Nang cao nhan thu'c cua eong chiing ve KH&CN
Tran Quang Tuan, Nguyen Xuan Todn Trung t§m Nghien cuU va Phat t n i n Truydn thong KH&CN, BO KH&CN
Nang cao nhan thiJfc cua eong chung ve khoa hgc va eong nghe (KH&CN) la mot trong nhQng hoat dong quan trong trong phat trien KH&CN cua nhiiu quoe gia tren the gidi. Hoat dpng nay nham eung cap thong tin dau vao cho cac ed quan hoach dinh ehinh sach ve KH&CN de Xii do de ra eh£i trUdng, chinh sach phu hdp phat trien KH&CN phuc vu cho ldi ich cua cpng dong va sU thjnh vUdng cua xa hpi. Bai viet trinh bay ket qua dieu tra nhan thufc ctia cdng chung ve KH&CN tai Viet Nam dUdc eong bo trong saeh "KH&CN Viet Nam 2014" [1], phan tich cae nghien cufu ve mo hinh dong thong tin KH&CN ddn hUdng tCf nha khoa hpe den cdng ehiing, tiT do de xuat mpt so giai phap nang cao nhSn thiJfc eOa cdng chung ve KH&CN tai Viet Nam.
Nhdn tiiih: cua cdng chung v^ KH&CN
Dieu tra nhan thufc cua eong chung ve KH&CN {viet tSt ti^ng Anh la PUS) da dUdc cac quoc gia trong khoi OECD thuc hien Xii kha lau [2]. Muc dich cd bin cCia eong viec nay nham thu thap va phan tfch cac 60 lieu ve nhan thCfc cua eong chung, m6i quan tim d^n KH&CN va sii hiiu bi^t cCia ho ve KH&CN cung nhii quan dilm cOa eong chung doi vdi KH&CN..., tLf do chung ta co the dLfa ra nhOng chien iUdc va ke hoach phat tnen KH&CN phuc vy cho ldi ich cua cdng dong va thjnh VLfdng cua xa hoi.
Nam 2014, lan dau tien Viet Nam tien hanh cdng viec nay (dt/dc eong bo trong Sach KH&CN Vi§t Nam 2014) [1]. Nhom nghien ciiu da tien hanh dieu tra nhan thtfc cua eong chung ve KH&CN la nhOng ca nhan trong dp tuoi lao dpng {Xii 15 tuoi trd len) hoat dpng trong cac ITnh vUc co sii tac dpng cua KH&CN d cac tinh/thanh pho tri/c thupc Trung Udng thupc cac nhdm: ngudi lam viec trong ed quan hanh chfnh SLf nghiep KH&CN; ngudi lam viec trong khu vdc doanh nghiep (phi nong nghiep); ngLfdi iam viec trong khu VLfc ndng nghiep. Ket quS nghien CLfu da cho chung ta biJc tranh kha toan di§n ve nhan thLfc cCia eong chung ve KH&CN t h i hien qua cac chT so sau:
Ve mUc^dp tiep can nhOng kien thUc ve KH&CN:
ket q u i j h l hien trong bang 1 cho thay, t^ 1^ khong nhan biet kien thdc ve bang thong rpng la 54,28%, tram vu tru quoc te (39,26%), dien toan dam may (46,79%), dpng dat kich thieh (41,3%), thUdng mai dien tCf (22,59%). Mpt van de khoa hoe dang g§y
tranh cai la sinh v$t bien doi gen cung cdn tdi 22,16%
cdng chung chda nhSn biet dUdc.
