd sung ve ngudi lap di chuc la ngudi thanh nien phai thda man cac ^''quy dinh tai diem a khodn I Dieu 630 Bo luat nay". Theo do, diem a khoan 1 Dieu 630 Bd luat Dan sy 2015 quy dinh: "a) Ngudi lap di chuc minh mdn, sdng sudt trong khi Idp di chiic; khdng bi lira ddi, de dog, cuang ep'\ Nhu vay, ngudi thanh men khdng cd quyen lap di chuc khi bj lua ddi, de dga, cudng ep. Viec sua ddi, bd sung quy dinh neu tren da bao quat dugc cac ddi tugng ngudi thanh nien khdng dugc lap di chuc, phu hgp mdt trong nhiing dieu kien cd hieu lye cua di chuc quy dinh tai Dieu 630 Bd luat Dan sy 2015.
" ThS , Hoc vien Toa an - Toa an nhan dan toi cao.
- Thdi han cdng ehirng, chimg thuc di chiic mieng
Theo quy dinh tai khoan 5 Dieu 652 Bd luat Dan sy 2005: "Trong thai han ndm ngdy, ke tir ngdy ngudi di chuc mieng the hien y chi cudi ciing thi di chuc phdi duac cdng chimg hodc ehirng thuc". Thdi han nay dugc coi la ngan de thyc hien viec hgp phap hda hinh thiic ctia di chiic mieng. Do do, khoan 5 Dilu 630 Bd luat Dan sy 2015 da sua ddi thdi han nay thanh "trong thai han 05 ngdy lam viec, ke tir ngdy ngudi di chuc mieng the hien y chi cudi cung" thi ban dl chuc da dugc ngudi lam chiing ghi chep lai dd phai dugc cdng chiing vien hoac co quan cd tham quyen chung thyc xac nhan chij ky hoac diem chi ciia ngudi lam chiing.
Hai la, ve di chiic chung cua \& chong Bd luat Dan sy 2015 da bd quy dinh v l dl chuc chung ciia vg chdng. Day la dilm mdi tao ra su don gian hda cho qua trinh lap di chiic cua ngudi de lai di san, phan chia va hudng di san ciia ngudi thira k l . Viec bd quy dinh ve di chiic chung eiia vg chdng se dam bao tinh hieu qua trong viec khai, sir dung di san ciia ngirdi thira kl va nhirng ngudi cd lien quan den di san thira kl. Ddng thdi khdng lam anh hudng din quyin ty dinh doat ciia ngudi de lai di san.
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NHANlfdC VAPHAPLVATSO 7/2016
Ba la, ve ngirdi lam chung cho vi£c lap di chiic
Quy dinh "nguai chua dd muai tdm tudi' khdng dugc lam chung cho viec lap di chuc tai Dilu 654 Bd luat Dan su 2005 da dugc sira ddi thanh "nguai chua thdnh nien" theo quy dinh tai khoan 3 Dieu 632 Bd luat Dan sir 2015 nhu sau: "Nguai chua thdnh nien, ngir&i mdt nang luc hdnh vi ddn su, nguoi cd khd khan trong nhdn thirc, Idm chu hdnh vi khdng dugc Idm ehirng cho viec lap di chiic".
Ngudi chua thanh nien la ngudi chua du mudi tam tudi, chua cd sir phat triln toan dien ve the chat va tinh thin, hay ndi each khac la ngudi chua cd nang lire hanh vi dan sir day dii. Do dd, hg khdng thi la ngudi lam chiing cho viec lap di chuc.
Dilu luat bd sung them chii thi la ca nhan cd "khd khan trong nhdn thirc, Idm chu hdnh vi" khdng dugc lam chimg eho viec lap di chuc. Quy dinh nay phu hgp vdi quy dinh cua Dilu 23 Bg luat Dan sir 2015 vl "nguai cd khd khan trong nhdn thuc. lam chii hdnh vi", dd la ngudi da thanh nien nhung "do tinh trgng the chdt hodc Iinh than md khong du khd nang nhan thirc, Idm chu hdnh vi nhung chua din mire mat nang luc hdnh vi ddn su". Nhung ngudi nay cung khdng du nang luc, hilu hilt d l lam chimg cho viec lap di chiic theo quy dinh phiip luat.
Bon la, v l thoi dilm ngu-fri co quyin thira kc tir chii nhan di san
Khoiin 3 Dilu 642 Bo luat Dan sir 2005 quy dinh: "Thai han tic choi nhdn di sdn la sdu thdng, ke ti, ngdy ma thira kl Sau sdu thang ki tir ngdy ma thira ki niu khdng cd tu choi nhdn dl sdn thi dirge coi Id ddng y nhgn thica tc". Khoiin 3 Dilu 620 Bd luat Dan su 2015 da siia ddi ndi dung quy dmh nay la: Vice tit choi nhan di siin phiii duoc
the hien tnrde thdi diem phan chia di saa Quy dinh ve thdi diem nay la phu hgp voi thirc tien ap dung phap luat v l thira kl. Bo luat Diin su 2015 quy dinh thdi han cua viec til' choi nhan di san dugc keo dai cho din trudc thdi diem phan chia di san va cd thi 6 bit ky thdi diem nao ke tit thdi dilm mo thira k l . Quy dmh nay da bao ve quyin Igi cua chinh ngudi tir chdi quyen hucmg di san thiia k l , ddng thdi dam bao quyin Igi chinli dang ciia nhung ngudi thira k l khac duoc hudng them tvr phin di san da bi rtr chii.
