HQI NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH THAI V A TAI N G U Y £ N SINH VAT LAN THllf 6
NHUXG DAN LIEU BAN BAU VE N H O M CAY AN BlfOC TRONG HE THlTC VAT TINH PHU THO
NINH KHAC BAY, LE DONG TAN Vien Nghien cuu Khoa hgc Tdy Bdc, Viin Hdn ldm Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi Viet Nam NGUYEN QUOC BINH Bdo tdng Thiin nhien Viet Nam, Viin Hdn ldm Khoa hgc vd Cong ngh$ Viet Nam Thyc v%t rimg hay cay rirng gdm tit ca cac loai cay, day leo, cay cd phan bd trong rCrng.
Chiing la thanh phan chinh ciia he sinh thai rimg va ia ngudn tai nguyen quan trpng mang Iai nhilu lai ich cho con ngudi. (3 nhifng nai khac nhau, dp cao khac nhau, thanh phin thuc val co the khac nhau, dd la ket qua sinh trudng phat trien cua timg loai va su thich irng cua chung vdi nhifng bien dpng cua nhan td ngoai canh. Vi vay, thuc val rirng d mdi dja phuang trong thdi diem nhat djnh khdng chi phan anh hien trang tai nguyen, tinh da dang sinh hpc ma cdn phan anh linh trang mdi trudng rirng.
Viet Nam vdi 3/4 dien tich dat dai la rimg nui va ban 12.000 Ioai thyc vat bac cao cd mach, rat nhieu loai cay da duae sir dung vdi nhieu muc dich khac nhau, phyc vu cho cupc sdng cCia con ngudi. Vdi nguIn tai nguyen vd ciing phong phii, Viet Nam la 1 trong 9 trung lam da dang sinh hpc tren the gidi. Ngoai gia tn to ldn la cung cap cac loai gd cd gia trj kinh te cao, nhieu loai cay cdn dupe su dung Iam luang thuc, thuc pham. Nhifng Ioai cay nay duoc gpi la nhifng cay an duprc, chiing ddng vai trd rat quan trpng trong ddi sdng nhan dan, nhat la cac dan ldc mien nui. Mpt sd loai cay trudc day duae sir dung nhu mdt loai lucmg thyc, thyc pham de cuu doi thi nay trd thanh nhifng mdn an dac san quy hilm. Trai qua bao thi he ciing thang trim lich sir, nhieu loai cay ciing da di vao sir sach vdi nhifng gia In da duae thira nhan.
Phu Thp la mdt tinh trung du miSn nui, cira ngo phia Tay Bac cua thii dd Ha Ndi. Phu Thp c6 dia the kha thuan Ipi ve giao thdng, vdi ba con sdng Idn la sdng Hdng, sdng Ld, sdng Da chay qua. Day la vi tri het sue thuan lai cho viec trao ddi hang hda giifa cac tinh Ddng bang Bac Bp va cac tinh Mien nui phia Bac Viet Nam, nhat la cac san pham ndng-lam. Phu Thp nam trong viing khi hau nhiet ddi gid miia, thuan lai cho viec phat trien cay trdng, vat nudi da dang.
Tong dien lich lu nhien loan tinh 3.532,9493km-, chilm 1,5% dien tich ca nude. Phii Thp la tinh CO dp che phii rirng Idn vdi dipn tich rirng hien cd la 144.256ha, trong dd cd 69.547ha rirng ty nhien, 74.704ha rirng trdng, cung cap hang v^n tan gd cho cdng nghiep che bien hang nam. Cac loai cay chii yeu nhu bach dan, md, keo, bo de va mdt sd loai cay ban dia dang trong giai doan phat trien.
Dien tich che phii rirng ciia Phii Tho tang nhanh trong nhifng nam gan day. Tuy nhien, rirng ty nhien ciia Phu Thp chii yeu la rirng trung binh va rimg ngheo kiet, Irif lupng gd khdng cao.
