Nang cao nang Itfc canh tranh cua cac NHTMCP tai TP. Ho Chr Minh
TRfTdriG VAM KHANH"
TRAM B I C H L Q C "
Bi tang thi phin huy dOng v6'n, tin dung va md rpng cung tfng cac san pham, d|ch VII, h$ thd'ng ngan hang not chung, cac ngSn hang thifcfng mai cd' phin (NHTMCP) tr§n dia ban TP. H 6 Chi Minh noi ridng phai htfdng tdi da dang v^ san phS'm, dich vii, khdng ngufng nSng cao nang Itfc canh tranh. Tuy nhidn, han chi \i nSng Itfc tai chinh, cdng nghd... dang khi^n cac NHTMCP hogt
ddng kem an toan va hi$u qua. ^
THLTC T R A N G VE N A N G Ll/C CANH T R A N H CUA CAC N H T M C P
Ve vdn dieu 1$
Ngan hdng la loai hinh td cbffe ddc thii hoat dgng trong ITnb vtfc kinb doanh vd'n, do dd, nang life canh tranh cua cde ngan hdng dtfdc the hidn qua ndng Itfc ldi chinh. Nang lu'c tai ehinh cua ngan hdng chu yd'u bieu hien d cac tidu chi, nhtf: ngu6n vd'n ttf cd, vd'n dilu le, he so' an toan vd'n, tang trtfdng huy ddng, tdng trtfdng tin dung... Trong dd, chi tidu vd'n di^u Id ed y nghTa het sffc quan trgng.
Ngdn hang cd von dieu Id Idn dong nghTa cd kha nang tang ctfdng tinh thanh khoan vd bao dam he sd' an toan vd'n, nhat la khi dat cdc muc tidu tang trtfdng huy ddng, tin dung d mtfc cao trong bd'i canh nen kinh te'con nhieu khd khan nbtf hien nay.
Thtfc te'dVidt Nam cho thd'y, vd'n dieu Id ndi chung cua cdc ngan hdng chid'm ty trpng nhd, khoang 10%-12% so vdi tong nguon vd'n huy ddng (Bdo cao thtfdng nidn Ngan hdng Nha ntfdc, 2009), nbffng cd vai trd rd't ldn, giiip cde ngan hdng md rpng quy md kinh doanh, trang bi cd sd vat chait, ky diuat, thu htit nhdn tai, giup ngdn hang cd the' du'ng viiYig trong nbffng cudc khung hoang kinh td', tdi chinh trong vd ngodi nffdc. Nhin Iai didn bid'n boat
ddng ngdnh ngdn hang ma'y nam gan day, cd the lam rd ly do VI sao tang vd'n dieu Id la mdt giai phap giffp eae ngdn hang dam bao cdc chi so tdi chinh.
Chdng ban, trd Ial nam 2011, kinh te' ca ntfdc ndi chung vd nganh ngan hang ndi rieng gap nhieu khd khan, Iam phdt cao 18%, gid vdng lidn tuc lap ede mffe ky luc. Trong khi dd, Nha ntfdc quy dinh lai suat huy ddng VND chi dtfdc td'i da 14%/nam, khie'n cho ddng vd'n chay ra khdi he thd'ng ngan hang. Vdi dinh htfdng that chat tien td tff Nghi quye't 11/NQ-CP, ngay 24/2/2011 cua Chinh phu, tang trffdng tin dung nam 2011 da dffdc dieu ehinh ttf 25% xud'ng dtfdi 20%.
Dong thdi, ddng tin dung da dtfdc htfdng vao khu vtfc san xud't, van bdm tien cho khu vtfc phi san xua't nhtf ba't dpng san vd chffng khoan bi that chat hdn. Theo dd, cde td' chffc tin dung phdi giam ty trgng dtf nd cho vay khu vtfc phi san xuat (td'i da 22% tinh dd'n ngdy 30/6/2011 va 16% dd'n ngay 31/12/2011). Ve dieu hanh lai sud't, ldi sud't cd ban vln dtfdc giff d mffc 9%/
nam trong ca nam, nhffng Idi sud't chie't kha'u vd lai sua't tai cap vd'n deu da dtfde dieu chinh tang ldn nhdm tranh tinh trang NHTMCP y lai vao NHNN vd khien cdc ngan hang nay ca'n trgng hdn trong ca'p tin dung.
