NGHlENCCfU CHITAO
GACH TRANG TRf-CACH NHiei LAM Tl/I^NG
PGS.TS Vu Minh DuK Khoa Vat lieu Xay dung Trudng Dai hgc XSy dung
Tdm tat: Tir cac nguyen lieu dia phuang, cac phe lieu, phe thai, de tai da tien hanh nghien cdu che tao vat lieu gach lam tudng nhe cd Idp mau trang tri, dung di lat mat ngoai cdng trinh.
De tai cung da thiet lap dugc day chuyen cdng nghe che tao san pham gom tudng nhe cd Idp mau trang tri theo cdng nghd tao hinh gach hai Idp.
Summary: From the local raw materials, scraps and waste, the theme of light-weight ceramics with multi-colour sudace exterior of works has been studied.
It has been also researched on establishing the technological chains for producing the above products based on formation technology of two-layer bricks.
Cae loai gach gdm lam tudng dupc dung lam ket eiu bao che, ngan each va bao ve cac k i t c i u xay dung khdi bj tae dung cda mdi trudng va tao dang kien true cho cong trinh. Oe hoan thidn mat ngoai cdng trinh ngudi ta thudng phai phd eae Idp vda de trang tri hoan thien hay la dp lat cac loai vat lieu trang tri khac.
NgUdi ta tha'y rang tren 1 m^ dien tich d can ed khoang 1 m^ vat lieu de dp lat be mat cdng trinh, the tich dp lat hodn thien be mat cdng trinh chiem khoang 15% the tich chung cda tudng, do vay yeu c i u trang tri hoan thien be mat edng trinh rat Idn. Vi vay de nang eao hieu qua sd dyng cda gach lam tudng, ngUdi ta nghien edu che tao cae vat lieu gdm xay tudng lam nhiem vu hodn thien trang tri be mat cdng trinh.
Hieu qua sd dyng cda gach xay tudng trang tri hoan thien la ehung vda thUc hien chdc nang ldm tudng (bao che, ngan each) vda lam nhiem vu trang tri mat ngoai nha (dp lat mat ngoai). Cac s i n pham nay c i n ed dp hdt nude thip, khdng thim nUdc, chju Ida, ed kich thudc hinh dang ehinh xae, dat dupc dp ben yeu cau, cd mau sac trang tri theo yeu c i u quy dinh, chung khdng bj thay ddi dUdi tae dung lau dai eua diiu kien khi hau va cda eae tae nhan an mdn xam thyc bdi mdi trudng va vi sinh vat, cd kha nang lam sach be mat khdi bj bui ban, nam mde. Cac s i n pha'm gach trang tri xay tudng (dung d mat cdng trinh) ve dd ben, tuoi thp va tinh chat my thuat khdng thua kem cac loai vat lieu dp lat hoan thien trang tri khae va lai re hon nhieu khi dua vdo sd dung tron^ edng trinh. Gia thanh toan bd de hoan thien trang tri mat nha bing gach trang tri xay tUdng vdi thdi gian sd dung tren 50 nam thap hon 2 -H2,5 lin so vdi xi mang mau, re hon 1,1 + 1,2 lan san pha'm Silieat m i u , thip hPn 1,8-H2 lan chat deo pdliclovinyl.
TAP CHf KHOA HOC CONG NGHE XAY DUNG SO Ot-9/2007 35
Ngoai ra ngUdi ta edn nghien ciru ehe tao cac vat lieu gach trang tri xdy tudng cd c i u true xdp d dang eae bide cd khdi lupng the tich tha'p nhim tang kha ndng each nhiet, each am va giam khdi lupng cdng trinh (nhat la ddi vdi nha nhieu tang), cung nhu chdng ed kha nang chdng ehay chju Ida cao. T i t ca cae tinh chat neu tren rat can thiet dd'i vdi cac cdng trinh xdy dyng cao cap. Cae loai vat lieu gdm vdi nhieu tinh chat va chirc ndng nhU vay, ngUdi ta gpi la vat lieu gdm cd hieu qua eao.