Rimg lu nhien cdn phong phii nhit d Phu Thp la Vudn Quoc gia (VQG) Xuan San, huyen Tan Son vdi dien tich viing dem la 18.369ha, dien tich viing loi 15.048ha va khu vyc bao ve nghiem ngat la 11.I48ha. Diem dac trung ciia Xuan San la VQG duy nhit cd rirng nguyen sinh tren nui da vdi (2.432ha). Xuan San duae danh gia la rirng cd da dang sinh thai phong phii, da dang sinh hpc cao, da dang dja hinh kien tao nen su da dang canh quan. Vi vay, d day ciing rat da dang ve cac Ioai cay hoang dai an dupe. Ngoai Xuan Son, cdn cd mdt sd khu rimg khac nhu d Thanh San, Yen Lap, khu di tich Din Hiing,... nhung muc dp phong phu ve cac cay an dupe thi khdng
HQl NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH T H A I V A TAI N G U Y E N SINH VAT L A N THCf 5 bing bdi cac khu rimg nay la rirng ty nhien da bj tac dpng rat manh hay la rirng phyc hoi sau nuang riy hoac rimg trdng. Vi vay, vi?c danh gia dugc hien trang de cd giai phap dung din trong cac cay an dupe se gdp phan cai thi?n kinh te hd gia dinh, tang lirpng hang hda trao doi cua Phu Thp vdi cac tinh lan can, dong thai gdp phan kich thich sy tang trudng kinh te chung cua Phii Thp.
I. PHU'aNG PHAP NGHIEN CtTU
- Phuang phdp ke thira: Tham khao cac lai li^u, cac cdng trinh nghien cdu ve cay an dirgic trong nude va d Phu Thp.
- Phirang phdp dieu tra thirc vgt hgc: Dieu tra thu thap mau cay an dupe, sd dyng phircmg phap hinh thai so sanh va so vdi cac mau lieu ban luu trif tai cac phdng tieu ban trong nude de xac djnh ten khoa hpc.
- Phuang phdp diiu tra cgng ddng (PRA): Dieu tra, phdng van ngudi dan dja phuang ve cac kinh nghiem sii dung thyc vgt trong ddi sdng.
- Xdc dinh tin khoa hgc: Dya vao cac tai chuyen nganh trong va ngoai nude.
II. KET QUA NGHIEN CU'U
Cac cay an dupe bao gdm cac Ioai cay cung cap than, la, hoa lam rau, qua, hat hay cii lam Iuong thyc. Cac loai cay an duae thudng chtira nhilu chSt dinh duong cin thiet cho nhu cau hang ngay cua con ngudi. Nd khdng nhifng la ngudn cung cSp vitamin, chat khoang, cac nguyen td vi lupng, nang lupng, chat dam, chit xa khdng the thieu ddi vdi cac hoat ddng sinh ly binh thudng CLia ca the con ngudi, ma cdn bao ve cho con ngudi chong Iai benh tat. Cac loai rau dau giau chat dam cd the thay the cho nguon dam dpng vat chang han nhu dgu nanh. Mdt so lo?!
khoai cu nhu khoai tay, khoai lang cd the dimg thay the mdt phan luong thyc trong biJa an hang ngay. Rau qua cung la ngudn thiic an cho chan nudi, nguyen li6u cho nganh cdng nghi?p thuc pham (che bien dau thuc vat, mui, nude qua,...). Cac loai rau qua giau vitamin, muoi khoang...
la ngudn bo sung dinh dudng va nhifng cay hoang dai an dupe la ngudn dinh duong ty nhien cr nhifng nai khdng cd dieu kien gieo trdng.
Tren ca sd sd lipu dieu tra, kit hpp tham khao cac tai lieu da dupe cdng bd, trong he lh\rc val tinh Phu Thp cd 225 loai thupc 58 chi 77 hp thuc v|it thupc 3 nganh: Nganh Thong (Pinophyta), Duong xi (Polypophyta) va nganh Ngpc lan (Magnophyta). Sy phan bo ciia cac taxon theo nganh dugc trinh bay trong bang 1.