Vdi cac ngan hang nbd, trtfdc dd, vd'n dd tap trung cho vay vdo linh vtfc ba't ddng sdn (khoang 50% td'ng dtf nd), thi nay khdng the thu hoi dtfdc vd'n; huy ddng vd'n ciing khd khdn, nen Idm vao tinh trang ma't thanh khodn. Dieu nay da'y lai sua't lien ngan hang ldn cao nga't ngtfdng (cd khi dat 40%/nam), tham chi phai kem theo tdi san the' chd'p (mgt tien le chtfa tffng cd). Trong khi dd, cdc ngdn hang ldn thffa vd'n, thay vi bdm tien ' TS , Trtfdng Dai hpc Sai Qon I Email: [email protected]
" Trtfdng D?i hpc Sai Gon
Economy and Forecasi Review
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P H O BIEN KIEN THCTC
BAtia 1: Hay DONG v o n C U A CAC n o A n H A N G TAI TP. HO CHI I>
GIAI DOAN 2009-2013 Chi ti&u
Tijng cac ngan hang VND (ty le %) Ngoai te (ty le %) NHTMCP VND (ty le %) Ngoai te (ty le %)
Von huy dOng 2009
746 581 555.991 (74,47) 190 590 (25,53) 410.285 311.241 (75,86) 99.044 (24,14)
2010 806.264 604.116 (74,93) 202.148 (25,07) 460.849 345.304 (74,93) 115.545 (25,07)
2011 886.900 668.222 (75.34) 218.678 (24,66) 512.952 386.458 (75.34) 126.494 (24,66)
2012 973.900 779.120 (80,00) 194780 (20.00) 596.166 475.442 (79,75) 120 724 (20,25)
2013 ,, 1.170.800
983,472 (84,00) 187.328 (16,00) 653.306 529.444 (81,04) 123.863 (18,96) lanh TP Ho Clu Mmh C U L Thonq '<.
Chi Minh Vd linh todn i.
BAMG 2: MQT SO CfHG DUNG NGAM HAMG LOI - CORE BANKING
NgSn hang ACB Sacombank Techcombank EAB EIB VIB
Chi phf (tneu USD)
3 3,2 2 2,7 2,6 3
Thdi gian tri^n khai (nam)
2 1 2 1 2 1
D6i tac thtfc hifn Unisys Temenos Temenos I-Flex Hyundai Oracle Nguon. U'ebs. r g j n hang v
vdo nin kinh te* Iai tap trung cho vay d tbi trtfdng lien ngan hang, ddn tdi vd'n tin dung cho doanh nghidp, hd gia dinh giam xud'ng. Hien ttfdng nay vtfa tao ra vdng quay huy ddng vd'n do trdn thi trtfdng lien ngan bang, vffa tao ra khd khan cdc boat dgng kinh td' kbdc; nd xa'u cung gia tdng nhanh ehdng (ndm 2008 nd xa'u tang 74%, 2009: 27%, 2010: 41% va 2011: 64%). Dieu nay ciang giai thich cho stf sut giam hidu qua manh me trong hoat dgng cua nganb ngan bdng ke tff nam 2008 den nay (Doan Viet Dung vd Pham Xuan Nam, 2013). Do dd, ndng Itfc tdi chinh cua cae ngdn hang sut giam la khd tranh khdi. Dieu dd ddi hoi cac ngan hang phai cd nhffng phtfdng htfdng duy tri stf on dinh tai chinh va sau dd Id cai thidn ndng Itfc canh tranh ttf chinh ndi lu'c cua minh. Tang vd'n dieu Id khdng chi Id mdt giai phdp tinh the', ma cdn mang tinh ben vffng lau ddi,
Trdn gdc dd quan ly nhd ntfdc cua NHNN, dau nam 2012, ed quan nay dd tid'n hanh phan Ioai he thd'ng ngan hang thdnh 4 nhdm ldn dd' xdc dinh mffc rui ro va giao chi tieu tang trtfdng tin dung. Theo dd, nhdm 1 (boat ddng lanh manh) tang trtfdng td'i da 17%; nhdm 2 (boat ddng trung binh) tang trtfdng td'i da 15%; nhdm 3 (boat ddng dtfdi trung binh) tang trtfdng td'i da 8%; vd nbdm 4 (boat ddng yd'u kem) khdng dtfdc tang trtfdng, phai thtfc hien tai cd cd'u bdng nhieu hinh thtfc, nhtf:
ydu cau cac ngan hdng ldn tham gia mua ci phan, mua lai hodc hdp nha't...
Cde NHTMCP tren dia ban TP. Ho Chi Minh y thtfc dtfdc tinh ca'p thie't cua viec tang vd'n dieu Id, ndn mdi
ngan hang da cd nhiJng each ridng de thtfc bien muc tieu nay. Nhin chung, vdn didu 1$
cua cac NHTMCP trdn dia ban Thanh phd' vai nam qua da gia tang dang kd. Trong giai doan 2010-2013, vd'n dilu Id binh quan mdt ngdn hang (trong so' 27 ngan hang tren dia ban Thdnh phd theo td'ng hop Bao edo tai chinh cua cdc NHTMCP ttf Hiep hdi Ngan bang Viet Nam, 2013) da tang 44,4%, tff 6.369 ty dong nam 2010 ldn 9.197 ty dong nam 2013. Trong do, nam 2010, ngdn hang cd vd'n dieu Id ldn nha't Id ACB (15.172 ty dong), nhd nhat la Saigonbank (2.460 ty d6ng); cdc vi tri ttfong ttf nam 2013 la ACB (37.234 ty dong), GP Bank (3.018 ty dong).