Bing 1: mdc do nhan biSt kiSn thdc ve KH&CN [Ij
Ki^n thu^
Hoa hpe Iri li#u Congnghg sinh hijc N^ng lu'cing m$t trdi Thuang m^i di^n tCf Hifiu iJng nha kinh O nhiem khfing khi L 3 thung t^ng ozon Cum gia cam (H5N1. H7N9) Nhan b&n wo tinh Bang thong rfing Ttam vu try qu6c tS Difin locin akm mSy Bign d^i khi h^u Nucicbilndcing Smh vat bi^n (]6i gen Dong d^t kich thich
So li/dng Co 2.841 3.032 3.149 2.707 2.964 3.373 2.936 3.412 2.580 1.539 2 079 1 801 3 264 3 122 2 705 1.997
Khong 646 500 379 790 554 170 560 73 872 1.827 1.344 1.584 259 379 770 1 405
TJI*(%) Co 81,47 85,84 89,26 77,41 84,25 95,20 83,98 97,91 74,74 45,72 60,74 53,21 92,65 89,17 77,84 58,70
Kh&ng 18,53 14,16 10,74 22,59 15,75 4,798 16,02 2,095 25,26 54,28 39.26 46.79 7,352 10,83 22,16 41,30
Danh gia mUc dd quan tam cda cdng chung doi vdi cac van de KH&CN trong xa hdi cho th^y [1], phat minh va cdng nghe mdi cua Viet Nam (gian khoan tu nang, ehe tao ve tinh nho) ed tdi 44,04%
khdng quan tam, mac du van de nay da dUdc cac cd quan truyen thdng, bao chf ndi den nhieu trong thdi gian g^n day; tiep den la phat minh mdi nhat ve cdng nghe mdi (may in 3D) cd tdi 40,82% khdng quan tam; nghidn cdu khoa hpe va phat trien eong nghe van cdn tdi 20,75% cdng chung khdng quan
50
8?NG NGHE Viet Nam
S5 12 nam 2015DIEN DAN
tam. 6 chiSu ngUde lai, "6 nhiem mdi trUdng" la van d6 dLfdc nhiSu ngudi rat quan Xim vdi ty le 41,77%,
"nghien cUu khoa hpe va phat triin cdng nghe" va
"cdng nghe thdng tin va truyen thdng" lan lUdt ddng vi trf thd 2 va thU 3 v^ mdc do rat dUdc quan tam.
K^t qua di6u tra cung cho th^y, cac van de co lien quan den "phat minh/phat hien khoa hpe mdi" hay
"sang ch6 mdi nhat tren th^ gidi ve cdng nghe mdi"
l?i khdng dUdc da so edng chung quan tam. R5 rang, eong ehung chT dac biet quan tam den nhOng van de gan lien va anh hudng true tiep tdi cupc sdng va sinh hoat thudng nhSt eua hp.
Bang 2: mdc do quan iam cda cdng chung doi vdi cac van de KH& CN
Bang 3: SO sanh glOa Viet Nam, Malaixia, Hoa Ky vi EU ve mUc dd hiiu biet (ty ie %) ciJa cdng chiing doi vdi mot so van de KH&CN
vSna%
Phat minti khoa h o c m a i n h g t ( « r d y v g n n a n b a n v o tinh, hat H i g g s , t@ b a o g6c chQa j n g thil) P h a i mmh m a i n l i a t v B cflng ngh§ moi (may m 3D) Phai minh v a eong n g h e moi cOa Vi^t Nam [gian khoan tU n a n g , c h i tao « ^ finh r h o ) C o n g n g h e t h o r g tin v a truySn thong SSn x u a l dien hat n h a n 6 nhifim m o i IrUdng Nghl&n cfiu khoa hpe vk phSl Inen eong n g h e
S S liTOng
III
1 19B
,.„
1 5 0 7
537
1 2 9 7 2 0 5
711
°r
1 9 3 3
1 7 8 3
1 622
2 141
1 7 6 4 1 830
1 905 RSt
321
2 6 3
. 3
7 9 4
3 5 5 1 4 6 0
810 T * 1^ (%) Khong
34,70
40,B2
44,04
15.47
37,97 5,87
2 0 , 7 5 tam
56,00
51,58
47,40
61.66
51,64 52,36
55. BO RSt ISm
9,30
7,61
8.56
2 2 , 8 7
1 0 , 3 1 4 1 , 7 7
2 3 , 6 4
So vdi mdt so nddc, ty le ngudi Viet Nam dupc hoi khdng quan tam den cac van de "phat minh/phat hien khoa hoc mdi nhat" va "sang che mdi nhat ve cdng nghe mdi" cao hdn so vdi cac nUde EU va Hoa Ky. Tuy nhien, neu xet theo mde dp "quan tam" thi ty le cua Viet Nam lai cao nhat trong so cac nude dUdc so sanh d ca ba v^n de tr§n. Bgn canh dd, mdc dp
"rat quan tam" eua Viet Nam eung cd ty \% cao hdn cae nude trong van de "6 nhiSm mdi trudng" [1].
