VAN DE PHAP LY VE QUYEN l/U TIEN THANH T O A N K H I XUf LYTAI SAN BAO DAM
PRAMY^NNHI
Quyin tiu tiin cung vdi hiiu Itic ddi khdng ldn ddu tien dtidc ghi nhdn trong Bp ludt Ddn sti2015.
Quy dinh ndy cho phep ben nhdn bdo ddm, chinh minh dtiac quyin tiu tien thanh todn tren tdi sdn bdo ddm vd dtiac quyen tiu tiin thanh todn so vdi cdc chu thecd quyin khde ddi vdi tdi sdn bdo ddm dtia vdo hieu itic vd hieu Itic ddi khdng cda giao djch bdo ddm dtiac xdc lap. Trong phgm vi bdi viit ndy, tde gid phdn tich mpt so npi dung ve quyen tiu tien thanh todn khixdiy tdi sdn bdo ddm nhti khdi qudt chung vi quyin tiu tien thanh todn tdi sdn bdo ddm, diiu kiin phdt sinh quyen tiu tiin vd thtittitiu tien thanh todn khi xd lytdi sdn bdo ddm theo quy dinh cua Bp lugt Ddn sti Viet Nam 2015. Tren ccf sd phdn tich vd so sdnh vdi Bp ludt Ddn sti Phdp vd Nhdt Bdn, bdi viit rut ra nhiing bdi hgc kinh nghiem nhdm gdp phdn hodn thien quy djnh phdp ludt ve quyen tiu tiin thanh todn khi xd lytdi sdn bdo ddm.
^khda: Quyen du tien, thanh todn, tdi son bdo dam, xdly tai san bdo dam
SOME LEGAL PROBLEMS OF PRIORITY PAYMENT IN HANDLING COLLATERAL ASSETS Pham Yen Nhi
^ The priority right, along with the countervailing effect, was first recognized in the2015 Civil Code.
This provision allows the guarantee recipient, himself or herself to make payment on security assets and to take priority payment compared to other rights holders with respect to collateral assets based on the validity and countervailing I effici of secured transactions established. Within the scape of this article, the author analyzes i some contents of payment priority when dealing
with collateral assets such as general overview of priority of payment of collateral assets, conditions for arising of priority rights and the order of priority for payment when disposing of 1 collateral assets according to the provisions of
the Vietnam Civil Code 2015. On the basis of analysis and comparison with the Civil Code of France and Japan, the article draws experiences experience in finalizing the law on priority of payment when dealing with collateral assets.
Keywords: Priority, payment, collaterals, collateral assets handling
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Ngay nhgn bai: 13/4/2020 Ngay hoan thiin biin tap: 24/4/2020 Ngay duyet dang: 29/4/2020
Khai quat chung ve quyen Uu tien thanh toan tai san bao dam
Tai san bao d a m tgo ra su an toan cho chii n g khi ngubi mac ng khbng thuc hien hogc t h u e hien khbng diing nghia vu tia ng. Phap lugt cho p h e p c u o n g che trgn tai san bao d a m n h u la mpt bign p h a p h i i u hieu giiip chu n g tiiu hoi d u o c n o ngay ca khi n g u b i mac n p eb kha nang n h u n g khbng thuc hien nghia vg. Tai san bao dam tib thanh dbi tugng h a n che giao dich vbi ben thii ba nham de phuc vu cho viee xii ly np. Chii n g duge quyen xit ly tai san bao dam de thu hoi n p .
Bg lugt Dan s g Vigt N a m n a m 2015 (BLDS 2015) khbng d u a ra khai mgm ve quyen u u tien ma quyen u u tien dupe de cap tiong tiu'ong h g p cb nhieu chu n g bao dam khac nhau dbi vbi cimg mbt tai san. Khi do, quyen u u tien ehi danh cho eac chu ng cb bao d a m vbi nhau, khbng dugc xem xet cho cac khoan can tiianh toan khae ciia ngubi eb nghia vu.
