TAP Cri PIAT T K I naCM, TAP H , sa X2-2016
Oa van hoa a Australia va Viet Nam - mot goc nhin so sanh
• Ngo Van Lf
Trtfirng Q^i hoc Khoa hpc Xd hpi va Nhan van, DHQG-HCM
T6M TAT:
Australia vi Viit Nam li hai quic gia, mi theo cich phin chia theo aia ly li hai quic gia d hai chiu /(/c khie nhau. Qui trinh hinh thdnh hai quic gia-din tdc (Nation-£tat) vi qui trinh hlnh thinh vin hda eung ed nhiiu nit khic nhau. Trong nhirng nim gin diy, quan tii flop giio cung nhir sir hep tic kinh ti, vin hda (») nhiiu khdi sic. Oi tim sir tuong aing Tir khda: vin hda cw din tai chd, da vin hda,
Australia v i Vift Nam l i hai quic gia, ma iheo cich phan chia binh thudng thufc hai chiu lyc khic nhau. Qui uinh hlnh thinh quie gia din tpc v i qui Uinh hinh thinh vin hda cflng cd nhiiu net khic bift. Nhung ehiing tdi lpi Um thiy sy luong ddng ctia hai qudc gia niy d cho c i hai cimg thira nhan sy da vin hda v i cimg vdi sy thira nhpn niy l i nhflng ehinh sich cd lien quan din chinh sich da vin hda.
Bii Viet ciia chiing tdi, uen co sd trinh biy ve sy hlnh thinh nen vin hcia ciia mdi nude vdi nhflng d(lc diim rieng cua mlnh. rdi so sinh giita hai cich tiip cfn ve cimg m i l vin de cflng nhu img xu ciia hai quic gia uong vifc giai quyit vin de da vin hda Uong boi canh toin ciu hda hifn nay.
I. B> ddng ehiy hlnh thinh v i n hda Australia
Cich diy khdng liu. ehiing tdi da cd mpt bii viit nhan de " V i n hda AusUalia nhin tir Ijch su hinh thinh din tge Australia", nhin mprih den tinh da dpng ciia vin hda AusUalia (Ngd V i n Lf, 1999).
' Bii v i ^ CO sir iHinit nr licti cUa tte gia
va khiic biet trong khia canh van tida la npi dung chinh cua bii viit Tuy nhiin, do han chi, nhit lei kha ning ngoai ngir, nin trong bii viit cua minh, ehung tdi mdi dimg lai viic so sinh nhirng tuong ding vd khie biit trong vin hda cua hai nirdc va aira ra mdt vii f kiin nhin ainh vi nhirng tuong iXmg vi khic biit
thing nhit trong aa dang
Bdi vi qudc gia - dan tpc Australia (hiiu la Nation- Etat) ngiy nay dugc hlnh thinh tu ba bp phan chinh. Dd la: a) Cac cu dan tai chd (bin dja) sinh sdng lau dcri tai qudc dao niy trudc khi nhflmg ngudi chiu Au cd m i l ; b) Cgng ddng eu dan chiu Au. m i ndng cit i i ngudi Anh, hat nhin chinh hlnh thinh tge ngudi Australia thcri hifn dpi: c) Nhiing cgng ddng cu din tir chiu A, chiu Phi di cu den d nhiing giai doan sau niy, khi chu nghTa tu ban phit Uien. md rgng thj trudng. Ba cgng ddng cu dan nay r i l da dang ve thanh phan, khic bift ve vin hda, tdn giao, tfn ngudng (Ngd Vin Le. 1999).
Australia hifn nay l i qudc gia da tpc ngudi, da vin hda. Qui Uinh hlnh thinh cgng ddng quie gia- din tdc cung I i hlnh thinh nen vin hda Australia Uii qua nhiing bien dgng Ijch su gin lien vdi sy cd m i l ciia eic egng ding dan cu cd nguon gie khic nhau, lpi cd m i l d Australia vio cic thdi diim khic nhau.
I.I. Ve van hda cu dan tai cho ( b i n dia) Cu dan bin dja AusUalia dugc hlnh thinh khdng phai til mgt cgng ddng din cu cd ehung nguon gie Tram 41
KEKE t TECIMIKT lETEUPMEn, III W, > . « ? - » » vcii sy tuong ding vi van hda, m i trii la', do li mgt qui uinh liu dii cua nhung cgng ddng cu dan cd ngudn g i e khic nhau va vin hoi cung khie nhau.Trudc khi ngucri chiu Au xuit hien. Uen luc dja AusUalia cd khoang 5i» bg lac sinh sdng phan bd chu yiu o vimg Ddng vi Ddng Nam AusUalia.
Cic bd lac nay su dyng khoang 250 Uiii tieng khic nhau, moi bg lac cd id chirc xi hgi - vin hda rieng.