Qua didu tra cho thay, mdc dp quan tam eao cua cdng Chung doi vdi van de lidn quan den "d nhiem mdi trudng" va day cijng chinh la van de ma cdng Chung hieu rd nh^t so vdi cae van de cdn lai. Ly do eong chung khong quan tam den cae van de lien quan den phat minh/phat hien hay cdng nghe mdi cd the dUde ly giai bdi edng tac truyen thdng ve eac van de nay con han ch^ hoae phuang phap truyen thdng chua hieu qua.
V ^ n i l e
Phai mmhl
khoa hQC m6i nhSt
S a n g c h ^ mfii nhat ve eong nghe
0 nhiem ir&i Iri/jlng
Viet Nam (2013)
bis
46,1
53,71 mil!
5^,5
44,7 HKU
,,4
,,.
Malaixia (ZOOB)
KUdng btel
40,1
39,7
«,.-,
34,7
29.5
33,,
"j
3.3
3,5 Hoa Ky (200G)
Khong Bin
22,0 Hlh
B4,0 Hlh Id
10,0 ELJ(20D5)
KhSng bisl
37,0
35,0
23,0 Hl£u
51,0
53,0
61,0 rd
10,0
11,0
15,0
Ve nhan djnh: nghien cUu khoa hoc cd nhieu tac dpng tfch cue hdn tac ddng ti§u cue thi ph^n Idn (81,63%) cdng chung ddng y, chl cd 147 ngudi (4,5%) cd y kien khdng ddng y.
Bang 4. danh gia, nhan dmh ve vai tro tich cUc cua KH&CN
Y kign Oong y Khong dong y Khong ro T^ng so
s d lUcfng 2.666
147 453 3.266
T y le % 81,63
4.5 13,87
100
Banh gia v^ mUe dd phd bign cua chinh sach, quyet djnh lien quan tdi KH&CN doi vdi cac ca nhan tren ca nudc thu dupc ket qua la: 46,24% ngudi biet den "Nghi quyet sd 20-NQ/TW cua Hdi nghi lan thd 6 Ban Chap hanh Trung Udng B&ng khda XI ve phat trien KH&CN phuc vu sU nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda trong dieu kien kinh te thj trudng djnh hudng XHCN va hdi nhap quoc te", 47,59% so ngUdi cd cau tra Idi biet den "Chien lUdc phat trien KH&CN giai doan 2011-2020", 51,67% sd ngUdi cd cau tra Idi biet tdi "Luat KH&CN", 48,26% so ngudi cd cau tra Idi biet den "Luat Chuyen giao cdng nghe". Ri§ng
"Luat Sd hOu trf tue" thi ty le ngUdi biet tdi eao nhat (66,12%), dieu nay cd the giai thfch mdt so chUdng trinh ve sd hiJu trf tue nhU "Chap canh thUdng hieu",
"Sang tao Viet" tren truyen hinh bude dau da ap dung phUdng phap luan ve nang cao nhan thdc cua cdng Chung ve KH&CN, dd la cd su tUdng tac giOa nha chuyen mdn, cd quan truydn thdng va cdng chung.
So 12 nam 2015 KHQAHOC
SdNGNGHl
iVietN^ (
Bing 5- dinh gia v4 miic do phd bien mot so van bin phap quy lien quan tdi KH&CN
van bhn
Nghf quy^t s6 20-NQ/
TW cua H$i nghj iSn thir 6 Ban ChSp hdnh Trung UcngOing kh6aXL ChiSn lin^c phat t n i n KH&CN giai do^n 2011-2020 Lu9t KH&CN Lu^t Chuyin giao c6ng ngh^
Lu|t Sd hOu tri lug
So liTdng Bi^t
1,624
1 6eo 1 825 1-702 2 332
biet
1 888
1-850 1.707 1 825 1 195
T y l e % Biet
46,24
47,59 51,67 48,26 66.12
Khong biet
53,76
52,41
48,33 51,74 33,88
Danh gia mdt each tong quat, cd the nh&n dmh rang, hiiu bi^t cua cdng chung ve cac ed ch^, chfnh s^ch mdi v^ KH&CN con md ho, ket qua nghien cUu khoa hoc chua dUdc truydn tai tdi cdng chung mot each ddy dCi.