gl So lircmg cac taxon theo nganh cua cay ao du-ffc trong he thirc vat tinh Phii Tho
Nganh Nganh Dirang xi-Polypophyta Nganh Thong-Pinophyla Nganh Nggc lan-Magnoliophyta
- Lap Ngoc lan-MagnoIiopsida - Lap Hanh-Liliopsida
Tong s6
H9 2 1 74 67 7 77
Chi 2 1 151 133 18 154
L o S i ' ^ ^
1 "i
221 191 ^ 30 ' ^ 225
HQI NGHj KHOA HQC T O A N Q U 6 C V E SINH THAl VA TAl NGUYEN SINH V A T LAN THlJ 5 Tiiy theo muc dich nghien cuu, ngudi ta cd the phan chia nhdm cay an dupe thanh cac nhdm nhd hon sao cho phii hgp vdi viec khai thae va sir dung. Thdng thudng dugc chia thinh 3 nhdm: Nhdm lam rau, nhdm cho qua va nhdm lam luang thuc. Tuy nhien, sy phan chia nay cung chi mang tinh tuong ddi va mpt cay cQng cd the cd mpt, hai, ba hay nhilu hon gia tri sir dung.
1. CSy lam rau (bao gom ca cay lam gia vi)
La tinh ban son dia, Phu Thp cd lpi the cdn nhieu viing rirng mii cd thanh phkn Ihyc v§l phong phii, day la co sd cho viec chpn Ipc cac cay rau hoang dai thuan hda thanh cay trdng.
Nhilu ioai cay trong rimg da dugc ddng bao dan tpc su dung tir lau ddi Iam rau nhung chua dirpc trdng trpt phd biln.
Cd 113 loai cay lam rau thudc 96 chi 48 hp. Hp cd nhilu Ioai gdm: Hp Cue (Asteraeeae) 13 loai 11 chi, hp Cai (Brassicaceae) 5 loai 3 chi, hp Bau bi (Cucubitaceae) 5 loai 3 chi, hp Hoa m6i (Lamiaceae) 3 loai 3 chi, hp Don nem (Myrsinaceae) 5 loai 2 cbi, hp Hda thao (Poaceae) 5 Ioai 3 chi.
Trong cac cay Iam rau an, mdt sd loai cd trien vpng nhat la Rau sang {Melientha suavis) thupc hp Lan vT-Opiliaceae, Bd khai {Erythropalum scandens) thupc ho Day huang- Erythropalaceae. Ngoai ra con cd mot sd cay dugc sir dyng lam rau tir nhieu ddi nay: Rau ddn {Diplazium esculentum), Rau bg {Marsilea quadrifolia). Cay quang {Alangium barbalum), Rau d?u {Alternanlhera sessilis). Den gai {Amaranthus spinosus), Den com {Amaranthus lividus), Cang cua {Peperomia pellucida), Hu la hep {Trema cmgustifolia), Hu day {Trema orientalis).
Do ngpn {Cratoxylum pruniflorum), Vau ngpt {Indosasa crassiflora), Vau dang {Indosasa sinica), Giang {Ampelocalamus patellaris)...
2. Cay an qua
Da thdng ke dugc 115 loai cay cho qua an dugc thudc 77 chi 36 hp. Trong do hp cd nhieu Ioai la hp Dau tSm (Moraceae) 9 loai 2 chi, hp Cam (Rulaceae) 7 Ioai 5 chi, hp De (Fabaceae) 7 loai 3 chi, hp Bd hdn (Sapinaceae) 6 Ioai 5 chi, hp Hoa hdng (Rosaceae) 6 loai 4 chi,'hp Sim (Myrsinaceae) 6 loai 4 chi, hp Thau dau (Euphorbiaceae) 6 loai 3 chi, hp Ca (Solanaceae) 6 loai 2 chi, hp Xoai (Anacardiaceae) 5 loai 5 chi, hp Gtrng (Zingiberaceae) 5 Ioai 2 cbi.
Trong sd cac loai cho qua an dugc cd cac loai dang chii y nbu: Va {Ficus auriculata), Ngai {Ficus hispida). Sung {Ficus racemosa), Quyt gai {Atalantia biixifoHa), Quyt {Citrus reticulata).
