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DINH THANH XUAN (•)
Ludn gidi quan niim cda cdc nhd trii't hgc Hy Lgp cd dgi tiiu bieu, nhU Talet, Anaximaudrd, Heraclit, Anaxago, Empiddcld, Democrit vd Arixtdi, vi ngudn gd'c cua van ddng, vi mdi quan he giQa van dgng vd diing im, van dgng vd khong gian, thdi gian,.... tdc gid bdi viet khong chi cho ta thdy bde tranh todn cdnh cua triet hgc Hy Lgp cd dgi vi van ddng, md con cho chung ta thdy y nghia cua quan niem ndy ddt vdi viec nghiin ciiu van dgng trin qugn diim duy vdt biin chQng.
an de tinh chinh the, thd'ng nhat Nudc. Tat ca chi la bie'n thai cua Nudc.
cua van vat trong vu tru va sii van Theo dd, sU thd'ng n h a t cua cac vat the ddng khdng ngiing cua nd la van de tii nhien khac n h a u da dUdc hieu theo xuyen sud't toan bd lich sd triet hoc Hy nghia phat sinh, tUc la theo nghia Lap cd dai, dac biet la thdi ky d i u (tien chung cd ngudn gd'c chung la mot khdi Xdcrat). Do anh hudng cua t h i n thoai, nguyen nao dd. Samuel Enoch Stumpf ddng thdi tren cd sd tich luy kinh (1918 1998) danh gia: "Ddng gdp doc nghiem san xuat, trai nghiem trong ddi dao cua Talet cho tU duy chinh la dng sd'ng xa hdi phong phu cua ngUdi Hy quan niem r i n g , mac du cd nhflng sd Lap, cac nha triet hoc Hy Lap thdi ky khac biet trong nhflng sii vat khac d i u da thUa nhan sii van dong vinh nhau, nhUng v i n cd mot sii gid'ng nhau viln cua van vat trong the gidi. Tu duy cd ban gifla ta't ca cac sU vat ay, va cai t h i n thoai cung ghi nhan tinh chat bie'n nhieu nhUng deu tUdng quan nhau nhd dd'i nhu vay, song dUdng nhU nd lai cai mot. Ong gia thiet r i n g cd mot yeu khdng nhan thay mot ye'u td thiic the td duy nhat nao dd, mot "chat heu" nao dn dinh nao. Khi quan sat bUc tranh ve dd chUa diing nguyen ly hanh ddng hay nhflng bie'n dd'i dd, tU duy bien chdng bie'n ddi cua chinh nd va la nen tang cua cac nha triet hoc Hy Lap cd dai da cho moi thiic tai vat ly. Theo dng, cai cd ging xac dinh trong tii nhien mot mot nay, hay cha't heu nay la nUdc"(l).
tinh d'n dinh nhat dinh va cd tim ra mot NhU vay, Nudc ma Talet ndi de'n khdng hinh thUc thiic the cho nd. phai la nUde thdng thudng cua ddi sd'ng Talet (khoang 624 547 tr.CN) mot hang ngay, ma dd la "Nudc" dUdc hieu trong nhflng nha triet hoc d i u tien cua
the gidi co dai phUdng Tay, cho r i n g ,*ST-' - T ,;. n • 1, p- uvv, u^ M -
. , . , ^ . V , ( ) Tien si, TrUdng Dai hoc Bach khoa, Ha Noi.
moi cai d a n g ton t a i d e u x u a t p h a t t d (l) Samuel Enoch Stumpf. Lich sQ triet hgc 'vd cdc mot chat a m Udt b a n d i u Nudc. Moi ^"^" ^^ ^^ ^^^ Thuan v^ Lau Van Hy bien dich, +l,,'v A^.. «: u i.<L, XT ..i V , . . 9 j^ ' . Nguyen Viet Long hieu dinh). Nxb Lao dong. Ha Noi, 2004, tr.ll.