M6 hinh thang tin fltfn va giai pliap nang cao nh$n thiic cua c6ng chiing ve KHaCN
De tim ra giJii phap nang cao PUS, chung ta xem xet each tiep can ve PUS theo quan diem truyen thong da dupc mdt so nha khoa hpe tren the gidi nghien cUu. Khai nidm v^ PUS co b^n la l^y quan diem cCia ngudi cung cdp thdng tin [3]. PUS de cap den vi?c thidu hut tri thUc khoa hoc cua cdng ehung, day cung dUdc coi la mpt thUe te khach quan (theo nhan djnh cCia Wynne, 1991 [4] va Ziman, 1991 [5]
thi cdng chung ludn thieu kien thUe ve khoa hpe).
Cdng Chung ludn mong ddi cd the tu trang bi cho minh nhUng hiiu biet khoa hpe khi dUdng ddu vdi cudc sdng hi§n dai (Miller 1983) [6]. Chung ta se cung xem xet md hinh ve ddng thong tin KH&CN ddn hudng ti^ nha khoa hoc den cdng chung nhu minh hpa trong hinh 1.
Tning gian (caquan bao chi,
Iniyen thong)
I Nha khoa hgc (^ ^ ) H Cong dfing
Hinh 1 • md hinh ddng thdng lin dOn hudng td nha khoa hoc den cdng dong
Ddng thdng tin tU nha khoa hoc ddn phUdng tien trung gian (dudng la), chd ydu la phUdng ti#n thdng tin dai chung va tU cd quan trung gian nay den vdi cdng chung dUde coi la mot phUdng thiic cd ban ve truydn thdng KH&CN do cac tac gill Nelkin (1995) [7], Dunwoody (1986) [8], Pellechia (1997) [9] de xuat trong nhieu tai lieu. Ddng thong tin tU cac phUdng tien trung gian (chd yeu la Xii phUdng ti^n truydn thdng dai chung) ddn cdng ehung (dudng 1 b) quy djnh rang, edng chung, b^ng each n&o do, ed the hap thu thdng tin ve KH&CN, tU dd hinh thanh kien thUc va thai do ve KH&CN... Bao cao cCia Ban khoa hpe qudc gia My chl ra rang, ngudi My tiep can thdng tin KH&CN chd yeu tU tivi (44%), tU xudt bkn pham (16%) va tU Internet (9%) [10]. Vide cdng Chung tidp xuc vdi KH&CN thdng qua phUdng tien thdng tin dai ehung van dddc cho phUdng thUe truyen thong hieu qui, true tidp nang eao hilu bidt cua cdng chung vd KH&CN (Miller, 1986) [11] va Nelkin (1995) [7]. Tuy nhidn, mdt diem han chd cua phUdng phap nay la thdng tin KH&CN c6 t h i se khdng day du hoae bo sdt do ydu td thdi IUdng cua cac ed quan truyen thdng hoae nang lUe cua phdng vien Viet ve KH&CN.
Han che cua md hinh ddng thdng tin ddn hUdng thdng qua cac phUdng ti^n trung gian da dan den nhUng no lUc "triic tiep" de truyen thdng tin KH&CN den cdng chung tU chfnh cac nha khoa hoc (dudng 2). Rat nhidu nghi§n cdu theo hudng nay da dUdc cae epng dong khoa hpe, cac chfnh phCi, qu6c hdi, eae to ehUe phi chi'nh phu (NGOs) nghien cUu va ap dung tai chau Au va My dUdc Clark va lllman (2001) [12], Edwards (2004) [13] cdng bo trong nhieu bao cao. Mdt thuat ngi3 mdi: "Nha khoa hoc cdng chung"
da xuat hi§n trong chUdng trinh nghj su cCia Chfnh phu My dupe co vdn khoa hpe Neal Lane (1999) [14] cua Nguyen Tdng thdng My Bill Clinton dd xuat da yeu cau cac nha khoa hpe chd ddng cdng bo eac ket qua nghi§n cUu tdi cdng ehung de cdng chung cd the biet va danh gia ve khoa hpe tdt hdn.