Com rugu {Glycosmis pentaphylla), Nhan rirng {Dimocarpus fumalus subsp. indochinensis), Vai rirng {Nephelium cuspidatum var. bassacense), Vai gudc {Xerospermiim noronhianum).
Tram den {Canarium iramdenum). Tram tring {Canarium album). Tram chim {Canarium tonkinense), Co bSc bp {Livislona tonkinensis). Mam xdi {Rubus alcaefoliiis), Ngay Irau {Rubus leucanlhus), Ngay la hdng {Rubus rosaefolius), Dao banh xe {Rliaphiolepis indica), Ca di an dp {Caslanopsis indica), Ca di la da {Caslanopsis tesselata), Ca di bac bp {Caslanopsis tonkinensis), Ca di gai {Caslanopsis triluboides), Soi da {Lilhocarpus corneiis), Gie qua val {Lilhocarpus truncatiis), Sau {Dracontomelon duperreanum), Dau da xoan {Allospondias lakonensis), Dau da dat {Baccaiirea ramiflora). Me rimg {Phyllanthus emblica), Thi {Diospyros dccandra), Cudm thj {Diospyros malabarica), Tai chua {Garcinia cova), Dpc {Garcinia multiflora), Biia nhupm {Garcinia tinctoria), Sd ba {Dillenla indica), Hdng quan {Flacourlia riikam), Chudi rirng {Musa acuminata),...
Qua ciia cac loai cay nay khai Ihac trong ly nhien chu yeu theo phuong Ihuc den niiia hoa qua gpp thi thu hai. Mpt sd loai da dugc trong de lay qua nhu Tai chua {Garcinia cova), Dpc {Garcinia multiflora). Sung {Ficus racemosa), Va {Ficus auriculala). Tram den {Canarium
959
HQl NGHj KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V E SINH THAI VA TAl NGUYEN SINH VAT L A N THLT 5 Iramdenum), Tram trSng {Canarium album); mpt sd trdng vl muc dich khac nhu l4y la lgp nha, lam canh nhu: Cp bSc bd {Livislona tonkinensis), Cp {Livislona cochlnchinensis); trdng Iam cay bdng mat: Sau {Dracontomelon duperreanum), Dau da xoan {Allospondias lakonensis)...
3. Cay lam lirong thirc
Ngoai cac cay Iuong thuc chinh nhu lua (phan ldn la lua nude, chi cd il dien tich d cac huyen mien niii cao cdn trdng liia nuang), ngd, khoai lang, sSn, khoai tay, Phil Thp cd 10 loai thupc 7 chi 5 hp cd the lam luong thyc gdm: Cii ray {Alocasia macrorrhizos), Khoai tang viing {Colocasia esculenta), Cu cai {Dioscorea alata), Cii mai {Dioscorea persimilis), Hoang tinh bgt {Maranta arundinacea). Bung bang {Arengapinnata), Khoai lay {Solanum tuberosum).
4. Nhihig loai cd tiem nang dPhii Tho
Tren ca sd nghien ctru khao sat thi Irudng cung nhu xu hudng sir dung cac loai cay tsii dja phuang, chiing tdi da chpn va de xu5t 8 loai cay sau cd tilm nang can dugc gay trdng phat trien de phuc vu cho cac chuang trinh phat trien kinh te-xa hpi.
4.1. Cay Ran sdng-Melientha suavis Pierre
Rau sdng la cay gd nhd, cao 4-8m, ddi klii cao hon 10m. Canh non manh, mau xanh luc; la don, mpc each. Cum hoa chiiy, cac hoa nhd, don tinh, mlu 4-5. Qua bach, hinh trai xoan rong hay gSn hinh trimg, dai rdng 2,5-4 x 1,5-2cm; hat 1. Miia hoa thang 4-5, miia qua thang 6-7. Cay phan bd d Phii Thp, Cao Bkg, Lang San, Hda Binh, Ha Ndi (Chtia Huong, Chuong My). Cl Phii Thp, Rau sang mpc rai rac d chan mil da vdi hay rimg thii sinh thudc cac huyen Thanh Son, Tan San va tap trung nhieu d xa Xuan San thupc vting dem Vudn Qudc gia Xuan Son.