Vat lieu gach nhe trang tri each nhiet xay tudng dupc san xuit theo cdng nghd ehe tao san pham hai Idp bing phuong phap tao hinh deo hoac ban khd. Yeu eau chu yeu de ehe tao san pham hai Idp la dp ben lien ket ben vOmg cda hai Idp vat lieu cd c i u true khac nhau: Idp chit phd trang tri mdt ngoai d tren cac mat ngang va mat eanh dpc san pham (cd eiu true dac), vdi Idp ehan d dUdi ben trong s i n pham (ed eiu trdc xdp). Ldp chat phd trang tri rndt ngoai vda lam nhiem vu trang tri hoan thien, vda lam nhiem vy ngSn each chd'ng tha'm nude, vda cd tac dung gay an mdn xam thyc cda mdi trudng khi hau va vi sinh vat. Vi vay Idp chat phd can c6 chieu day nhit djnh, ddng deu va mau s i c ddng nhat theo yeu cau.
Hien nay cac nUde tren the' gidi dang phat trien rdng rai vide nghien eiru ehe tao cac san phim gdm xay dung trang tri hoan thien sd dung ngudn nguyen lieu dja phuong, tan dung cac loai phe lieu phe thai, cung nhu ap dung cac phuong phap cdng nghe mdi nham giam chi phi nang lupng, tUdpng hoa cdng nghe san xuat, da dang hoa vd phat trien rpng rai cac chdng loai mat hang gdm xay dung trang tri hodn thien vdi tinh ndng da dang cd hieu qua sd dung eao.
6 nudc ta hien nay ehua cd co sd nghien ciru va s i n xuit nao dat v i n de nghien eiru che tao loai gach nhe trang tri each nhiet xay tUdng sd dyng cho cac cdng trinh xay dung. Trong bai viit nay tac gia gidi thieu nhumg ket qua ban dau cda vide nghien ciru sd dung nguyen lieu dia phuong va eae phe lieu phe thai ehe tao san pham gach trang tri each nhiet xay tudng cho cac cong trinh xay dyng dan dung.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLTU 1. KET QUA NGHIEN CliTU NGUYEN LIEU SLT DUNG
1.1 Cdc ke't qua nghien curu ve da't set
Dit set ddng trong nghien ciru la d i t set Phdc Thinh (Ddng Anh, Ha Ndi) ed eae tinh chat sau;
1.1.1. Thanh phin hoa (%)
Si02-69,25; Al203-15,41; Fe203-6,15; CaO-0,8; MgO-0,5; Na2O-0,85; K20-1,72; MKN-5,61 1.1.2. Thanh phan hat (%),
Cd hat-mm: <0,005-21,2; 0,005-=-0,01-27,52; 0,01 ^0,05-29,5;
0,05-i-0,1-18,7; 0,1^-0,25-1,6; 0,25H-0,5-0,5; 0,5+1-0,6; 1-=-2-0,3 1.1.3. Cac cht tieu tinh cha't khac
+ Dd am tu nhien (W,„); 13,4% + Op i m tao hinh (W„); 18%
36 TAP CHf KHOA HOC CONG NGHE XAY DUNG Sd01-9/2007
+ Khdi lupng ridng (y^ ): 2,54g/em^ + Khdi lupng the' tieh tu nhien (/o ): 1,45 g/cm^
+ Od am gidi han dudi dp luu dpng (Wg^): 31,24 %
+ Od am ldm viec (WJ: 17,15 % + Trj sd deo (D); 14
Nhan xet: Qua ket qua phan tich, thi nghiem cho thay d i t set nay thupc loai dat set de ehay, cd kha nang tao gach trang tri each nhiet xay tudng.
1.2 Ket qua nghien ciiru tro thai nhiet dien Pha Lai 1.2.1. ThSnh phin hoa cda tro thai nhidt dien (%)
Si02-54; Al203-16,4; Fe203-7; CaO-1,1; MgO-1,5; MKN-20 1.2.2. ThSnh phin hat cda tro thai (%),
c a hat-mrr?.-<0,01-68,2; 0,0U0,05-15; 0,05+0,1-8,4; 0,1-r0,25-6,9; 0,25H-0,5-1,5 1.2.3. Cac tinh chat khac cda tro thai
+ Dd am ty nhien (W,„): 14,5 % + Op mjn, sdt sang N008; 10+14%
+ Khdi lupng rieng (y^): 2,68 g/cm^ + Khdi lupng the tich tu nhien (/om): 1.8 g/cm^
+ Khdi lupng the tich khd (/^^): 0,81 g/em^
Nhan xet: Qua k i t qua phan tieh, thi nghiem eho tha'y cd the sd dung tro thai nhiet dien Pha Lai de ehe tao gach trang tri each nhiet. Mat khac tro thai la vat lieu khdng deo, cd dp mjn Idn se anh hudng Idn de'n tinh chat tao hinh cda phdi lieu. Ngoai ra tro thai chda IUpng Idn than chua ehay, nd ddng vai trd phu gia ehay lam tang su ket khdi va tao xdp eho s i n phim.