Hudng nghien cUu nay dUde khdi xudng tai VUdng quoc Anh khoang dau nam 1985. Td The Royal Society da xuat bdn mpt bai bao vdi nhan dd Hieu biet cua cdng chung ve khoa hoc, trong dd nhan manh rang, viec cdng chung khdng bidt vd khoa hpe ed t h i sinh ra noi sd hai va ghet bd khoa
52
bNGNGHfcVietlNdni
So )2 nam 2015hpe (Bodmer 1985) [15]. Ket qua eua bai bao la viec thanh lap mdt dy ban 3 ben gom: td The Royal Society, Vien Nghien cdu Hoang gia, va Hi#p hdi vi sU tien bp eua khoa hpe. Uy ban nay tap trung vao ndng cao hieu biet cua edng chung ve khoa hpe.
Van phdng KH&CN VUdng quoc Anh da khuyen nghi manh me rang, cae nha khoa hpe nen tiep xuc vdi edng ehung d l cdng bd eac kdt qu& nghien cdu va nhOng de xuat nghien eUu trong tUdng lai de cd dUde SLf ung hp cDa cdng ehung (Wolfendale, 1995) [16]... 15 nam sau bao eao cOa Bodmer, ThUdng nghi vien Anh (2000) trong bao cao "Khoa hoc va xa hdi"
da tiep tuc keu gpi nhieu cudc doi thoai, thao luan gifla cac nha khoa hoc va cdng chung. Cudi cung ngudi ta thay rang, hdn mdt nCfa eae nha khoa hpe Anh cd tham gia vao ft nhat mdt hoat ddng moi nam de truyen dat nghien eUu eCia minh den cdng dong ngoai eac nha khoa hpe (Welcome Trust, 2001) [17].
Cac no luc dUa cac nha khoa hoc va cdng chung den gan nhau hdn thdng qua truydn thdng theo md hinh ddng thdng tin ddn hudng da dat hieu qua nhat djnh de nang cao PUS (Miller 2001) [18], mot sd didu tra xa hdi hoc ve PUS do D^i hoc Michigan tidn hanh tai My nam 1979 vdi no luc cua Jon Miller d Ban Khoa hgc qudc gia My va khao sat tai VUdng qudc Anh nam 1988 eua Durant, Evans va Thomas (1989) [19] da ehUng minh cho nhan djnh nay. Tuy nhidn, cung phSi thUa nhan rang, md hinh ddng thdng tin ddn hUdng la md hinh cd b&n trong viec nang cao nhdn thde cua cdng chung vd KH&CN, d l
cdng tae nay hidu qua can nghien cdu phat trien tU ndn tSng cd s6 nay theo ly thuyet hanh vi.
TU ket qui nghien cUu nhU da neu d tren, ed t h i dd xuat mdt sd giai phap de ndng cao nhgn thdc cua cdng chung vd KH&CN nhu sau:
Mdt la, can cd nhUng vin bkn hudng dan eu the nham day manh hoat ddng truyen thdng KH&CN. Quan dilm nhat quan cua Nha nUde ta ve truyen thdng, phd bien kien thdc KH&CN dUde quy dinh tai Didu 48. Luat KH&CN nam 2013. Theo dd, Nha nude dau tU, khuydn khfch td chdc, doanh nghiep, ca nhan dau tU phat trien cdng tac truydn thdng, pho bidn kien thUe KH&CN. Kinh phi cua td chdc, doanh nghiep, ca nhan dau tu, tai trd cho hogt dpng truydn thdng, pho bidn kien thUe KH&CN dUde tfnh vao chi phf hdp ly.