Cd the tha'y rang, cac NHTMCP tai TP. Ho Chi Minh da nd Itfc ndng cao nang Itfc tai chinh thdng qua tang vd'n dilu Id. Tuy vdy, so vdi mdt sd' ntfdc trong khu vtfc, thi quy md vd'n dilu Id eua eac NHTMCP trdn dia ban TP. Ho Chi Minh trong ntfdc cdn rd't khidm td'n.
Vi huy dgng vdn
Vai nam qua, canh tranh trong hoat ddng huy ddng vdn diln ra gay gat, nen eae NHTMCP kbdng ngtfng thay ddi cdc mtfc lai su^t, nghien ctfu va triln khai cac chtfdng trinh khuyd'n mai, tfu dai va cai thidn cha't Itfdng phuc vu, chdm sdc khach hang nham thu hut ngu6n tiln tff dan ctf vd cdc thdnh phin kinh td'. Nhd dd, huy ddng ngu6n vd'n eua cac NHTMCP Thdnh phd' giai doan 2009-2013 vln tdng trtfdng kha (Bang 1).
Ndm 2010, nham dap ffng nhu ciu vd'n tin dung trong 2 thang cud'i ndm, mot so ngan hang da nang lai huy ddng bdng VND Idn trdn 17%. Tuy nhien, NHNN da an dinh lai sud't huy dong vd'n khdng vtfdt qua 14%/nam, bao gom ca khoan chi khuye'n mai dtfdi moi hinh thtfc, lam anh htfdng den boat dgng huy ddng vd'n cua cac NHTMCP tren dia bdn Thanh phd'.
Giai doan 2011-2013, he thd'ng NHTM tiep tuc gap nhieu khd khan, nhtf: nd xd'u tang eao; phai tang vd'n dieu le ldn mffc td'i thieu 3.000 ty dong; bi phan thdnh 4 nhdm dd' giao chi tieu tang trtfdng tin dung... Tuy nhien, boat dgng huy ddng vdn cua cdc NHTMCP trdn dia ban Thdnh phd' van tang khd, nha't la huy ddng tien VND. Dieu dd ebo tha'y, ngffdi dan da tin ttfdng hdn vao ding ngi td.
Ve ndng lUc cong nghe Nhffng nam gan day, mgt so' cde NHTMCP day manh dau ttf trang thid't
90
hi he thd'ng cdng ngbd tbdng tin theo htfdng hien dai hoa. Trong dd, dtf an ngdnhang Idi (core banking) (Bang 2), vdi cdng nghd dtfdc coi la tidn tie'n nhd't hidn nay, dffdc trid'n khai nham ke't ndi todn he thd'ng cua mgt ngdn hang, cho phep mdt ngdn hdng kiem soat hoat ddng cua eae chi nhdnh, eac phdng giao dich cua minh. Ddng thdi, cdng nghe ndy cho phep khdch bang md tdi khoan mgt ndi, nhffng cd the su'dung d nhieu ndi va qua dd, gdp phin nang cao hidu qua boat ddng cua hd thd'ng cac ngan hang.
VAN CON NHIEU KHO KHAN DiJ da chu dgng thtfc hien nhilu giai phap nang cao nang Itfc tdi chinh, nang Itfc canh tranh cdc NHTMCP trdn dia ban TP. Ho Chi Minh vdn edn nhieu khd khdn, nhd't la d nhffng mat sau:
(i) Vd'n dieu Id tuy da tang manh, nhiftig quy md vdn cdn nhd; kha ndng huy ddng von trong ndi bd nin kinh te' tha'p, nhd't la vd'n trung va dai ban; hlu bet cdc NHTM chtfa the vtfdn ra thi trtfdng qud'c te'. Theo dtf doan cua Hidp hdi cac nhd dau tff Tai chinh Viet Nam (VAFI), quy md trung binh cua he thd'ng NHTM Viet Nam 5 nam tdi van cbi vdo khoang 100 trieu USD/ngdn bdng, mdt khoang each rd't xa so vdi mffc tmng binh 1-2 ty USD/
ngan hdng d ede nffdc trong khu vffc.
Ngoai ra, he thd'ng ke todn, kiem todn ngdn hang chffa minh bach, cdng tac an ninh tai chinh cbffa hinh thanh ro net.