DINH THANH XUAN theo nghia triet hoc sU thd'ng nha't (cai ddng. Ciing nhU cac nha triet hoc khac ddn) cua cai da phong phu va day la tU trong trUdng phai Mile, dng da can cU tUdng bien chdng ve sU chuyen bie'n cua vao sii van ddng, sU chuyen boa l i n vat cha't t u t r a n g thai nay sang trang nhau, tac dung l i n nhau cua sii vat de thai khac. Tuy nhien, Talet chUa the xem xet the gidi trong toan bd cua nd.
ngay lap tdc tU bd the gidi quan t h i n Ph.Kh.Kexidi danh gia tU tudng tii van thoai. Vdi dng, cac t h i n v i n la nhflng ddng d cac nha triet hoc thudc trUdng luc lUdng van ddng trong the gidi, va vdi phai Mile g i n hen vdi thuyet vat boat tu each nhflng thiic the sd'ng ddng, luan, vdi chu nghia nhan ban va tri giac chiing ddng vai trd la ngudn goc cua van tham my nghe thuat ve the gidi. Ong ddng, bie'n dd'i trong the gidi hflu hmh. viet: "DUdc thiet dinh bdi cac quan niem Anaximandrd (khoang 610-546 tr.CN) - nhan hinh cua cac nha triet hoc Hy Lap hoc trd va la ngUdi ke tuc Talet da d i u tien, quan niem tham my ve the gidi phat trien mot each sau s i c hdn nguyen da thuc day nhan thdc ve tu nhien vdi tU ly ve sii thd'ng nha't cua vat chat cung each la mot chinh the cd hen ket thd'ng nhu sU van dong cua nd. Ne'u nhU ye'u nhat, ndi ma moi thd deu n i m trong qua to cam tinh t n i c tiep la cai chiem Uu trinh van ddng, bie'n ddi"(2). Tuy nhien, the d Talet thi d Anaximandrd, ye'u td' "Arixtd't da nhan xet rat dung ve ta't ca ay da trd nen trflu tUdng hdn, mac du cac triet gia dd r i n g , ho chUa giai thich ve thiic chat, nd v i n cdn d trinh do tinh ngudn gd'c cua van ddng"(3).
ddn nha't. Cai the hien r a vdi tU each Neu cac n h a triet hoc thudc trUdng khdi nguyen d i u tien d Anaximandrd phai Mile chu y nhieu de'n ket cau vat khdng phai la Nudc, Khdng khi, ma la chat, thi Heracht lai chu y nhieu de'n mot dang vat chat khdng xac dinh, vd van ddng. Hinh anh ngon Ida cung la ban nao dd, la chat t h d n h a t ma tU dd, hinh anh sd'ng ddng. Tan thanh quan trong qua trinh p h a t trien tiep theo, cac niem nay cda Heraclit, G.W.F.Heghen mat dd'i lap dau tien dUde tach ra thiic da ly giai: "Lda la thdi gian vat ly, nd la the Apeirdn. NhU vay, thiic the Apeirdn sii khdng yen tinh tuyet dd'i"(4).
cua Anaximandrd cung quy ve dac tinh G.W.F.Heghen cdn nhan xet: "Heraclit chung nha't la van dong. Su van ddng ndi: Tat ca deu la sinh thanh; sinh cua thiic the Apeirdn quye't dinh qua thanh ay la nguyen t i c . Cai dd bao ham trinh hinh t h a n h vu tru va con ngUdi. trong thanh ngfl: Cai tdn tai khdng hdn Apeirdn tU nd va tU nd tao nen va thiet gi cai khdng tdn tai"(5). Cd the ndi, Lda dinh bet thay. Cai vi dai cua tU tudng
CO v e n g h e o n a n t r i i u tUdng n a y t h e (2) <t>.X.Keccmii. 0ujiocotPcKue u 3cmemuHecKue esan^^bi
hien ci sU "toan tinh diing cam" n h i m repaiauma 3^ccKoeo, Hsa. AKaacMHH xyao«ecTB,
• '*• i i - ' u 4-UA' ^ A : 4.%, * T--^ i . j MocKBa. 1963. ctp.331.