Theo Dieu 303 Bg luat Dan su Nhat Ban, quyen u u tien la quyen bao dam bSng tai san va tiie hien b i n g vigc ngubi CO quy^n, ttong mgt sb nghia v u d o luat dmh, dugc u u tien dap iing q u y ^ oia minh tit tai san nhat dinh a i a ngubi m^c ng. Dieu 2095 Bb lugt D a n su Phap, quyen u u tien la quyen a i a ngitbi cb quyen dupe u u tien thanh toan nghia vy ttubc nhirng n g u b i eb quy^n khac, ke ea ngubi co quy^n da n h a n the chap Cb ttie thay, khong chi rieng b Viet Nam, vige p h a p lugt eae nuoc phi. n h a n su binh d ^ g gi^a cac diu n a tiong giao dich bao d a m nhSm ta tang cubng s g bao \
JAT£HfNH-TnKfngSOT20i;
cho cac chil n g tiong giao dich bao d a m da d u p e xae lap truge do, dong Ihbi the Men s u ton tigng cua eac chii ng lunh Ihanh sau nay. Q u y dinh nay n h a m bao dam ngujen tac cong b a n g cho cac chii no. Bbi le, khi xac l^p giao dich bao dam, cac b e n tham gia ehi cb thbng tin ve tai san bao d a m ke tir thbi diem xac lap trb ve trube. Nhiing thbng tin n a y giiip cho cae ben quyet dinh chrnh xae nbi d u n g giao dich sao cho p h u hgp vbi y ehi a i a minh. Nhiing giao dieh nay la h g p phap va bat bugc cac ben phai ton tipng ke ea ben t h u ba. Khi ben thii ba biet va chap n h a n tham gia xae lap giao dich bao dam (tig thanh ben n h a n bao d a m mbi) ma cb lien quan va tac d p n g d e n nhiing giao dich da dupc xac lap trube d o bube bgn chu n p mbi nay phai ton tigng va u u tign cho Iai ich a i a chii n g trube dg.
Phap luSt cAc mtdc phu nhan sir binh dang giQ^
cdcchO ntf trong giao djch b i o d i m n h i m tang atitng sU b i o ve cho cac ch£i no trong giao djch bio d i m d i Svtac xac lap trade do, the hien sir tdn trong cda cac chd ncr hinh thanh sau nliy.
Quy djnh nay nham b i o d i m nguyen t i c cong bing cho cic chu ntf. Nhihig thong tin n i y gidp cho cac ben quyet djnh chinh xac noi dung giao djch sao cho phu hop vdi y chi cda minh. Nhufng giao djch nay la hc^ phap va bat buoc cic ben phii tdn trong, ke c i ben thd ba.
Thdtur tfu tien thanh toan khi xif ly tai sin b i o d i m
Ngu)#n tae ehung de xac dinh thii t u u u tien thanh toan da dupe thira nhgn ttong khoa hoe p h a p ly la nguyen tac thii t u ve thbi gian "first in time rule". Thii tu xac lap giao dich bao d a m v e m a t thbi gian d u g c sir dung de xac dinh quy'gn u u tien cita cac chu n g cb bao dam tren cimg mgt tai san bao dam. Cb nghia la mgi ngubi se dugc p h u e v u theo thii t u hg den. Cu the^
quyen uu tien d u g c xac lap theo thbi diem cb higu luc dbi vbi ben thii ba, neii giao dieh nao eb higu luc vbi ben thii ba thi chu n o se d u g c u u tien thanh toan trube.