Rau sang cd gia tri dinh duong cao, cd cac axit amin can thiet cho co the nhu lysin, methionin, tryptophan, phenylalanin, threonin, valin, leuxin va isoleuxin. Thanh phan su: dyng la ngpn, la non, cum hoa, qua non. Cum hoa cdn duoc gpi la "rdng rdng" cd vj ngon ngpt hem, Qua chin cd the an dugc (phan vd qua mong), hat cd the rang hay lupc an gidng nhu lac.
4.2. Cay Bo khai-Erythropalum scandens Blume
Bd Khai la cay leo bang tua cudn, dudng kinh than trung binh 2-3cm, ddi khi den 5-6cm b cay lau nam. Canh mem, khi non hoi cd canh. La mpc so le, gan nhu hinh tam giac, dau nhon, dai 10-20cm, rpng 6-12cm, mep la nguyen, hoi lugn sdng; cudng la dai 2-4cm, hoi phinh 2 dau.
Tua cudn mpc d nach la, dai 15-25cm, dau thudng xe 2. Cum hoa ngii, mpc d nach la, hoa nho, ludng tinh, mau 5, biu ha, 1 d. Qua hinh trai xoan, dai rdng 1,2-2 x 1-1,2cm, khi chin mau vang hay do da cam; hat hinh trung.
La cay Bd khai cd khoang 80% nude. Cac chit dinh duong gdm cd protein, glucid, chat xo, tro, canxi, phdi pho, carotene va vitamin C. La cay Bd khai dugc ngudi dan sd dung lam rau Sn tir rat lau. Cac bp phan su dung gdm la non, ngpn non. Rau Bd khai cd vj thcmi, biii, cd the xio hay nau canh.
Bd khai phan bo kha rpng rai d miln BSc, mpt sd tinh BSc Trung Bp, Tay Nguyen va ven biln Nam Trung Bp. O Phii Thp, thudng gap tren cac dja phuong thupc viin§ mii huyen Thanh Son, Xuan Son, Tan Lap va Doan Hung. La loai cay kha de tinh, khdng yeu cau qua kbit khe ve cac dilu kien sinh thai, cd the trdng dudi tan rung, trdng xen vdi cay lau nam, ca tren nui da va niii dat. Cay cd the nhan gidng bang hat va giam canh.
4.3. Gioixanh-Michelia tonkinensis A. Chev.
Cay go Idn, 12-15m. Nhanh non cd Idng vang, la don, moc each, phiin la dai rdng 8-15 x 3,5-5cm, cudng la dai 1-1,5cm. Hoa nhd tren nhanh ngSn; qua dai 2cm; h^t nau dd, thcmi.
960
HQl NGHj KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH THAI VA T A I N G U Y E N SINH V A T L A N THO" 5 Gidi xanh phan bd kha phd bien d viing rimg nui dat am hay tren viing dit bazan Tay NguySn. Day la loai cay trung tinh, ua sang, cay tnrdng thanh thudng vuon len chilm ting cao nhat ciia rimg. Cay gidi thich hc^ d vimg cd nhiet dp binh quan 20-23°C, lugng mua 2.000- 2.500mm. Dp cao dudi 700m so vdi muc nude bien, ua dat sau, am, thoat nude, dp phi kha, moc tot tren dit dd, dd vang ting day.
Gidi xanh la Ioai cay da tac dung: Hat diing Iam gia vi, cay mpc nhanh cd the trdng rirng hay trong cay phan tan, vd va h?it cdn dimg lam dugc lieu chira mpt sd chirng benh cam ciim va dirdng rupt.
Cay Gidi xanh da dugc trdng thur nghiem tai Vudn Qudc gia Xuan Son. Ket qua cho thiy cay 5-6 nam tudi cd thi cho thu hoach dugc 3-4kg hat/cay/nam. Vdi gia nam 2011 la 300.000- 400.000d/kg thi mdi nam cung cho thu hoach 1.200.000-1.600.000 d/cay/nam. Day la mgt nguon thu kha ldn so vdi cac cay trdng khac.