Chg din Uidi diim xuit hifn ngudi chiu Au uen lanh Uid ciia AusUalia ngay nay, cu dan tai chd (bin dja) AusUalia. nhin ehung d vio Uinh dp phit Uien Uiip. nhung hp da sing tpo nen mdt phire hgp v5n hda phii hgp vdi uinh dp phit Uiin kinh te - xi hpi ciia hg. Nhung sy cd mil ciia cic cdng ding dan cu niy vio cic then diim khae nhau vi vin hda cung cd nhOng net khic bift nhau. Tinh da dpng ve thinh phin din cu tpo nen tinh da dpng \ c tim ly. ve sinh hopt. ve tap quin uong mgt cgng ddng thdng nhat.
uong qua uinh cgng cu, gin bd vdi nhau d viing dat mdi. Sy khic bift ve tim K. ve Ipp quin, ve sinh hopt la nguyen nhin dan den tinh da dpng ve van hda cua cic cgng ddng cu din tpi cho (ban dja) tren lanh thd cua Australia ngiy nay ngay ca khi cd sy hifn difn cua ngudi chau Au. Mil khic. cac cu din tpi cho (ban dja) AusUalia d ciing sinh sdng Uong nhflng diiu kifn dja ly. ty nhien tuong ddng Ipi hopt dpng kinh tc (chit vcu li phy Uiugc vio nhumg dieu kifn ty nhien. sin bin, hii lugm) gidng nhau, nen gifla hp cd sy tuong ding ve trinh dp kinh te. xi hpi. Vl vpy. gifla cic cpng ding dan cu cd sy tuomg dong \ c vin hda cung la dieu de hieu. Sy thing nhat Uong da dpng ve vin hda ciia cic cpng ddng cu din lpi cho (bin dja) Australia li mgt die diim nil bpt. mJc dil hp sinh sdng uen mpt viing rpng Idn.
Day li ngu\cn nhin diu tien dan din tfnh da dang, phong phii ciia nin vin hda Australia bifn dpi.
1.2. Ve vin hda ciia cpng dong cu dan goc chiu Au
Cgng ding eu din Uiir hai gdp phin lim nen tinh da dpng. phong phu cua vin hda AusUalia hifn dpi li nhflng di din tir chiu Au. Nhung dai biiu cua T P M I 42
cic nude, m i tieu bifu l i nhimg nude di diu Uaig viec tim kiim viing dit mdi ngoii chau Au nhu Hi Lan, Tiy Ban Nha, Bo D i o Nha, khdng phii li nhiing ngudi dau tien cd mil d AusUalia. Cd le. do nhflng nude niy phii bd nhifu cdng sire cho vi«
duy tri sy cai uj cua minh tai cac thuge dja da chiem dugc tnrdc do nhu d Philippines, Malacj (Malaysia), Indonesia, ma khdng vuom ra nhiing vitng khic, tpo nhOmg Uiuan Igi cho ngudi Anh, li nhtmg nude eham chin hom trong vifc xam chiem thudc dja vio thdi gian nay. Ngudi Anh cd rail or Australia vio cuoi nhflng nim 80 ciia the ky XVIIl.
Thdi gian diu ngudi Anh khdng cd y djnh djnh or lau dii tpi vimg dil xa xdi nay. Den nim 1788.
ngudi Anh mdi bit dau djnh cu d viing ven bien phfa Dong cua AusUalia (thinh pho Sydney ngiy nay). Vac nim 1828 tren loan b i linh thd ciia Australia ngiy nay (trir dao Tasmania) cd khoing 37 ngan ngudi da tring. chil yeu li ngudi Anh.
NhOmg ngudi da uing. phan Idn li nhung quan chirc, nhumg sy quan, binh linh, nfn thcri gian ph|ic vy cd thdi hpn. Hp chi d lai AusUalia mgt thcri gian.
sau khi hit han phyc vy hg Uo vi Anh, hoJc Ipi den nhflng thupe dja khic. Nhimg ngirdi Anh d l^i liu dai Uen dat Australia xa xdi niy li nhiing tpi ph^m bj kru day bift xir. Cung ed nhflmg trudng hpp nhflng sy quan, quan chirc Anh sau khi min hiin phyc vy tpi Australia d i d lpi day Ipp nghifp. Tuy vpy, sd lugng ngudi Anh l i khdng nhifu so vdi cu dan ban dja, hon nua hp lpi song Uong nhung khu vyc nhat djnh, nen it cd tic dgng den cu dan bin dja. Mai din nira diu thi ky XX, do nhflng hieu biet vf viing dat niy ngiy mgt siu sic hon, toan di^
hom, nhat li nhflng tiem nang khoang san, phit trien nong nghiep, da thdi Uiiic ngudi Anh di cu den viing dit niy nhieu hon. Lyc lugng di cu lite nay chu yeu li nhOmg ngudi ndng din ty do, muon thir vfn m^
d vimg dat mdi, xa la. Ciing vdi ngudi Anh cdn d) nhflng nhdm cu din Uiuge cac nude chiu Au khic.
Sy di dan ciia ngudi Anh vi nhflng ngudi chiu Au khae da dan din hf qui. Thir nhat, linh Uii t{t
TAP Cii PIAT TWEH KI&CR, TAP 19, SO X2-2016
ngudi cita eu dan tai chd (ban dia) ngiy mdt Uiu hep lai. Neu nhu trudc diy, khi ngudi chiu Au chua cd m i l tai AusUalia, thi toin bg linh thd cua vimg dit nay la ncri as Uii cua cu dan tai chd (bin dja).
Nhung khi ngucri chau Au den vdi myc tieu phit uien kinh te ndng nghifp, nen d i dan den vifc chiem dyng dit dai. O mdt uinh dp phit Uien kinh If, x i hgi cao hon, lai dugc sy hd Ug die lyc ctia bg miy cai trj, ngudi chiu Au da md rdng dja ban eu Uti, diy liii nhiing ngudi tai chd (bin dja) ra khdi nhflng vimg cd nhieu Uiuan Igi cho phit Uien ndng nghifp, diy nhumg cu din tai chd (bin dja) den nhihig vimg khd khin, khic nghift d phia Tiy Australia hoang mac. Thir hai, bing chinh sich cai Uj hi. khic dugc Uiiit Ipp Uen loan bg linh Uid ciia
^ K S i a , day cu din tai cho (liin dja) tdi nhiing vung khd khin, da din ddn vifc suy giim din cu.