Nam la, ve thira ke quyin ^\s dung dat Bg luat Dan sir 2015 da bd Chuong
"Thira ke quyin sir dung dat" quy dinh tai Bg luat Dan sir 2005. Dilu nay cd nghia, viec thira k l quyin sii' dung dit dugc thiic hien theo cac quy dinh chung vl thira k{
trong Bd luat Dan sir, theo quy djnh ciia Luat D i t dai 2013 va cac van ban co lien quan (luat chuyen nganh).
Viec bd Chuong quy dinh vl thira K quyin sir dung d i t nhim dam bao sir thing nhit giira Bd luat Dan sir 2015 vdi Luat DSt dai 2013 trong viec quy dinh v l thdi dilm cd hieu luc eiia giao dich chuyin quyin sii dung dat, quyin sd hiru nha d va tai sin khac gin liln vdi dat. Theo dd, thdi dilm c6 hieu lire ciia viec ehuyin dich quyin sii dung dit cho ngudi thira k l dugc tinh "Utii thai diem ddng ky vdo Sd dia chinh ".
Ngoai ra, mdt sd sua ddi, bd sung lien quan den vin d l thira k l dang chii y khac nhu:
- Ve thdi hieu khdi kien yeu ciu chia di san thira ke lit quyen sir dung dit, quyin so hiru nha d va cac tai san khac gin liln voi dat, hay viec khdi kien yen ciu chia di san thira ke dot vdi bat ddng siin da dugc nang len "ba muai ndm" ke tir thdi dilm md thiia 46
MO T SO SITA DOI, B6 SUNG ...
ke so vdi "mudi ndm" nhu quy dinh tai Bd luat Dan sy 2005.
- Ve hieu lye cua phari di chiic cd ngi dung khdng ro rang: Theo quy dinh tai Dilu 648 Bd luat Dan sy 2015 v l Gidi thich ndi dung, di chiic, tnrdng hgp ed mgt ph5n ngi dung di chiic khdng giai thich dugc nhung khdng anh hudng den cac phin con lai ciia di chiic thi chi phan dd khdng cd hieu luc.
Viec xac djnh anh hudng cua ph4n nay d i n ngi dung ciia di chiic phai do nhiing ngudi cd lien quan den ngi dung di chiic cung thda thuan va thyc hien trong qua trinh di chiic phat sinh hieu lye. Khi nhung ngudi nay khdng nhat tri ve each hieu ngi dung di chiic thi ed quyin yeu cau Tda an giai quyet.
Dilu 673 Bd luat Dan sy 2005 quy dinh, khi nhirng ngudi cdng bd di chiic va ngudi thira ke da eiing ban bac, giai thich ndi dung di chiie nhung van khdng nh4t tri v l each hilu ngi dung di chiic thi coi nhu khdng cd di chuc, va viec chia di san dugc ap dung theo quy dinh ve thira ke theo phap luat. Nhu vay, Bd luat Dan sy 2015 da bd sung quyin cua nhiing ngudi thira ke lien quan din phSn ndi dung di chiic khdng rd rang yeu cau Tda an giai quyet.
- Bd luat Dan sy 2015 bd sung quy dinh ve viec hudng thii lao ciia ngudi quan ly di san. Theo Bieu 618, ngudi quan ly di san ddi vdi tai san la bat ddng san hay ddng san deu cd quyen "duac hudng thii lao theo thda thuan voi nhung ngudi thira ke";
"truang hap khdng dat duac thda thuan v&i nhiing nguai thira ke ve mire thii lao thi nguai qudn ly di sdn duac huang mdt khodn thu lao hap ly". Bg luat Dan sy 2005 quy dinh tai Dieu 640, ngudi quan ly di san chi cd quyen hudng thii lao khi cd "thda thuan vai nha-ng nguai thica ke"; trudng hgp khdng dat duac thda thuan, muc thii lao bao
nhieu khdng dugc de cap den.
Ve quy dinh "Han che phdn chia di sdn":
Dilu 686 Bg luat Dan sy 2005 quy dinh: "Trong truang hap yeu cdu chia di sdn thira ke md viec chia di sdn dnh huang nghiem trong den dai sdng cua ben va hodc chdng con sdng vd gia dinh thi ben edn sdng cd quyen yeu cdu Tod dn xdc dinh phdn di sdn md nhirng nguai thiia ke duac huang nhung chua cho chia di sdn trong mdt thai han nhdt dinh. nhung khdng qud ba ndm, ke tir thai diem ma thira ke: neu het thai han do Tod dn xdc dinh hodc ben con sdng da ket hdn vai nguai khdc thi nhiing ngudi thira ke khdc cd quyen yeu cdu Tod dn cho chia di sdn thira ke". Nhu vay, neu het thdi han 03 nam ke ea khi ben edn sdng chua tao lap dugc cudc sdng mdi dn dinh va cung chua ket hdn vdi ngudi khac, theo yeu cau ciia nhirng ngudi chia thiia kl, Tda an van tien hanh phan chia di san thira k l . Quy dinh nay khdng dam bao quyen Igi chinh dang cho ben edn sdng la ngudi thira kl trong nhieu tru'dng hop khac nhau, nhu ngudi gia ylu, ngudi cd benh tat... hoac hg khdng thi ket hdn vdi ngudi khac dugc nua...
K h k phuc bat cap tren, Dilu 661 Bd luat Dan sy 2015 da quy dmh: "...Het thai han 03 ndm md ben con sdng ehirng minh duac viec chia di sdn vdn dnh hudng nghiem trong den dai sdng cua gia dinh ho thi cd quyen yeu cdu Toa dn gia han mdt lan nhung khdng qud 03 ndm". Nhu' vay, dii viec them thdi han 03 nam khdng phai la qua dai, nhung ciing gitip ngudi con lai sdng dn djnh han. Quy dinh nay phii hgp tren thyc tien va dam bao quyin Igi chinh dang cua mgt ben vg hoac chdng la ngudi edn sdng trong quan he thira kl.
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