Neu giao dich bao d a m khbng co hieu luc doi vbi ben thii ba thi can o i vao thai diem xae lap bien p h a p bao dam (Dieu 308 Bp luat Dan su 2015). Thii tii u u tien thanh toan giiia cac ben d u g c xac dinh n h u sau:
Thu nhat, neu cac bign p h a p bao d a m deu phat sinh higu lge dbi khang vbi ngubi thii ba thi thii t u thanh toan dugc xae dinh theo thii t u xac lap higu luc doi Wiang. Theo quy dinh o i a Bp luat Dan s u 2015, higu luc dbi khang phat sinh d a n g ky bien p h a p bao d a m hogc ben nhan bao dam n a m giii hogc chiem giit tai san bao dam (Dieu 297). Trubng h p p nay, (i) quy tic
d a n g ky va (ii) q u y tae chiem hiiu, kiem soat tai san bao dam la can cii xac dinh thii tu u u tien thanh toan.
Doi vbi nhiing giao dieh bao dam nao dang ky trube se d u p e quyen u u tien thanh toan trube, ngay ca nhirng giag dich khbng bat buoc phai dang ky v i n phat sinh higu lue p h a p ly n h u n g de d u o e h u b n g quyen u u tien, giao dich bao dam phai dugc dang ky. Vi du n h u ngoai quyen su d g n g dat va tai san gan lien vbi dat (co dang ky quyen sb huu), tau bay, tau high khi tiie chap bat bugc phai dang ky mbi phat sinh hieu lue phap ly. Neu n h u the chap cac loai tai san ebn lgi thi khbng b5t bugc phai d a n g ky van eb hieu lue phap iy. Tuy nhien, neu khbng dang ky, giao dich nay se khong dugc hubng quyen u u tien thanh toan khi cac giao dich khae co d a n g ky (Dieu 4 N g h i dinh so 102/2017/ND-CP ciia Chinh p h u ve dang ky giao dich bao dam).
Theo quy tac chig'm hiiu va kiem soat tai san bao dam, khi ben nhan bao d a m n a m giii hoac chiem giii tai san bao d a m thi giao dich bao dam se phat sinh higu luc doi k h a n g ma khong can phai dang ky. Co nghia la khbng can phai dang ky giao dich bao dam, ben n h a n bao d a m d u o c xac lap quyen u u tign thanh toan khi tren thuc te chie'm hiiu va kiein soat tai san bao dam. Tru'bng h g p ngogi lg, quy tae nay khbng ap d u n g dbl voi bien p h a p cam giii tai san. Mae dii dang thuc te chiem giii tai san n h u n g bgn cam giii khbng d u p c quyen xit ly tai san bao dam va d i n g khbng dugc quyen m i tien thanh toan tir tai san bao dam. Ben cam giii duoc quyen tiep tue cam giii tai san eho den khi nao nghia vu dugc hoan thanh.
Mgt ngoai Ig khae m a n g tinh dae quyen tiong lmh vuc hang hai, n g u a i eo khieu nai hang hai n h u khieu ngi ve tien luong, ehi p h i boi thubng thuong ti'ch va ton hgi khac ve siic khbe con nguoi Hen quan true tiep den hoat dpng ciia tau bien cb quyen cam giii hang hai doi vbi tau bien (Di'eu 40 Bg luat Hang hai 2015). Quyen cam glii nay n h a m de d a m bao d i o eac khie'u nai hang hai d u p c giai quyet. Khi db ben cam giii duge h u b n g thii t u u u tien eao h o n cae chu n o khac dugc bao dam bang the chap tau bieh va cac giao dieh bao dam khac (Dieu 41 Bb luat Hang hai 2015). Doi vbi trubng hpp cam cb tau bay, mae dii da chiem giii tai san n h u n g v i n ehua phat sinh hieu luc doi khang vbi ngubi thii ba, ben n h a n c'am co chua d u o c u u tign thanh toan bbi cam CO tau bay bat bugc phai dang ky mbi phat sinh higu luc p h a p ly.