1.3 Ket q u i nghien curu phu gia tao xd'p rdng (MC)
Phu gia tao xdp rong dUpc sd dyng la phd thai mun eua khi gia edng ehe bien gd.
1.3.1. Thanh phin hat cda phu gia mun cua (MC) (%), cd hat-mm:
+ c e hat 0,6-=-1,2-7,5+14,8; + Cd hat 0,3+0,6-50,5+54,8;
+ c e hat 0,15+0,3-28,7+29,6; + Ce hat <0,15-6+8,1 1.3.2. Cac tinh chat khSc cda phu gia MC
+ Dp am ty nhien (W,„); 16+17,4 % + Khdi lupng rieng ( / „ ) : 0,21+0,25 g/em^
+ Nhiet dp b i t Ida (t^,); 300+450 "C + Nhiet dp chay hoan toan (t^J; 700+750 "C + Od tro (A): 8+8,3 % + Op hut nUdc va chira nUdc (Hp): 68+72 % + LUpng m i t khi nung (MKN): 92+91,7 %
Nhan xet Qua cac sd lieu phan tieh, thi nghidm cho thiy phu gia MC ed the sd dung lam phu gia tgo xd'p rdng ehe tao san pham gach trang tri, each nhiet. Tuy nhien phu gia MC cung la vat lidu khdng deo cd tmh chat lam giy, ed nhieu dac tinh anh hudng tdi tinh chat phdi lieu; khdi lupng t h i tich, dd i m tao hinh, kha nang tao hinh....
TAP CHi KHOA HOC C O N G NGHe XAY DUNG sdOf-9/2007 37
2. KET QUA NGHIEN Ct:ru PHOI LIEU CHE TAO tdP CHAN CIJA GACH XAY TRANG TRi CACH NHIET
2.1 Nghien ciru phdi lieu Oat set (OS) - Tro - Phu gia MC (DS-Tro-MC)
Phdi lieu DS-Tro-MC dupc nghien edu vdi 3 ty le va 3 cap hat phu gia MC, xac lap cac quy luat bie'n ddi tinh chat phd'i lieu d trang thdi khd, trang thai deo, say vd nung.
2.1.1 Nghien cifu cac tinh chat cda phd'i lieu DS-Tro-phu gia MC khi tao hinh va khi say Quy luat bien doi cac tinh chat cua miu phoi lieu khi tao hinh va say
Cahat phu gia
MC (mm)
<0,315
0,315
•=-0,63
0,63 + 1,25
Cac tinh chat cua phoi lieu khi tao hinh va say ThSnh phin
phdi lieu (%) theo khoi
lugng- DS/Tro/MC
70/10/20 65/10/25 60/10/30 70/10/20 65/10/25 60/10/30 70/10/20 65/10/25 60/10/30
Khoi lugng thi tich cda bpt phd'i lieu (rob)-9/cm'
0,597 0,529 0,488 0,630 0,553 0,498 0,657 0,582 0,528
Dp am tao hinh (WJ-
%
28,16 29,64 30,86 27,65 28,84 30,40 26,55 27,25 28,40
Khoi lugng thi tich phoi lieu tao hinh (roth)-9/cm'
1,568 1,442 1,352 1,507 1,424 1,294 1,490 1,318 1,246
Khoi lugng thi tich cda
miu phoi lieu khi sS'y (ros)-9/cm^
1,236 1,100 1,020 1,198 1,070 0,958 1,180 1,030 0,942
Ddco khdng khi
(CJ-%
4,91 4,62 4,27 4,78 4,24 3,96 3,83 3,63 3,40 Nhan xet:
+ Khi tang lupng ddng phu gia MC vdi cung mot cd hat thi: dp am tao hinh tang, cdn khdi lupng the tich m i u tao hinh va mau say cung nhu dp co deu giam.