g i a i t h i c h t h e gldl t u n g u y e n n h a n tU ^g^ p . ^ ,y^^. ^Mkc va PhAngghen. Todn tap.
nd, gat bd ye'u to' vat linh luan, vat hoat t.20. Nxb Chfnh tri Quoc gia, Ha N6i, 1994. tr.663.
lu&„, a quan ni^m Men c h t o g chSt phao »> ^f^^-_ X ^ , ^ ' ^ " ''"• " « • '
v e t i n h k h a c h q u a n , p h d b i e n c u a v a n (5) Din theo: V.LLenin. Sdd.. t.29. tr.277.
cua Heraclit khdng chi ddn gian la sii van ddng vinh v i l n cua vat chat hay nguyen td thay the cho Nudc cua Talet hoc thuyet ve "ddng chay" chi la nguyen hay Khi cua Anaximen. Dieu khien cho ly xuat phat trong quan niem cua Heraclit coi Lda la nguyen t d cd ban Heraclit ve Vu tru, la hoc thuyet xuyen trong sii vat chinh la vi each bieu hien sud't toan bo he thd'ng triet hoc cua dng.
cua Ida gdi y cho chung t a tha'y qua Cai lam nen net doe dao, sii khac biet ro trinh thay ddi, van ddng diln r a nhU rang nhat gifla Heraclit vdi cac nha the nao. Vdi viec md t a ve sii bie'n dd'i triet hoc trUdc dng va cung thdi dai vdi lien tuc cua moi sii vat trong Lda, dng, tham chi vdi ca cac nha triet hoc Heraclit da giai thich dUdc nhflng dieu sau dng la d chd, dng la ngUdi d i u tien cd ban cua sii duy nhat gifla cai chat suy tU ve Logos cua sii van ddng cua lieu cd ban duy nhat (cai mot) va cac sii van vat. Theo Le Tdn Nghiem, "lin dau vat da dang (cai nhieu) trong vu tru. tien" chinh Heraclit da "suy tU va phat Heraclit nhan thay van ddng d moi ngdn ve tinh the cua vu t r u trong chan ndi, moi luc. Moi cai deu "trdi di" khdng trdi cua Logos ay" Song, tU tudng cua ngiing, thay dd'i khdng ngUng, van ddng dng "chUa b a n dinh tinh the, nd chUa khdng ngUng, bdi cac m a t dd'i lap phan biet hflu the vdi bien dich, trai lai chuyen boa cho nhau khdng ngUng, ci day, hflu the la bien dich va bie'n dich
"thien va ac chi la mot", "trong con la hflu the, nd cung chUa ddng cda giam ngudi chung ta, sd'ng va chet, tinh va h a m toan the, nghia la nd chUa xay mdng, tre va gia trUdc sau cung deu la diing he thd'ng hflu the"(9).
mot. Cai sau bie'n boa t h a n h cai trUdc. Theo Platdn, nhflng y tUdng ve sil Cai trUdc bie'n hoa lai trd thanh cai van ddng, bien ddi cua van vat trong sau"..., cho nen "chien t r a n h la cha cua the gidi da cd tU lau ddi vdi dan Hy Lap, van vat cung la vua cua van vat"(6). chinh Home da phat bieu y kien dd.