Trong vdng mgt Uim nim (tir nam 1788 den dau the ky XX) cu din tai cho (bin dja) Australia khdng nhflmg khdng tang, ma trai lai su> giam mpi cich nghiem Upng. V i o dau the ky XX cu din tai chd (bin dja) AusUalia giim xudng ducii 100 ngin ngudi, cd tge ngudi bj xda sd hoin loan (Uudng hgp cu din uen dao Tasmania l i mgt thf du). Thir ba. do si lugng ngudi chiu Au ting nhanh, lpi eu tni d cic vimg mifn khic nhau ciia Australia d i dan den vifc cu dan sdng dan xen Uen mft viing lanh thd. Qui Uinh sdng dan xen giiia cic cgng ddng cu dan d i din din giao luu vin hda giita ngudi Anh va nhumg cpng ddng cu dan Uiugc cac nude chau Au vcri cu din tpi chd (bin dja). Chinh qui uinh giao lim vin hda giiia cic cgng ding dan cu d i lim cho buc Uanh vin hda tge ngudi Uiein da sic mau. Ban than cpng ddng cu din cd nguon gdc tir Anh va cac nude chau Au khic d i rat da dpng ve Ihinh phan cu dan cflng nhu nhung sic Uiai vin hda. Nhung vdi uu the ve sd lugng din eu. lpi l i nhflng ngircri cd vai ud Idn uong vifc cai uj vimg dat mdi niy, nen ngudi Anh v i ciing vdi nd la vin hda Anh gifl vai ud ndng cit trcmg vifc xic Ipp anh hirdng cua Anh khdng chi Uong ddi sdng chinh uj, ma ca Ucmg dcri sdng vin
hda cua Australia. Nhung, xet ve khia cpnh vin hda, thi nhihig ngucri Anh v i nhung ngucri chau Au khic khdng ed nhiiu su tuong ddng. VI vay. Iran than van hda cua nhiing ngucri chau Au sinh sdng d AusUalia da Uii hien tinh da dang, diy sac miu.
Tuy nhien. neu xem xet dudi khia eanh cua dong luc phit uien, thi van hda ciia ngucri Anh v i va van hda cua nhung cdng ddng cu dan chiu Au khic, l i ddng luc v i l i ddng ehiy chii dao ciia nen vin hda Australia duong dai
1.3. Ve van hda ciia cie cpng dong cu d i n di cu tir chau A, chiu Phi
Khi nen kinh te cua AusUalia phat uien. tao nen sire hilt, lim cho lan sdng di cu tir cac nude khic den AusUalia Uong nhitng Uiip k> sau. Lyc lugng di dan niy cd le khdng nhieu. nen uong birc Uanh vin hda tdc ngudi d Australia khdng cd them gam miu nio. ngoii nhitng net van hda ciia cu dan tai chd (ban dja) va ctia ngucri Anh cung nhu cac cgng ddng cu dan tir cic nude chau Au khic. Sau khi gianh dugc ddc lap (1901) uong mgt khoang thdi gian d i i , chi it cung den dau nhflmg nim 70 cua thd ky XX. vdi chfnh sich ky thj chung tdc d i han che nhumg ddng di din tir cac nude khic uong khu vyc.
V i o nhimg Uipp nien 60. 70. 80 tinh hinh khu vyc Ddng A, Ddng Nam A. Nam A cd nhirng biin dpng ljch su dan den mgt bg phan dan cu tim den sinh sdng d cac nude lan can. uong dd Australia. Da cd mdt lin sdng di eu tir An Dp, Viet Nam, Campuchea. Indonesia, Trung Qudc den djnh cu lau dii d Australia Va uong nhflng nam gan diy, trudc nhiing bien dpng x i hgi tpi cac nude Ddng Au va Lien Xd Ucmg nhiing nam 90 ciia the ky XX, da ed nhflng ngudi tu cic qudc gia nay di cu din Australia. Chinh vi vay. xet ve thinh phan tpc ngudi. thi nhung dgt di din tir cic nude trong khu vyc den Australia ngay mdt gia ting, lam cho birc uanh tdc ngudi Uiem da dpng va ciing vdl tinh hlnh na\. buc tranh vin hda tdc ngudi cung them da dang, phcmg phii hon. Cd the nhimg sic Uiii vin hda ciia nhflng cdng ddng nhip cu sau nay chua xic
Train 43
KEKE 1 TECIMIKT KIHIPMEr, VU H. II.X2-ail lip dugc cho diing eua muih uong hire tranh vin hda AusUalia, nhung chi it, su hifn difn cua eic cdng ding din eu vdi nhflng sic Uiii vin hda rieng eua mmh cung gdp phin lim dio biie Uanh vin hda Australia them da sic miu hem. Bdi vi, bin thin moi nhdm din cu di eu den Australia Uong nhiing thap nien gin day da mang theo nhflng net van hda ciia muih gdp phin vio nin vin hda Australia vdn da da sie miu. Qui uinh giao luu vin hcia d Australia dang dien ra manh me, nhit li sau khi ehinh phu AusUalia thyc hifn chinh sich da vin hda. Hon nfla, gin diy Chinh phii duong nhiem da cd Idi xin loi cu din tai cho (ban dja) vi nhihig vifc lim khdng nhin bin ciia cic chinh phii tiin nhiim, da tao nen dgng lye vi niim tin cho qui trinh giao luu tiip biin vin hda dioi ra Uong sy binh ding, tdn trgng.