+ Khi tang cd hat phu gia MC vdi ty le phdi lieu khong ddi thi: dd am tao hinh giam dan, cdn khdi lupng the tich m i u tao hinh, m i u s i y va dp co d i u giam. Day la nhung thong sd can thiet va quan trpng cda qua trinh cdng nghe.
2.1.2 Nghien cifu phoi lieu DS-Tro-Phu gia MC khi nung
Quy luat thay ddi eae tinh chat cda mau phdi lieu khi nung d hai cap nhiet dp dupc gidi thieu d bang sau;
38 TAP CHf KHOA HOC CONG NGH$ XAY DUNG sd 01-9/2007
Cac tinh chat cua miu phdi lieu khi nung
Nhidt do nung,
"C
900
950
Cdhat phu
gia MC, mm
<0,315
0,315 H-0,63
0,63 + 1,25
<0,315
0,315 : 0,63 0,63 + 1,25
Thanh phin phdi
lieu theo khoi lugng,
% DS/Tro/MC
70/10/20 65/10/25 60/10/30 70/10/20 65/10/25 60/10/30 70/10/20 65/10/25 60/10/30 70/10/20 65/10/25 60/10/30 70/10/20 65/10/25 60/10/30 70/10/20 65/10/25 60/10/30
Cac tinh chat cua mSu phoi lieu khi nung Khdi lugng
thi tich cua miu phdi lieu
khi nung (ron)-9/cm^
0,87 0,75 0,67 0,897 0,767 0,711 0,935 0,809 0,735 0,917 0,793 0,70 0,931 0,812 0,728 0,975 0,825 0,783
Ddco nung (Cn)
% 1,79 1,63 1,68 1,32 1,37 1,30 1,27 1,30 1,26 1,86 1,70 1,90 1.73 1,47 1,46 1,73 1,50 1,42
Dp co toan phin
(Ctp)
% 6,70 6,25 5,95 6,10 5,61 5,26 5,1 4,93 4,66 6,77 6,32 6,17 6,51 5,71 5,42 5,56 5,13 4,82
Cudng dp nen (Rn)
kG/cm^
10,11 7,0 5,8 14,3 9,88 6,8 11,87
8,9 6,36 11,32
8,52 6,3 18,5 12,61
8,43 13,06 10,02 7,5
Do hut nudc (HP)
% 43,64
60,0 69,93 46,46 62,6 75,44 49,97 65,1 79,78 43,12 52,5 64,14 44,37 56,86 70,73 46,89 58,27 72,57 Nhan xet:
+ Khi tang IUpng phy gia MC, dd'i vdi cung mpt loai ce hat thi khdi lupng the tich, dp co, eudng dd nen khi nung giam dan, con dp hut nudc tang len. Khi tang nhiet dp nung khdi lupng the tich tang.
+ Khi tang kich thUde cd hat vdi IUpng phu gia MC khdng ddi thi khdi lupng the tich, dp co nung tang. Khi nhiet dd cang tang thi su ket khdi xay ra manh lam dp eo tang len.
+ Khi ham lupng phy gia MC tang thi cudng dd nen giam va dp hdt nude tang. Odi vdi ce hat 0,315 +0.63(mm). eudng dd nen dat eao nhit d tat ca eae ty le phu gia, d ca hai nhiet do nung. NhU vay cd the sd dyng cd hat nay de che tao san pha'm.
2.2 Lap quy hoach thyc nghiem chpn cap phdi hpp ly
Lap md hinh quy hoach thuc nghiem xac djnh thanh phin phdi lieu hpp ly ddi vdi phy gia MC. Tinh toan quy hoaeh thyc nghiem vdi cac nhan td anh hudng; X,; Ty le DS-Tro; X,; Ty le MC-1 ro. I a co bang ma hoa sau;
TAP CHI KHOA HOC C O N G N G H E XAY DUNG SO 01-9/2007 39
Nhan td anh hudng DS/Tro Phu gia MC/Tro
Ma hoa
X, X2
MUc quy hoach Diim sao
-1,414 6,293 2,707
MUc dudi -1 6,5 2,5
Goc 0
7,0 i 2,0 1
MUc tren + 1 7,5 1,5
Diim sao + 1.414
7,707 1,293 Giai bai toan quy hoaeh thyc nghiem, ed dupc cac phuong trinh hdi quy cae ham muc tieu d cac c i p nhiet dp.