4.4. Chuoiphan vang-Musaparadisiacal L..
Ciy thao nhilu nam, cao 2-6m, cd mot phan than ngin mpc dudi mat dat. Re chiim, keo dai 4-5m mdi ben, phan bd chu yeu tren phan dat mat, nhung cd the an sau xudng dat khoang 70cm.
Than gia khi sinh hinh try cau t?o bdi cac be la bao boc, dudng kinh cd the den 40cm. Cac la cd phiin la thudn dai 100-150cm, rdng 20-40cm, vdi gan giifa thing, ndi ro va he gan hinh long chim song song. Cym hoa tan cimg mpc tir than chi'nh, cong xudng, tao thanh dang cym hoa bong kep d|c biet (gpi la bap chudi). Hoa cai d dudi, hoa dye nam d tren, ddi khi cd hoa vd tinh (lep) mpc d giifa. Thdng thudng tren mdi ddt cua cum hoa cd 12-20 hoa va 5-15 dot mang hoa cai. Hoa cai dai khoang 10cm, biu h^ 3 d; hoa due dai khoang 6cm, mang 5 nhi. Budng chudi dai 50-lOOcm, mang cac nai chudi. Qua dang qua mpng, hinh thoi, 3-5 canh, dai 9-15cm, nhieu hpt hay khdng tiiy theo tirng gidng, khi non mau xanh xam, khi gia mau vang.
Chuli phin vang phan bd d Tan Minh, Thanh San, Phu Thp la mdt trong nhifng gidng chuoi nli tieng.
La cay ua Im va ua sang, nhung eung cd kha nang chiu bong trong giai doan diu, vi vay ven cac khe sudi, cira rirng am la nhifng noi thich hgp de trdng chuoi. Cay cd bien dp sinh thai rgng, thudng gap d noi cd khi hau hoi mat va am, nhung d mdi trudng ndng am, chudi van mpc rat phong phii. Chudi cd vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi moi trudng; vi chung cd tac dung giif nude, giif dp am cho khdng khi va cho dat, chdng xdi mdn vala nai cutru clio nhieu loai dpng vat tren va dudi mat daL
4.5. Cay Train trdng-Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch. ex DC.
Cay go ldn, cao 20m hoac ban. Canh non mau nau nh^t, cd Idng mem. La kep Idng chim le, mpc so le, dai 35-40cm, mang 7-11 la chet; la chet hinh trai xoan, mat Iren mau xanh nhat, bong, mat dudi cd Idng anh bac. Cum hoa mpc d ngpn Ihanh chum kep, dai 8-10cm; ia bSc hinh vay. Hoa don tinh ciing gdc, mpc thua, thudng ty hpp 2-3 cai d mot mlu; dai co ldng 3 rang;
Irang hinh bau dye, cd 3 canh hai dai hon la dai, phu long ngan d mat ngoai; nhj 6, chi nhi ngan;
bau hinh trirng cd long mau nau. Qua hach hinh trai xoan, hai diu nhpn, dai 2,5-3,5cm, khi chin mau vang nhat; h^l cirng hda gd day.
Tram trang la cay ua sang, mpc nhanh. Trong rimg lu nhien thudng vucm len tang tren;
nhirng khi cdn non, Irong 2 nam diu cin cd tan che nhe, dp che sang thich hop la 0,2-0,4.
La cay cho qua cd gia in kinh tl cao. Qua cd thanh phan protein 12%, lipid 1,09%, hydral carbon 12%, Ca 0,024%, K 6,046%, Fe 0,04% va P 0,06%. Hat chira dau vdi thanh phan gdm cac acid beo: Hexanoic, caproic, octanic, decanoic, lauric, myristic, stearic, palmatic va linoleic.
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH T H A I V A T A I N G U Y E N SINH VAT L A N T H O ' 5
Cd the xep Tram tring la lo^i cay an qua cd tac dung xda ddi giam ngheo. Vi v^y, cin co ke hoach va chinh sach khuyen khich viec phat trien loai cay nay.