Nhu viy, xdt ve ngudn goc hlnh thinh, thi nen vin hiSa AusUalia ducmg dai, li sy kit tinh eua nhflng gii trj vin hda tinh thin vi vat chit cua cic cgng ding eu din dang cgng cu uen lanh Uii ciia Australia ngiy nay. Trong ddng ehiy vin hda Australia ngiy nay giu vai Ud chu dao li nhflng gii uj vin hda ciia eic cpng ding cu din chiu Au, mi ndng cdt thuge ve vin hda Anh. Vin hda cua cic cu din tpi cho (bin dja) eung nhu ciia cic egng ding cu dan di cu den AusUalia uong nhung Uifp nien sau da gdp phan lim phong phu vin hda Australia da tie ngudi. Vin hda AusUalia li mgt nen van hda da tge ngudi, nhung Uong suit mgt giai doan dai (eho din diu nhflng nim 70 cua Uie ky XX) sy that Ijch sir do khdng dugc eic chinh phti ciia ngudi da tring Uiira nhan. Sy khdng Uiira nhan niy di lim suy tin nin vin hda ciia cu dan tai eho (bin dja) eung nhu eiia eic efng ding cu din khic. Chinh sich da vin hda ra diri, mpt mJt, Uiira nhpn sy da dpng vi vin hda d AusUalia. Sy da dang van hda niy bit nguin tir nguin gdc tge ngudi. Moi tpc ngudi Uong chiiu dii Ijch su ciia minh da sing tpo nen nhOng gii uj vin hda. Sy da dpng vi nguon goc tge ngudi dan din tinh da dang vi vin hda. Mil
Trail 44khic, chinh sich da vin hda ciing phin inh xu hudng phit Uien eiia thdi dai, khi mi cie tge nguiij diu binh ding vdi nhau vi tge ngudi nig ciing CD khi ning sing tao vin hda. Diy li mgt quan difai rit rd ring ctia Lien Hprp Quoc, khi ra Nghj quyk vi Thip ky thi gidi phit triin vin hda, di nhan manh din sy tdn Ugng tinh da dpng eiia vin hop tbi gidi, moi nin vin hda etia moi tge ngudi phii dupc tdn ugng theg nguyen tic binh ding nhu nhau.
khdng cd sy cao thip, khdng cd sy phin bift vin hcia eda tge ngucri niy tien tien hon tge ngucri kia, cung khdng cd vin hda ctia tge ngudi niy lpc h$u hon vin hda ciia tge ngudi khie. Vin hda ciia nhin lopi Ii sy thdng nhat Uong da dpng.
2. Vin hda Vift Nam - m$t vii net khic hpa Vift Nam li quoc gia da t$e ngudi. Mic dii cic tge ngudi cd mit uen linh thd Vift Nam vio cic thdi diem khie nhau, nhung diu coi Vipt Nam li T6 qudc vi cd nhidu ddng gdp Uong cdng cupc dau uanh giinh dgc Ipp eung nhu Uong xiy dyng h6a binh. Chfnh sy cd mil eua nhiiu Uiinh phin tfc ngudi uen linh thd Vipt Nam da lim cho bde tranh vin hda Vipt Nam da sie mau (Ding Nghifm V{gt, 2007).
2.1. Vin hda Vift Nam - mpt biic tranh da dang
Khl nghien ciru vin hda eiia eic din tge (Nation
• Etat) uen the gidi, cic nhi khga hgc thucmg quan tam den nguon goe eiia cic cgng ding din cu uong quoc gia dd. Bdi vi, Uidng Uiudng, khi cic cpng ddng eu dan Uong mgt quic gia ehung nguin gie.
Uii day li mgt trong nhflng yiu t i dan din thh
tuong ddng ve vin hda. Trong mgt quic gia da tfc
ngudi, thi birc tranh vin hda etia quie gia dd ciing
phin anh tinh da dang vin hda. Vin hda ciia mft
tge ngudi cy Uif gin liin veil sy sing tao ciia tfc
ngudi dd Uong tiin Uinh Ijch sir. Bit ky mpt tfc
ngudi nio Uen thi gidi, khdng phan bift si lupng
dan cu nhieu hay it, d Uinh dg phit Uiin kinh ti, ti
hgi cao hay thip, thi vi phuong difn vin hoa thi
nhflmg gii uj vin hda eua hg eiing phii dupc th
TAP Clf PIAT TriEH XMCN, TAP I I , SO X2-2I1C upng vi binh ding nhu nhiing gii tri vin hda cua
nhflng tge ngudi khic (Ngd Vin Lf, 2004). Su hinh diinh vin hda Viet Nam, ben cpnh nhumg tinh phd quit cung cd tinh die thu eua phit Uien, do nhihig dieu kifn ty nhifn vi mdi trucmg quy djnh.