- a 900''C
Y„ =930,2 + 66.697 . Xj +30,555xXf +41,722><x|
• a gscc
Y,, = 948 + 66,743 x X j + 36.32 < X f + 42,906 > X^
V s . = 2 9 , 5 + 6 . 9 - X J - 3 , 5 4 x X f - 2 , 7 6 x X | Vs. = 30.373+ 6,77 x Xj - 3,583 xXf - 2,858 < X |
VH, = 4 1 . 5 3 3 - 7 . 4 6 4 . X J + 4.726 X X,^ + 4,951 X X | YH„ = 40,467-7,652 X X J + 4 , 4 6 X X? + 5,068 X X |
Vc,. =5.349 + 0.369- X j + 0,252 x X,^ + 0 , 2 1 1 x X | Yc„ = 5,423 + 0,434 « X j + 0,237 - X? + 0,206 x x |
3. KET QUA NGHIEN ClifU PHOI LIEU CHE TAO LdP MAT TRANG TRi CHO GACH LAM TUONG TRANG TRJ CACH NHIET
De lam Idp mat trang tri ngudi ta sd dung cae loai d i t set trang, d i t set cd cac miu khac nhau sau khi nung (cac mau khoang ty nhien). Cae phu gia g i y (cat, sa mdt,...) dua vao de dieu ehinh dp deo cda Idp mat va dp co ngdt cda nd tuong dng vdi ldp chan.
Oe tao m i u s i c trang tri cho Idp mSt ngudi ta cd the sd dung cac chat tao mau gd'c khoang vat (khoang mau tu nhien) da son, glaucdnit..., sd dung cac chat tao mdu gdm nhan lao; oxyt coban, dxyt sit, dxyt crom, quang manggan...
Trong de tai nay de' ehe tao Idp mau trang tri, chung tdi sd dung chit tao mau tU nhien;
dat tdda son (mau hdng, dd); chit tao mau nhan tao; dxyt cdban (mau xanh da trdi, xanh lam), oxyt sit (mau tim, den), dxyt crdmmit (mdu xanh la cay). Ket qua nghien ciru mdt sd phdi lieu Idp mat chit mau trang tri dupe gidi thieu d bang sau:
Mdt so phd'i lieu Idp mat chat mau trang tri Cac chat
tao mau 1
Dit td da son
Oxyt coban (CoO)
Lugng chat tao mSu-%
2 Oa son:
Oat nen=( 10+50) :(80+40) (9 c i p phdi)
CoO:
D i t nen=(0,5+5)
;(89,5+85) (7 c i p phdi)
Dp hot nudc bSo hoa (Hp)-%
3
8,5+13,55
11,33+12,55
Dd CO toan phan (Cp)-%
4
6,3+11,1
7,1+8,0
Ghi chit: Mau sSc miu sau khi nung
5
Mau cd mau hdng nhat chuyen d i n sang mau hdng tuoi, do tuoi khi tang lupng da son.
M i u cd mau xanh da trdi nhgt chuyen sang mau xanh IP, mdu xanh lam khi tang lupng CoO.
40 TAP CHf KHOA HOC C O N G NGHE XAY DUNG SO Of-9/2007
1
Oxyt s i t (FOjO,)
Oxyt crom (CrO,)
Chat mau quy tim
2 Fefi,.
Dat nen=(2+10)
; (88+80) (9 cap phdi)
CrjOj:
Dat nen=(0,5+5)
;(89,5+85) Quy tim:
D i t nen=(0,5+5) :(89,5+85)
3 4 i
10,98+13,14 5,6+8,1
1
10,33+12,85
10,33+12,85
6,5+8,9
6,5+8,9
5
M i u cd mau dd sam ehuyen sang mau tim, tim den theo chieu tang cua FojOs.