4.6. Trdm den-Canariiim tramdenum Dai et Yakovl
Cay gd ldn, cao 25-30m, dudng kinh 60-90cm hay ban. Than thing, la kep long chim I lan, le; la chet hinh thudn^ trai xoan, dai 6-12cm, rpng 3-6cm, ia cung, gidn, mat tren bdng, m^t duoi sim ban. La d cay con khac vdi cay trudng thanh, thudng la la don nguyen hay xe, sau moi chuyen dan sang dang la kep. Cym hoa chiim hinh chiiy, hoa tap tinh hay dan tinh, mau trSng vang nhat, cudng hoa dai l,5-2cm. Qua hach hinh trung, dai 3,5-4,5cm, rpng 2-2,5cm, khi chin mau den sam, thit hdng. Hat hoa gd rat cung, 3 d, mdi d cd nhan hat mau tring va nhieu dSu.
Cay ra hoa vao thang 3-5; qua chin vao thang 10-11.
Cay thudng gap nhieu d sudn hoac chan nui dat, rat it khi gap tren dinh niii; thudng moc cimg vdi Lim, Tram Irang, Cheo tia, Gdi nip, Gpi trang... Cay ua dit set hoac set pha, sSu §m vS thoat nude, dp pH 4,5-5,5; nhung cung gap Tram den phat trien tdt tren dat cat cd nhieu phu sa ven sdng.
La Ioai cay ira sang khi irudng thanh, nhung hoi ua bdng nhe khi cdn non. Td I tuoi trd Ien cay CO the mpc nai anh sang hoan loan, vi v^y it gap cay con tai sinh d dudi lan rirng cd dp phii tren 0,6. O chieu cao khoang I m, neu khdng dugc md sang manh cay tram con cd the bj chet,
Cay cd gia trj kinh te cao, cay cho qua de an, cd thi t^o thanh hang hda. La cay gd ldn mQC nhanh cho gd va gd lang.
4.7. Khoai tdng vdng-Calocasia esculenta (h.) Schott.
Khoai tang vang thupc hg Ray (Araceae) la mot lo?ii cay trong tap doan khoai lang rit nli tieng d huyen Tan Son, Phii Thp. Cii dat trpng lugng l,5-3kg, phan tang, hinh thap ty, than chinh d giua, nhieu nhanh ngpn d tren, mau sac Ioi cii vang nen cd ten la khoai tang vang.
Gilng khoai nay dugc ngudi dan ldc Dao, Mudng viing cao giif gin tir nhieu ddi nay. Day la gidng cay ban dja rat thich hgp vdi dit huyen Tan Son, Thanh Son tinh Phii Thp.
Cay than thao, la day, rpng, to ban cao tir 0,7-l,5m. Cay ua trdng tren vimg dit cao, dp Sm ldn, la loai cay ua anh sang tan x^i. Thdi gian sinh trudng keo dai 8-10 thang. Thich hpp nai dat doc 5-15°, chdng chju ban tdt, cd chat lugng cao khi trdng d nai cd nhiSt dp ehenh l?ch giBa ngay va dem 5-7°.
Nang suat cu trung binh cd thi dat 20-25 tan/ha, la cay cd gia Irj can dugc bao ton vS phat trien.
4.8. Cdy Cu mdi-Dioscoreapersimilis Prain & Burk.
Day leo cd 1-2 re cii map thang xudng dudi dat, hai det, dai 30cm den Im, ddi khi dai den 1,5m. Than nhan, 4 canh, canh cd mau nau nhat. La don, mpc ddi, gdc phien hinh lim, dau nhpn, dai rdng 8-10 x 6-8cm, cudng la dai l,5-3cm. Cum hoa mpc thanh chiim d ke la gom nhieu hoa nhd, mau vang, hoa dye va hoa cai khac gdc; nhj 6; cum hoa dye dai 40cm, cym hoa cai dai 20cm. Qua nang 3 canh; hat cd canh mdng, mau nau. Miia hoa: Thang 5-7, miia qua thang 8-10. Cii mai dugc siir dyng nhu mpt loai cay Iuong thyc thay the cho cac loai luang th\H truyen thdng mdi khi giap hat.