Dat nude Vift Nam da trai qua hing ngin nim ljch sir gin lien vdi qui Uinh diu Uanh giinh dgc Ipp din tge, dyng nude vi gilt nude. Khic vdi nhiiu quoc gia khic, ngay tir khi dyng nude, Vift Nam di li quoc gia da tge ngudi. Qui Uinh md rdng lanh thi ve phuong Nam cung nhu qui trinh di cu diin ra lien tyc, lam cho birc tranh tge ngucri d Viet Nam eing thfm da sic miu. O giai doan diu cua qui uinh dyng nucic linh thi cua Vift Nam ehi gidi ban tdi dfo Ngang, nhung da cd nhieu thinh phin tge n | p ^ sinh sdng. Cung vcii Uidi gian linh thd Vift Nam ngiy mgt md ring ve phuong Nam. Nhiing quoc gia d phuong Nam nhu Champa, Chan Lap, Uudc khi sip nhip vio linh thd Vift Nam, diu li nhiing quoc gia da tge nguiri. VI vay, khi nhflng vimg lanh thd niy sip nhfp vio Vift Nam cing lim cho birc tranh tge ngucri d Vift Nam them da sic miu. Moj tie ngudi, Uong tiin uinh phit uiin eiia mlnh, da sing tao cho mlnh mgt phiic hgp vin hda vira li myc tieu vira li dgng lyc phit trien eiia ehinh tie ngudi dd. Phiic hgp vin hda cua moi tge ngucri li nhihig thinh t i (component) vin hda do chinh tfc ngudi do sing tpo ra Ucmg nhflmg diiu kifn ty nhien vi Ijeh su ey thi vi nhflmg thinh td vin hda cua eie tie ngudi khic sinh sing cfng cu hay giao luu mi cd.Trong mgt qucx: gia da tge ngirdi, thi vin hda eua din tpc (Natign- £tat) li ting hda cic Uiinh t i vin hda ciia eic tge ngudi sinh sing Uong quoc gia dd. Moi tge ngudi, tiy vio khi ning sing tpo ciia mlnh, m i ed nhflng ddng gdp vio kho ting vin hda chung cua mdt quic gia. Tuy nhien, do rat nhiiu nguyen nhin khic nhau din din sy phit Uien khdng ding diu gifla eic tfc ngirdi uong mgt quic gia da tie ngudi (nhu cd sy khie bift vi so Ivgng din ev, trinh dg phit Uiin kinh ti, x i hgi...). Mit khic, do cic tie ngudi phit uiin khdng theo ccm
dudng phd quit, ma thudng di theo con ducmg die thii, nen Ucmg mdt qude gia cd nhiing tdc ngudi do uu thf ve moi mat (nhu dan eu ddng dag, Uinh do phat uiin kinh ti, x i hdi cao hon eie tge ngudi edn lai) ddng vai Ud chu dao uong ddng ehiy Ijeh sii v i vin hda cua chinh qudc gia dd (Uong boi einh cua Viet Nam dd li tdc ngucri Viet). Ciing chinh vi vay, Uong kho ting vin hda chung ciia mdt qudc gia, van hda cua tdc nguori da sd thudng inh hudng v i chi phoi din vin hda eua cie tdc ngudi Uong quoc gia.
VI van hda bao gid eiing gan lien vdi mot tge ngudi - ehu nhin sang tao ra chinh nhiing gii Uj van hda dd, nhung Uong bdi cinh eu the eiia Viet Nam (qudc gia da tdc ngudi, eiing ehung van mfnh Ijch sii, song egng cu...) nen vin hda ngudi Vift da ed inh hudng nhit djnh ddn vin hda eiia eic tie ngudi thifu so. Qui Uinh hlnh thinh cgng ding quoc gia din tpc Viit Nam li qui Uinh gin kit van mpnh Ijeh su cua nhieu tdc ngudi uen lanh thd Vift Nam. VI vpy, ngay tir khi lip qudc Vift Nam di li quic gia da tge nguiri vi cung li qudc gia da vin hda vin hda.
2.2. V i n hda Vift Nam - thong nhat trong da dpng
Do Igi thi so sinh vi dja - chinh uj, dja -vin hda, dja - kinh ti, dja quin su. nen tir liu Viit Nam da li diem gap gd ciia nhiiu nin vin minh Ufn thi gidi dugc Uie hifn rat rd qua buc tranh tdn giio. it cd noi nio uen Uii gicii lai nhu d Vift Nam hifn tai ed tit ci eie tdn giio thi gidi, tdn giio khu vyc v i Idn giio dja phuang (dan tie). Cie tdn giio thi gidi vi tdn giio khu vyc du nhfp vio Viit Namn vio eic thdi difm khie nhau. Moi tdn giio deu ed giip luat, giio ly cpiy djnh cic hinh vi iing xu ciia tin di, chiic sic ddi vdi thien nhien v i x i hpi. Nhflng hinh vi iing xu dd duge tin do, ehiie sic thyc hinh Uong suit euge ddi, lpi duge truyin dan hi dii hf niy din thi hf khic lim nfn net vin hda ridng ciia moi cing dong tdn giio. Q Viet Nam, cie tge ngudi di sdm tiep xdc vdi cie nin vin hda Idn uen Uii gidi. Cic tie ngudi d cic tinh phia Bie tiip nhpn nin vin hda Trail 45
KEKE I TECIMIKT lEVHinaT. Ill II, m.Umt Tnmg Hoa, ma diu in edn khi dam eho den nga>
nay Uong vin hda vat the, phi vat the. Uong td chiic xi hgi. Trong khi dd, cic tdc ngucri d cic tinh phia Nam Ipi sdm chju anh hudng ciia van hda An Dp.