Chidn lupc phat triin KH&CN giai doan 2011 -2020 ban hanh theo Quydt dinh sd 418/QD-TTg ngay 11.4.2012 cua Thu tudng Chfnh phu cung da xae djnh, day manh tuydn truyen nang cao nhan thdc xa hdi ve vai trd eua KH&CN la 1 trong 6 giSi phap chu ydu. Tuy nhien, d l cac chfnh sach nay di vao cudc sdng, rat can cac van ban hUdng ddn cu the d l day manh hoat ddng truyen thdng va tuydn truyen sau rdng trong xa hdi, dac biet la trong cac doanh nghiep ve chij trUdng, chinh sach, phap ludtvd KH&CN, ve vai trd dpng luc then chdt eua KH&CN doi vdi su nghiep xSy dung va phat triin dat nUde nham nang cao tinh than tU lUc, tU eUdng, su dong thuan va ung hd manh me cCia ca he thdng chfnh tri ddi vdi hoat ddng KH&CN; tao khdng khf thi dua lao ddng sang tao, nghien edu, Ung dung KH&CN trong hoat dpng san xuat kinh doanh va mpi ITnh vuc cua ddi sdng xa hpi; nang eao tinh than trach nhiem cCia to chdc, ca nhan hoat ddng KH&CN ddi vdi sU nghidp xay dung va bao ve To quoc.
Hai la, huy dpng sU tham gia eua xa hdi. Nang cao nhan thUe eua edng chung ve KH&CN khdng phdi chi la van dd tu than eua nganh KH&CN ma day la van de cd tfnh xa hdi. Theo nhan djnh eua Quy vi su tidn bp eua khoa hoc va sang tao Han
So 12 nam 2015 KHOAHOC CdNGNGHl
.VietH lam
DIEN DAN
Qudc (KOFAC) thi mudn phat trien KH&CN trudc tien ngudi dan phai xem trpng va hilu ve KH&CN, nhan thUc cua cdng chung ve KH&CN cang cao thi chi phf xa hpi cang gidm. Day la van de rat can sU tham gia eua cpng dong eac nha khoa hpe, cac cd quan bao chf truydn thdng va cua chfnh ngUdi dan.
Ba la, tang eUdng sU tham gia cua cae nha khoa hoc trong edng tac truyen thdng ve KH&CN. De cdng dong cac nha khoa hoc tham gia hieu qud trong cdng tac truyen thong rat can sU nghidn cUu, khdo sat ve su quan tam cua nha khoa hpe vdi bdo chf, dae biet la xay dung ky nang truyen thdng cho eac nha khoa hoc. Mdt sd qudc gia cd chUdng trinh dao tao vd truyen thdng KH&CN cho sinh vien dai hoc, cung nhu trang bj ky nang truyen thdng eho cdc nha khoa hpe, day cd the la kinh nghiem hay eho cdng tac truydn thdng KH&CN tai Viet Nam.
Bdn la, can ed ehien lUde truyen thdng tdng the, Idu dai va tl ml. Nen djnh ky tien hanh khao sat nhdn thUe cua cdng chung ve KH&CN, qua do nhdn dang cac van de can truyen thdng cung nhu phUdng thUe truyen thdng hieu qua.
Nam la, tang cUdng edng tae dao tao truyen thdng vd KH&CN trong cac chUdng trinh dao tao d bdc dai hoc va sau dai hpe thupc cac nganh bao chf, truyen thdng 6 Viet Nam. Trong eac chUdng trinh dao tao, bdi dudng d cap dai hpe va sau dai hoc vd bdo chf, truyen thdng d Viet Nam, van de nghien cUu ly luan truyen thdng chuyen ve ITnh vuc KH&CN chua dUde de cap nhieu. Dieu dd eho thay cdng tdc nay chua tUdng xUng vdi yeu cau hien nay, day Id mdt van dd can khac phuc trong thdi gian tdi ^f
Tai Ii0u tham khao
[1] KH&CN Viet Nam 2014 (2015), Nha xuat bSn khoa hoc vS ky thuat,
[2] Proceeding ol OECD symposium on pupiic understanding of science and technology (1996), OCDE/GD, pp.52.
[3] Kim H S, R F Carter, K.R Stamm (1996), "Devoioping a standard model of measuring the puplic understanding of science and technology". Journal of Science and Technology policy 7(2). pp.51-78
[4] Wynne B{1991), "Knowledge in context". Science, Technology, and Human Values", 16(1), pp.11-121.
[5] Ziman J (1991), "Puplic understanding of science", Science, Technology, and Human Values, 16(1), pp 99-105.
[6] Miller J.D (1983), "Scientific literacy: A conceptual and empirical rewiew", Daedalus, 112(2), pp.29-48.
[7] Nelkin D (1995), "Selling science: How the press covers science and technology rev.ed", New Your: Freeman.
[8] Dunwoody S (1986), "The science writing inner club:
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