Cay mpc hoang dai rai rac noi am, ua sang, thudng mpc bia rimg, ven nuong riy. Cu ma thich hgp vdi nhifng noi cd dp Im khdng khi 82-85% thudc dang am ho^c am udt, khong ct miia kho dai.
HQl NGH! KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH THAI VA TAl NGUYEN SINH VAT L A N THO" 5 Cii mai cdn dugc goi la Khoai mai, la mot loai cay an cu cd ham lugng dinh duong kha cao, ]h nguIn lucmg thuc diay the cho cac lo^i luong thyc truyin thdng nhu liia, ngd, khoai, san.
Hl§n nay, cd mai cd gia tri kinh te cao va cd nhu ciu ldn chu ylu lam nguyen lieu cho nganh cfing nghiep dugc va dugc lieu.
in. KET LUAN
- Budc dau da thong k8 trong he thuc vat tinh Phil Thp cd 225 loai cay an dugc thudc 77 hp, 3 nginh tiiyc vSt. Trong dd cay dugc sir dung lam rau cd 113 loai thupc 96 chi 48 hp, cay cho qua an dupe 115 loai 77 chi 36 hpva cay cd the lam luong thuc cd 10 loai thudc 7 chi 5 hp.
- Da nghiSn cuu tuyln chpn dugc 8 loai cay an dugc trien vpng cd gia trj kinh t l dl phat triln trdng trpt bao gdm: Rau sang {Melientha suavis), Bd khai {Erythropalum scandens), Gidi xanh {Michelia medlocris), Chudi phan vang {Musa paradi'siaca). Tram tring {Canarium album). Tram den {Canarium tramdenum), Khoai mdn {Colocasia esculenta), Cu mai {Diospyros permisilis).
tk\ LIEU THAM KHAO
I Nguyin Tiln Ban, 2003, 2005. Danh luc cac loai thuc vSl Viet Nam, NXB. Nong nghiep. Ha Npi, T?p2,3.
2. Nguyen Tiln BSn (chii bi6n), 1994. Mpi s6 rau dai an dugc a Viet Nam. NXB, Quan doi nhSn dan, HaNoi.
3. B9 Khoa hgc v^ Cong ngh$, Vi^n Khoa hpc va Cong nghf Vi^t Nam, 2007. Sach Do Viet Nam, Phan 11. Thyc v^t. NXB. KHTN & CN, Ha N^i.
4. Phgm Hoing HO, 1999-2003. CSy c6 Vift Nam. NXB. Tre, Tp. H6 Chi Minh, 1,11, III: 504-505.
5 Tran Minh H?!, Nguyin XuSn fi|ng, 2008. Da dgng sinh hpc va bao tin nguIn gen sinh v^t tai Vir&n Quoc gia XuSn Son, linh Phii Tho. NXB. Gido due. Ha Noi.
6. Leconite H. 1866-1952. Flore generale de L'lndo-Chine. Paris, Vol. 1-7.
THE DATES FOR EDIBLE PLANT RESOURCES IN PHU THO PROVINCE
NINH KHAC BAY, LE DONG TAN, NGUYEN QUOC BlNH
SUMMARY
There are 225 edible plant species recorded in Phu Tho province. They belong to 77 families of 3 phylums: Polypophyta (3 species, 2 genera and 2 families); Pinophyta (1 species, 1 genus, 1 family);
Magnoliophyta (221 species, 151 genera, 74 families) with 191 species, 133 genera and 67 families in class Magnoliopsida, and 30 species, 18 genera and 7 families in Liliopsida class.
Edible plants can be classified into 3 groups based on their uses: Vegetables (113 species of 96 genera and 48 families), fruits (115 species of 77 genera and 36femilies, and food (10 species of 7 genus and 5 families).
The report introduces 8 species which hold economic potential. They arc Melientha suaevis Pierre and Erythropalum scandens Blume (for vegetables), Michelia tonkinensis A. Chev, Musa paradisiacal L Cananum album (Lour.) Raeusch. ex DC. and Canarium tramdenum Dai et Yakovl. {for fruits), Calocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, and DIoscorea persimilis Prain & Burk.