Trai qua nhumg bien cd Ijch su. lanh thd cila cac tdc ngucri chju anh hucing cua vin hda An Dp ngiy mdt thu hpp lai, nhung Uong dcri sdng hifn nay ciia cic tpc ngudi, vin hda An Dp van cdn khi dpm net.
van hda phucmg Tiy cd djp du nhip vio Vift Nam, khi Uiyc din Phip nude ta. Su cd mpt ciia ngudi Phap, da giup cho vin hda phuong Tiy cd inh hudng nhit djnh den dcri sdng kinh ti, vin hda, xi hgi. Nhu va\ cd the thay, cic cdng ddng cu din sinh scmg uen linh Uid Vift Nam, Uong ddi sdng vin hda cua mlnh. ben cpnh nhflng Uiinh td vin hda npi sinh, da cd dau in kha dpm net ciia vin hda ngopi sjnh. Nhflng Uiinh td vin hda ngopi sinh du nhip vao da dugc bin dja hda (din tpc hda), khdng chi gdp phin lim nen tinh da dpng phong phii, mi cdn khing djnh ning lyc vi sy sing tao ciia cic cdng ding cu dan sinh sing uen linh Uid Vift Nam Uong qui uinh giao luu tiip xuc vin hda. (3 Vift Nam, ngoii cic tdn giio ngoai sinh, cdn cd nhiiu Idn giio ngi sinh (tdn giio dja phucmg, tdn giao dan tfc). Cdn cic tdn giio dja phuomg (tdn giio din tge) nhu Buu Son Ky Huong, Tir An Hiiu Nghia, Cao Dii, Hda Hao ra ddi vio cuii Uie ky XIX dau thi ky XX, Uong bii eanh Vift Nam bj Uiye din Phip xim luprc. NhOng tdn giio dja phuong (din tpc) thudng cd tinh hon dung, cd sy tiip nhpn tii eic tdn giio khic khdng chi giio ly, mi cdn ci cic nghi le.
Tinh da dpng vin hda d Vift Nam cdn do nhflng difu kifn dja ly ty nhien quy djnh. Sy khic bift vi diiu kifn tv nhien, se chi phoi din cic khia cpnh nhu hlnh Uiii cu Uii, din hoat dpng kinh ti, din cich Uiirc di chuyin..Ngudi Vift Bic Bp vi ngudi Vift Nam Bd li mpt cgng dong tpc ngudi Uiong nhit Nhung do nhflng biin dpng Ijch su cd mgt bg phan ngudi Vift di di eu din miin Nam. Trii qua mil qui Uinh liu dii ngudi Vift Nam Bg, mgt mJt, phii Uiich nghi Uong mdi Uudng mdi (khic bift vi
Tran 41dieu kifn ty nhien vi mdi tnrcmg .xi hgi so vcri dent bing sdng Hdng), mJt khic, di sing tpo hoic tiip nhpn nhflng thinh td vin hda mdi. VI vay. niu so sanh vin hda cua ngudi Vift Nam Bp va vin hoa ciia ngudi Viet Bac Bg, ehiing te de nhan thiy. bm canh nhflmg yeu td vin hda chung, \ai cd nhung na rit khae bift. Ciing mgt tge ngudi, nhung sinh sinj d nhflmg noi cd khic bift vi diiu kifn ty nhi&i, te din din nhflmg khic bift ve vin hda.
Birc Uanh van hda Viet Nam. da dang, dugcqiw djnh bdi tinh da dang tge ngudi va da dpng vi dieu kifn ty nhien. Tuy nhien, nhflmg tpc ngucri uen Unk Uid Vift Nam diu cd ehung mot van mfnh Ijch sii va Uong suit qui Uinh dyng nude vi gifl nude Iu6n sit cinh ciing tpc ngudi Vift - tge ngudi co uu ihi ve din cu va trinh dg phit uiin kinh te, xi hpi so vdi eic tpc ngudi thiiu sd khic. Cic tge ngudi thiiu so thudng cd dja ban cu Uit nhit djnh, gin bd voi cic tge ngudi, Uong khi ngudi Vift cu Uu d hiu hit cic viing linh thd cua Vift Nam. VI cu tni cpng cu.
xen ke vdi cic tge ngudi, nfn da xiy ra qui trinh giao luu vin hda gifla cie tge ngudi dien ra mjnh me. Trong qui Uinh giao luu vin hda do, van hiia tpc ngudi Vift cd diiu kifn lan tda. Cimg vdi cic chfnh sich phit uiin kinh ti, giio dye di dan din sy tidp nhpn cd tfnh ty nguyin vin hda ngudi Viit ctia cic tpc; ngudi Uiiiu sd. Qui Uinh tiip nhjn vin hda ngirdi Vift cua eic tge ngudi Uiieu si dien ra Uong suit chieu dii ljch sir, nhit li trong giai dojn can hifn dai. Mic dii cic tge ngudi thiiu si tiip nhan vin hda ngudi Viit, nhimg van bio luu dupc nhieu yiu to truyin thing, lim nen bin sic ciia mS tpc ngudi. Nhu vpy cd thi thiy, trong nin v5n hda Vift Nam, moi tge ngudi sinh song trfn lanh thi Vift Nam ddu cd nhflng ddng gdp nhit djnh tuy tiieo ning lyc ctia minh. Chinh sy ddng gdp do lim I cho nin van hda Vift Nam hit sire da dang. Tuy nhien, Uong xu thi thi ehung etia sy phit uiin, v>
CO kit tie ngudi, lim cho qui uinh xich lpi gio h n
hlnh thinh cgng ddng quie gia din tie thing rik
(Ngd van Lf, 2004).
TAP Cii PIAT THH KHftCR, TAP I I , SO X2-201S 3. Mpt gcic nhin so sinh
Dan tge AusUalia dugc hinh Uiinh la qui Uinh cd ket ctia ba cgng ddng dan cu (hifu theo mgt >
nghTa tuong ddi). Ba cdng ddng dd la: cdng ddng cu dan bin dja; cpng ddng cu din cd ngudn gdc chau Au (ndng cdt la ngudi Anh): cgng ddng cu din di cir tir cic chiu Phi, chiu A. Mdi egng ddng dan cu niy, xet tren binh difn tdng the, giita cac nhdm tao nen mpt cgng ddng, deu cd sy gan gui vdi nhau ve phucmg difn vin hda, ve trinh do phit uien kinh te.
x i hpi. Tuy nhifn. giira cic cpng ddng cu dan nay chira dyng mau thuan x i hgi gay git, dan den sy bit binh ding Uong mgi phuomg dien etia dcri sdng.