(ii) Cdng nghe thdng tin da dtfdc chu trgng va dau ttf nhilu hdn, nhulig chi mgt so'ngdn hang trdn dia ban Thanh phd'cd cac chtfdng trinh tin bgc hien dai, nbitfig cung chtfa khai thdc he't tiem nang cua cdc chtfdng tnnh nay, nhd't la tfng dung vao cdng tdc phong chd'ng rui ro tin dung.
Trong kbi ddy lai Id tfu thd'cua cdc ngdn hang nffdc ngoai.
(iii) Ve khia canh da dang hda cdc san pham, dich vu, cac ngan hang tren dia bdn ehffa the so sanh vdi cac ngdn hang ntfdc ngodi. Mac du cac ngan hdng
trong ntfdc da va dang nd Itfc phat trien cac dich vu, nhung vide ffng dung eac san phim, dieh vu mdi, nhff:
cac nghiep vu phdi sinh, kinh doanh ngoai hd'i... con rat ban che'. Cac ngan hdng vSn chu yd'u tap trung vao boat ddng tin dung, chff chtfa chu trgng vao phat triln eac dich vu phi tin dung.
DE XUAT GIAI PHAP
Thff nhd't. ve chien lugc. Tuy theo dilu kien cua minh, eae NHTMCP trdn dia ban TP. Ho Chi Minh can xay dtfng cde chie'n Iffdc dai ban ridng, tao khung td'ng quat de xay dffng kd'hoaeh phdt trien. Cac chie'n Itfdc ve thi trtfdng va san pham ma cae NHTM cd thd' ltfa chgn, do la: Phdt tridn ctfdng dd (dtfa tren thi trtfdng hidn thdi va san phim hien thdi); Phat trid'n tbi trtfdng (dtfa vao san phdm hien thdi nhtfng phdt trien trdn thi trtfdng mdi); Phat trien san phim (dtfa tren san pha'm mdi va thi trtfdng hien thdi); Phat trie'n kd't hdp (dtfa trdn san pham mdi va thi trtfdng mdi).
Thff hai, tdp trung xdy dUng lgi the cgnh tranh. Cac ngdn bang phai xdc dinh cho minh mdt htfdng di phu hdp vdi kha nang hien ed va dinh htfdng phdt tridn trong ttfdng lai, xde dinh gid tri cd't ldi cua minh de' ttt dd phdt triln va tao ra ldi thd' canh tranh. Chang ban, Agribank cd ldi the' la mang Itfdi chi nhdnh rdng khap, thi ndn xdy dtfng ldi the dtfa trdn mang Itfdi vd'n cd cua minh de thiic ddy tdng trtfdng huy ddng vd tin dung.
Thff ba, xdy dung ke hogch tdng quy md vd'n tff co.
Vdn ttf ed tang manh, tbi ngdn hang mdi cd dieu kidn vffng chac de tang dau ttf ha tang cdng nghe, nang cao he so'an todn vd'n... Ngodi ra, Chinh phu vd NHNN can cd chinh sach hd trd, tao dieu kidn d mffc cao nha't giup cac ngdn hang tid'p can cdc dff dn tai trd qud'c te cho qua tnnh cd cd'u lai he thdng tai chinh Viet Nam, bd trd vd'n dau ttf ke't cd'u ha tang edng nghd, hien dai hda cac nghidp vu va boat ddng ngdn hang.
Thff tu, tdng cudng hop tdc vdi cdc ngdn hdng trong nUdc cung nhu qudc te theo nhieu hinh thffc. Trong dd, kbi Uen kd't dtfdi hinh thtfc bdp tae chid'n Itfdc vdi cac doanh nghidp phi ngdn hang, cdc ngdn hang can Itfu y tim kie'm nhffng doanh nghidp phu hdp, thffc stf cd the manh trong nhihig ITnh vtfc cd kha ndng dap ffng mgt so' ydu eau cua ngan hang. Tuy nhien can ndu rd dieu kidn tien quyd't hdp tac la doanh nghiep dd'i tdc dong thudn coi ngan bang dd la doi tac duy nhd't trong linh vtfc hai ben da ltfa chgn hdp tdc, cilng giam sdt thtfc hidn; tranh trtfdng hdp eiing mgt luc doanh nghiep dd dem mot Idi the'di lien kd't, chia se eho nhieu ngan hang.U
TAI L i l u THAM KHAO
I. Dang Hffu Mdn (2010). Nang cao nang life canh tranh cua cdc ngan hdng thtfdng mai Vidt Nam, Tap chi Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi, Trtfdng Dai hgc Dd Ndng, sd 05 (40)
2.'Doan Viet Dung va Pham Xuan Nam (2013). Hidu qua hoat dgng cua cdc ngdn hang thtfdng maid Viet Nam, Tgp chi Kinh ti'vd Du bdo, so'24
' 3. UNDP (2006). Study on competitiveness and impacts of liberalization of banking services. Ha Noi