Nhu vay, cd the ndi, vdi Heraclit, mau NhUng, Heraclit da cd cdng phat bieu t h u i n la ngudn gd'c cua van ddng. Ong chung trong mot cdng thdc khi ndi viet: "0 vao moi thdi diem, van vat deu r i n g , ta't ca deu thay ddi va khdng cd hoi tu trong nd t a t ca nhflng mau mot cai gi tdn tai. Va, khi so sanh van thuin"(7). Td quan niem nhU vay ve vat vdi diln tien cua mot ddng sdng, van ddng va m a u t h u i n , Heraclit da dng cdn them r i n g , "khdng ai cd the nhan thdc theo mot each mdi so vdi tam hai l i n trong ciing mot ddng sdng"
dUdng thdi ve tdn tai va thudc tinh cua Tuy nhien, cau each ngdn ndi tieng cua nd. Theo dng, tdn tai ludn van ddng nen
nd va cai phi tdn t a i la mdt the thd'ng rc\^^^v ^ j . A
^ ^ ^ • • vixwixg ^gj O.X.KeccHaH. 0moco(pcKue u xmemunecKue eaznxobi
nhat. Ong viet: "Chung t a vda budc repaiciuma 34)eccKozo, Hsa. AKaaeMHH xyaoiKecTB, xud'ng vfla khdng budc xud'ng cung mdt Mo^^Ba, ctp.58, 88 53.
^ ^ ° • (7) O.X.KeccHflH. TaM «e., ctp.57.
dong song. Chung t a vfla tdn t a i vfla (8) (D.x.KeccHAH. TaM xe., ctp.l29.
khdng tdn tai"(8). (9) Le Ton Nghiem. Lich sd triet hoc Tdy phUdng, m I--K" ' .1 >? ^- .^ - t.l: Thdiky khai nguyen triet ly Hy Lap.'i^ySo'Y^.
DINH THANH XUAN Heraclit "Ta't ca deu thay ddi" da bi xem xet mdt each khach quan nhflng truyen thd'ng triet hoc phUdng Tay hieu doan trich cdn lai cua Heraclit, chiing la cai can b a n cho sU hinh thanh ly t a cd t h e n h a n thay r i n g , Heraclit da thuyet "duy bie'n dich" va do vay, la cai b i n g moi each nha'n manh sU lUu lai dang khinh hi, bai bac. Platdn va trong qua trinh thay the, sii dn dinh Arixtd't la hai triet gia d i u tien da gay trong qua trinh bie'n dd'i, sii ddng nhat ra sii hieu l i m ay, chi vi ho mud'n nhin trong qua trinh thay ddi, do trong qua triet ly cua Logos theo "tri thdc luan trinh sinh thanh, sii thd'ng nhat trong ly" Mud'n di tim t r i thUc vinh vien, ho qua trinh phan ddi, tinh vinh cdu trong da phai phe binh Heraclit va de cao cai nhat thdi. Khi Heraclit ndi van vat Pacmenit. NhUng thiic ra, tU tudng ay trong the gidi deu ludn ludn van ddng khdng phai cua Heraclit, ma la cua va bie'n ddi khdng ngUng gid'ng nhU Cratil va cac n h a triet hoc nguy bien. ddng sdng khdng bao gid ngUng chay, Chinh cac n h a triet hoc nay da dem dng cdn mud'n k h i n g dinh sU thd'ng
"nhdt" triic giac ndng cd't cua Heraclit nha't va tinh d'n dinh cua the gidi. Bdi tren day vao nhflng cdng thdc ngdn ngfl vay, theo Heraclit, "con dudng xud'ng hoc va tri thUc luan hep hdi. Arixtd't da dd'c va con dUdng len dd'c cung la mot ghi lai r i n g , "Cratil phe binh Heraclit" con dudng", chung t a quay lai vdi "cung Tham chi, hinh nhU Cratil da nghi r i n g mot" ddng sdng, mac du nUdc cua ddng
"sU lUu chay" cua van vat mau le den sdng dd da hoan toan la nUdc mdi, va ndi khdng the la nen tang cho t r i thUc mot dUa tre khi da trd thanh ngUdi Idn dUdc va do vay, khdng the dien t a b i n g v i n chi la cung mot con ngUdi ay. Su ngdn ngfl luan ly, chi cd t h e diln t a vat thay ddi va mang nhieu hinh thdc b i n g cd chi ma thdi(lO). Kostas Axelos khac nhau, nhUng chung v i n duy tri cung n h a n dinh: "Platdn chi mud'n gifl mot cai gi do de tiep tuc la cung mot vat lai trong ta't ca tU tudng cua Heracht trong sud't "ddng chay" cua sU thay ddi.