Trong mgt giai dopn dai, cgng ddng ngudi gdc chiu Au (chii yeu la ngudi Anh) thdng ui cic cfng ddng
^ ^ R M k h i c , ma bieu hifn rO nhit l i chfnh sich phin bift ehiing tge ton tpi cho den nhiing nim 70 ciia t h i ky XX. Chfnh sich phin bift chimg tpc keo dii d Australia hang trim nim da lim suy glim qui Uinh CO ket tpc ngudi. Khi tdn tpi ddi diu giua cic cpng ding din cu, m i sy ddi diu dd, lpi xuit phit tir nguyen nhin chfnh u j , bit binh ding, thi khdng cd nhflmg co sd kinh te, x i hpi tpo nen dgng lyc xich lai gin nhau, thi cung khdng cd mdt nen tang vin hda thing nhit. Trong bdi cinh dd, sy ddi diu v i chinh uj. chinh l i sy doi diu ve vin hda.
Qui uinh hlnh thinh cpng dong quic gia din tpc Vift Nam gin lidn vdi qui Uinh md rpng linh tho v i di din tir phuong Bic. L^ mgt nude nhd, lpi tiip giip vdi Trung Quic - mgt quoc gia diy tham vpng, nen Vift Nam da scim phii tien hinh cupc diu Uanh giinh dpc Ipp din tpc v i bag vf nhumg thinh qui lao dgng cua minh. Trudc yeu cau cita edng cugc dyng nude v i gifl nude, ddi hdi phai huy dfng sire mpnh cua c i din tge. D i bio vf sy song cdn ciia quoc gia - din Igc, cung la bio vf sy sdng cdn ciia chinh mlnh, nen cic tfc ngudi sinh sdng uen linh thd Vift Nam cd chung mgt van mfnh Ijch sii. VI vay, y thuc v i mpt quie gia din igc thdng nhit da sdm hinh Uiinh, tpo nen sy cgng cim, sy co kit cfng ddng giila cic cgng ddng dan cu. Cho den
nhflmg giai doan ljch su sau niy y thiic ve mdt cgng ddng qudc gia din tpc thdng nhit van la ddng lyc tao nen sire manh de dan tdc Vift Nam danh Uiang cic ke thii, bio vf sy toin ven linh thd. bio vf phim gia l i m nen net dep cua van hcia Vift Nam.
Mgt khi H hinh thinh mdt y thirc Uidng nhit. cung l i nen ting hlnh thinh nen van hda thdng nhit.
Qua uinh hinh Uianh dan tge Australia cd nhihig tuomg ddng vcii qui Uinh hinh thinh dan tdc Vift Nam. Vi vay, ngay tir khi hinh Uiinh qudc gia din tpc thi ciing l i luc hinh thanh da vin hda. Van hda Australia l i van hda dugc hinh thinh tir cie g i i Uj vin hda cita cic thinh phin dan cu gdp phin hinh Uianh dan tge Australia. Tinh da sic miu cua vin hda AusUalia Uie hifn rd net ngay tir khi khdi dau.
Cdn d Viet Nam ngay tir khi hlnh thinh da l i qudc gia da tpc ngucri, vl vpy, cung l i qude gia da vin hda. Tfnh da dpng vin hda d Vift Nam dugc quy djnh bdi tinh da dpng ve thinh phan tge ngudi. Qui Uinh hlnh thinh cgng ddng qudc gia - dan tfc d Vift Nam gin lien vdi qui Uinh md rgng linh thd v i di din. 0 nhiing the ky dau cdng nguyfn lanh Uid Vift Nam gidi hpn tdi Quang Binh. Nhung din lanh thd Viet Nam md rgng den mien Nam, de roi den nam 1757, ve co bin linh Uid Vift Nam nhu ngiy nay. Cic qude gia phuong Nam nhu Chimpa, Chin Lap eiing la nhiing qudc gia da tge ngudi. VI vay, khi eie vung linh Uid niy sip nhpp vio Vift Nam cing lim cho birc tranh vin hda them da sic miu. Mat khic. do vj tri dja - kinh te, dja chfnh Uj r i l thuin Igi cho cic doan luu din, nen cd nhieu thinh phan tge ngudi di cu den. Qua Uinh dl cu nay chi ket thlic vio cudi nhiing nim 40 ciia the ky XX.
Sy di cu eiia eic doan luu dan, khdng chi gia ting thinh phin tge ngudi, m i cdn gdp phin lim cho birc tranh vSn hda Vift Nam Uiem da dang, phong phii. Tuy nhien, do nhu cau chdng ngopi xim v i chdng Uiidn nhien khic nghift, nen d Viet Nam da sdm hinh thinh mdt cdng ddng qude gia - din tpc Uidng nhit, nen cung sdm hinh thinh mgt nin vin hda thdng nhit Uong da dpng. Nha nude Vift Nam
Trail 47
KBKE t TECIMIKT KVHmHT. VU n. h.XZ-ail
qua eic thcri ky ludn coi giii quyet nhflng van de cd lien quan den sy phit trien kinh te. xi hgi ciia cic tge ngudi thidu so, den quan hf tge he tge ngucri Uong mgt qudc gia da tde ngudi li mdt edng vifc cd y nghia song edn cua dit nude. Nhd ehinh sich nhit quin dd, nen tuy cd nhieu thinh phan tge ngucri sinh sing, nhung khong ed xung ddm tge ngucri.d Astralia da vin hda da tin tai tir liu, nhung nhflng chinh phii cua ngudi da tring noi tifp nhau.