Mau CO mau la ma chuyen 1 d i n sang mau xanh la cay, xanh sam den theo chieu tdng cda Cr203.
Mau cd mau vang nhat chuyen dan sang mau vang tuoi theo chieu tang cda chat quy tim.
Nhan xet:
- Cac mau cd dp eo toan phin g i n tuong duong vdi dd eo toan phin eua Idp chan dieu dd dam bao dupe sy lien k i t cua ldp chan va Idp mat. Dieu nay cd y nghTa Idn khong chi vi sy lien k i t eo hpc giOfa hai Idp ma cdn la sy g i n kit gida hai phan cd c i u true khac nhau, dd la c i u true xdp cda Idp ehan va ca'u true dae cda Idp mat.
- Dp hut nudc cua m i u ndi chung dat yeu cau td 6+13%, giam dp hut nudc bang each diiu ehinh thanh phin phdi lieu hay sd dung cac Idp chit phd b i mat san pham. Dp hut nudc eua Idp mat cho phep tU 6+12%. Khi nhiet dp tang td 900+950°C dp hut nude giam, dp co toan phin tang do vat lieu duoc kit khdi.
- Khi tang lupng chat mau hay lupng cac dxyt tao mau thi mau s i c the hien dac tinh mSu cua Chung tang len (td nhat de'n dam). M i u s i c cdn phu thupc nhidt dd nung, dp tinh khiet cda nguyen lieu, mdi trudng nung, phUPng phdp cdng nghe chuan bi,...
4. THIET LAP SO DO CONG NGHE CHE TAO SAN PHAM GOM T I / 6 N G NHE LAT M A T a. Tuyin cdng nghd chuS'n bi
phoi lidu Idp chan
b. Tuyen cdng nghe chuan bi phdi lieu Idp mSt
c. Tuyen chung che tao gdm tudng nhe lat mat
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TAP CHi KHOA HOC C O N G NGHE XAY DUNG SO Of-9/2007 41
KET LUAN
Tren co sd eae nguyen lieu dja phuong, cac phe lieu phe thai de tdi da nghien cdu che tao dupc vat lieu gach trang tri each nhiet xay tudng dung de trang tri hoan thien mat ngoai nha.
De tai da nghien eiru dupc thanh phin phdi lieu cda I6p chan vdi cdc loai phu gia Tro, phu gia MC, vdi cac loai cS hat khae nhau.
Oe tai eung da tien hanh nghien edu dupc mpt sd thanh phin phdi lieu Idp mat trang tri vdi nguyen lieu khoang mau va dxyt mau. Dieu nay het sdc quan trpng ddi vdi san pham gdm tudng nhe lat mat, nd md hudng mdi trong cong nghe che tao san pham gdm hai Idp.
Odng thdi de tai da xac lap dupc so do cong nghe che tao san pha'm gdm tudng nhe lat mat trang tri vdi trang thiet bj hien cd d nU6e ta hien nay. De tai ed y nghTa I6n ve khoa hpc cung nhu ve kinh te trong viec nghien cdu mpt chdng loai vat lieu vdi ca'u true thay ddi, cung nhu tao ra dupc loai vat lieu mdi cd nhieu tinh nang Uu viet sd dung eho cae edng trinh nha nhieu ting.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Vu Minh DUc. Cdng nghe gdm xay dung. Nxb Xay dung. Ha Npi, 1999.
2. Vu Minh DUc. Nghien cdu che tao gdm xdp each nhiet - Oe tai NCKH C i p Bp GD&OT, ma sd B2000-34-74.
3. VO Minh DUc, Bui VSn Bpi, HoSng PhO Lan. Nghien ciru che tgo vat lieu gdm trang tri hoSn thien. Tuyen tap cdng trinh khoa hpc, Trudng OHXD. Ha Npi, 1995.
4. VO Minh DUc va cac tac gia. Nghien ciru che tao gdm xdp each nhiet ddng cho cac cdng trinh nha cao tang d Ha Npi sd dyng nguyen lieu dia phuong va cac p h i lieu phe thai - D i tai NCKH Cip Thanh phd Ha Npi, ma sd: 04C/04-2004-1.
42 TAP CHl KHOA HOC CONG NGHE XAY DUNG SO Of-9/2007