Thie hai, n e u cb bign p h a p bao d a m phat sinh higu luc dbi k h a n g vbi ngubi thii ba va cb bien p h a p bao d a m khbng phat sinh hieu luc doi khang vbi ngubi thii ba thi nghia vu eo bien p h a p bao dam eb higu Iuc
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dbi k h a n g vbi n g u b i thii ba d u g c t h a n h toan truac.
Dbi vbi nhiing giao dieh bao d a m k h b n g p h a t sinh hieu Igc doi k h a n g vbi ngubi thii ba se khbng d u g c h u b n g quyen u u tien t h a n h toan. T u o n g tu, xuat phat tir quy tac d a n g ky giao dieh bao d a m va ehiem hiiu, kiem soat tai san bao d a m se d u g e u u tien thanh toan so vbi khbng d a n g ky hogc khong chiem h i i u tai san bao dam Trong t r u b n g h p p tai san bao d a m cho nhieu nghia vu khae nhau ma co giao dich bao dam dang ky (hogc chiem giii, cam giir), eb giao dieh bao dam khong dang ky (hoac khong cam giii, chiem giir) thi giao dich bao d a m eb d a n g ky (hoae c'am giii, chiem giii) se d u p c u u tien thanh toan trube. Day la quy dinh phii h p p vbi thbng Ig quoc te, boi thbng qua thil tue dang ky hogc thgc te d a n g cam giii, ehiem giii tai san la each rb rang nhat de ben thii ba cb the de dang n h a n biet d u g c quyen Igi eiia ben nhgn bao d a m tren tai san db.
Thii ba, neu cac bign phap bao dam deu khbng phat sinh higu luc dbi khang voi ngubi thii ba thi thii t u thanh toan dugc xac dmh theo thii t u xac Igp bign p h a p bao dam. Can cii theo thbi diem xac lap bign phap bao dam, bien phap nao dugc xac lap trube se duge u u tign thanh toan truoc. Theo quy dinh cua Bo luat Dan sv 2015, giao dich cb higu luc ke tir thoi diem giao ket, trir trubng h o p eac ben cb thoa thuan khac hoac luat cb quy dinh khac. Co nghia la, thbi diem giao dieh duge xac Igp va thai diem giao dich cb higu lge khong hoan toan trimg khbp nhau. Neu luat eb quy dinh khac hoac cac ben cb thoa thuan thi giao dieh se cb hieu luc sau thbi diem xae lap giao dieh. Can cir xac dinh thir t u u u tien dua vao thbi diem xac lap (khong d u a vao thbi diem CO hieu Igc ciia giao dich). Neu giao dieh dugc xac Igp trube, thi dii chua co hieu lue phap ly van d u p c u u tien thanh toan trube so vbi giao dich da phat sinh hieu lue (nhung dugc xac lap sau). Co the^ nha Iam luat da dbng nhat thai diem xae lap va thbi diem c6 higu lue eiia giao dich.
Vl du, ngay 30/3/2018, A ky ket vbi B hop dong vay rien cb the chap nha b n h u n g khbng cbng chimg (Tam ggi la h g p dong thii nhat). Sau do, ngay 30/5/2018, A ky ket vbi C h g p dong vay tien va ciing the chap ehinh can nha da the' chap trube do vbi B (Tgm gpi la hgp dong thii hai). Cho den thbi diem hign tai, h g p dong thif hai da thue hien hon 2/3 nghia vu, tiong khi db hgp dong thii nhat mac dii xae lap trube n h u n g tien dg thuc hign chua d u p c 2/3 nghia vu. Hien tai, do A khbng t h g c hien diing nghia vu nen tai san the chap d u p c dem ra xu ly de thanh toan np. Khi db, B se dupc u u tign thanh toan truoc A mae dii h g p dong phat sinh higu
luc sau. Theo q u y dinh ehung ve h p p dbng, ke tir tiioi diem cb hieu luc, h p p d o n g bdt dau phat sinh quyen va nghia vg giiia cac bgn. Ke tit thai diem h o p dong phat sinh hieu luc mbi d u p c eoi la d u can eii phap ly huge cac ben phai tbn ttgng thgc hien. Vi vgy, can cu de xac dinh thii t u u u tien tiong trubng h o p nay n e n d u a vao thai diein cb higu luc eiia giao dieh thay vi d u a vao thbi diem xae lap se h p p ly hon, dong thbi bao vg d u g c quyen va lgi ich h o p p h a p ciia cae ben tham gia giao dich bao dam.