vdi chinh sich phan bift ehiing tge di khdng Uiua nhin thyc te Ijch su niy. Trong nhiiu nim, bing chinh sich phin biit chung tie, vin hda cua cac cu din tpi cho (Inn dja) eiing nhu vin hda eiia eie cing ding eu din tir cic chiu lyc khic di cu din, tuy gdp phin phit trifn kinh t i AusUalia, nhung di bj nim ngoii ddng ehiy phit uiin chung. Cho din diu nhflng nim 70 eiia thi ky XX, ehinh phu eiia ngudi da tring mdi Uiira nhfn sy da vin hda Uong xa hgi Australia. Di cd Uii bufe ehinh phu ctia ngudi da tring thira nh$n mgt Uiyc ti Ijeh sir cu din da miu d Australia di uii qua hang Uim nim diu Uanh bing e i xuong mau va mo hdi.
Qui uinh hlnh thinh hai quie gia din tfe Australia vi Vift Nam diin ra khic nhau, da din den sy hlnh thinh hai nin vin hda ciing rit khic nhau. Da van hda d Australia, dugc hhih thinh ngay til khi hlnh thinh AusUalia vdi tu eieh li mgt nhi nude. Nhung do Uiii df phin bift chiing tie, nfn
cie ehinh phii cua ngudi da Uing khdng Uiira nhfh su dipt Ijch sii v i cd hinh vi img xti khdng bhih ding Uong nhiiu nim. Trong nhflng nim 70 cua dti ky XX, chinh phu AusUalia da ed nhflng Uiay dii Uong chinh sich vdi egng ddng da miu, dang sinh song tai AusUalia. Chinh sich da vin hda ra ddi, mdt mit Uiira nhan sy da dpng vi van hda o Australia. Dd li sy da vin hda bit nguin tii sy da din cu. Mil khic, chinh sich da vin hda cung phin inh xu hudng phit Uiin ciia thdi dpi, khi mi cic tfc ngudi diu binh vdi nhau v i tic ngudi nio cflng cd nhflng gii Uj vin hda, t$c ngudi nio cung cd khi ning sing tpo vin hda. Qui uinh hinh Uiinh din tpc Vift Nam diin ra Uong mgt bii ludn ludn phii ching ehgi vdi eie kd thii xim luge vi ehing thifn nhien khie nghiit. Cdng eu$c chong ke Uii xim luge ddi hdi phii huy dgng duge sire mpnh ctia toin din tic. Mi muin huy ding dugc nguon lyc ciia toin din tge, phii giii quyit mil quan hf gifla cic tic ngudi Uong quie gia da tge nguiri. M$t khic, li eu dan ndng nghifp u i n g liia nude, nen d Vift Nam mii quan hf e$ng ding da scim hlnh Uiinh vi cd vai Ud nhit djnh Uong cdng cufe dyng nvdc, gifl nude v i sin xuit ndng nghifp. Da vin hda d Vift Nam dugc quy djnh bdi tfnh ehit da tie ngudi, nhung do nhu ciu cua cdng cude ching ngoai xim, ching Uiifn nhien khie nghift, nfn Uiing nhit Uong da dang li mil die diim nil U$i.
Trai«4l
TAP Cri PIAT TKEM KIACM, TfP I I , Stf X2-2I1I
Multiculturalism in Australia and in Vietnam - a comparative perspective
• Ngo Van Le
University of Social Sciences and Humanities, VNU-HCM A B S T R A C T :
Australia and Vietnam are two natk}ns geographkally distributed into two different continents. The formation process of the two nations-peoples and the formation of the two cultures bear a wkle variety of different features. In recent years, the diplomatic
^ ^ ^ ^ 1 cultural and economk: cooperation
between the two natbns have prospered with the passing of time. The paper focuses on the
search for the similarities and differences as far as cultural aspects are concemed. However, due to constraints, especially foreign language competence, this paper only makes comparision in terms of similarities and differences in the two natkyts' cultures; then, giving few comments on the similarities and differences.
Key words: local inhabitants' culture, multKulture, unity in diversity
T A I L I $ U THAM K H A O
[I]. Ngd van Lf, 1999, Cu din AusUalia vi sy hbih Uiinh din tic Australia, Trong sich Dirdng vio Australia, Nxb, Giio dye
[2]. Ngd van Lf, 1999, Vin hda AusUalia nhin tir Ijeh su hbUi Uiinh din tfc AusUalia, Trong sich Nghien eiiu Australia, Nxb, Giio dye.
[3]. Ngd Vin Lf, 2003, Mit si vin di vi vin hda tOe ngudi d Nam Bg vi Ddng Nam A, Nxb, DHQG-HCM
[4J. Ngd Vin Lf, 2004, Tic ngudi vi vin hda tfe ngudi, Nxb,DHQG-HCM
[5]. Vfl Tuyit Loan, (Chii bifn), 1998, OxUiylia ngiy nay, Nxb, KHXH.
[6]. , Nhieu tic gii, 1999, Dudng vio AusUalia, Nxb, Giio dye.
[7]. Bii Khinh Thi (Chii bifn), 1999, Nghiin cim vi Austialia, Nxb, Giio dye.
[8]. Ding Nghiim Vpn, 2007, Vin hda Vift Nam da tge ngudi, Nxb, Giin dye
Trail 41