Tren d a y la cac t r u b n g h g p d e xac d i n h t h i i t g u u tien t h a n h toan. Tuy n h i e n , k h b n g p h a i trong mpi t r u b n g h p p cac b e n t r o n g giao dieh d e u p h a i t u a n thu theo thii t u u u tien t h a n h toan n h u trgn. 'Ve nguygn tac, p h a p luat tbn trgng va ghi n h a n s g thba t h u a n a i a cae ben, d a y d u g e xem la d i e u kien tien quyet t r u o c khi a p d u n g thii t u u u tien t h a n h toan theo luat dinh. Chinh vi the, eae b e n ciing n h g n bao d a m cb the'thba t h u a n ve viec thay db'i t h u t u u u tien
thanh toan n g u tren. 'V' Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Chinh phu (2017), Nghi dinb sdl02/2017/NB-CPve dangky giao dich bdo dam 2. Trinh Tudn Anh vd Nguyen Vdn Phuc (2018). "Hgc thuyet vdt quyen va
viec xdy dung che dinh vgt quyen theo he thdng phdp ludt chdu Au luc dia"
Tgp chi Luat hgc, sd 04. p 18-28;
3. Hguyen Hgoc dien (2012), Xay ddng che dmh v3t quyin - Bieu kien dehodn thien phdp ludt ve bdo ddm thi/c hien nghia vu, Tga dam ve sda doi Bd lugt Dan SI/2005, Phdn bdo ddm thdc hien nghia vu. Bo Tti phdp - Nhd phdp ludt Viet-Phdp;
4. Bill Bdc Giang (2013), "Gioo dich bao dam cd dgi tudng Id tdi sdn tUdng lai", Tap chi Thi trddng tdi chinh vd tien te, so 24;
5. BUI Bdc Ciang (2012), "Quyen Uu tien thanh todn cda ben nhdn the chdp quyen g.s6l7;
6. Ho Quang Huy (2011). "Vdtquyen bdo ddm - NhOng vdn dephdp ly ddtra trong qua trinh boon thien phdp luat ddn su d nudc to". Tgp chi Dan chd vd Phdp lugt, (So Chuyen dePhdp ludt ve dang ky giao dich bao dam), tr. 28-37;
7. Le Thi Thu Thuy vd Bd Ivlinh Tudn (2016), "Giao dich bdo dam dUdi khia cgnh so sdnh luat boc". Tgp chi Nghien cdu Idp phdp dien td. http//www.nclp.org.
^n/kinh_ngbiem_quoc_te/giao-dich-bao-lllam-duoi-khia-canh-so-sanh- luot-hoc-1;
8. Vien nghien cdu Khoa hgc phdp ly - Bo Tuphdp (1995), Binh ludn khoa hoc 86 ludt Ddn su Nhdt Bdn. I^XB Chinh tri Qudc gia;
9. Le Thi Thu Thuy vd Bo Minh Tudn. "Giao djch bao ddm dudi khia canb so sdnh ludt hoc: Tap chi Nghien cdu idp phdp dien f i i http //www.nclp.org.vn/kinb_
nghiem_quoc_te/glao-dich-bao-1 ? Iom-duoi-khia-mh-so-sonh4uat-hoc-l.
Thong tin tac gia:
Phgm Yen Nhi- Tnidng Bgi hgc An Gang - Bgi hgc Quoc gia IP. NS (hi Mmh Email: [email protected]