duy nha't cd ly thuyet duy bie'n dich cua G.W.F.Heghen la ngUdi d i u tien da van vat lUu ly va bd quen logos la ye'u hieu r i n g : Heraclit nhin nhan phep td dung hda nhflng dd'i lap va la day bien chdng nhU "mot nguyen tic"(12).
hen h e gifla van vat vdi nhau. Vi vay, G.W.F.Heghen da thiic sii hieu Heracht, ta't ca chu trUdng phe binh cua dng chi nhUng lai theo chieu hUdng duy t a m dap t h i n g vao ly thuyet Heraclit gia trflu tUdng cua minh, khi cho ring: "6 ciia nguy luan gia va van chUdng cua day, Heraclit nhin chinh tuyet dd'i nhU Cratil chd khdng t h e dung vao tuyen qua trinh, nhU bien chdng phap... Ndi ngdn cua chinh Heraclit dUdc"(ll). dng, l i n d i u tien chung t a se gap y Co t h e ndi, dudi a n h hudng cua tudng trflu tUdng theo hinh thdc triet Platdn va Arixtd't, truyen thd'ng triet
hoc phudng Tay da loai bd ta't ca nhflng (10) Xem: Le Ton Nghiem. Sdd., tr.l28.
v \ - 1. ^ ' „ ,,v>A'*- «,',« W&».««l,'4- Ai ^v.,' r^r^ (11) Din theo: Le Ton Nghiem. Sdd., tr.l03.
gi tmh tuy nhat cua Heracht de chi glU J^^J Din theo: V.I.Lenin. Tod;t tap, t.29. Nxb Tien
lai CO ly thuyet bie'n dich. ThUc ra, neu bo, Matxcdva, 1981, tr.276.
hoc cua nd... Ong chinh la chd hoan ta't "Ddi khi triet hoc cua nhflng ngUdi cd cua y thdc (triet hoc) tU trUdc cho tdi dai va cua Heraclit that la tuyet vi cai nay, sU hoan ta't chinh la sU hoan tat tinh chat phae thd ngay cua nd", vi nd cua y tudng de vUdn tdi toan dien van da "truyen lai tinh t h i n cua triet hoc vat (dd la khdi sU cua triet hoc), hay la Hy Lap, tinh chat phae, tinh sau sic, ye'u tinh cua y tudng, ye'u tinh nay dien nhflng chuyen hda chuyen dich"; va ta vd ban..."(13). Vdi tU each nha triet Heraclit chinh "la mot trong nhflng hoc bien chdng, G.W.F.Heghen thu ngUdi sang lap r a phep bien chUng"(16).
nhan ring: "O day, trUdc m i t ta md ra Ph.Angghen da danh gia cao quan mot vung da't mdi; khdng cd mot luan niem ve van ddng cua Heraclit, khi cho diem nao cua Heraclit ma tdi khdng r i n g , "cai the gidi quan ban diu, ngay tiep nhan vao trong Idgich cua tdi"(14). thd, nhUng xet ve thiic cha't thi dung do
Dung nhu Samuel Enoch Stumpf da la the gidi quan cua cac nha triet hoc danh gia: "Nha quy tdc t h a n h Ephedd Hy Lap cd dai, va l i n d i u tien da dUdc nay da khai trien triet hoc mdi me va cd Heraclit trinh bay mot each rd rang:
anh hudng cua minh vao khoang nhflng Moi vat deu tdn tai va ddng thdi lai nam 504 501 tr.CN, b i n g each md ta khdng tdn tai, vi moi vat dang trdi di, qua trinh thay ddi nhU la mot sU thdng moi vat deu khdng ngUng thay dd'i, moi nha't trong da dang, va dng lam viec vat deu khdng ngUng phat sinh va tieu nay vdi tri dc tudng tUdng cua bac thien vong"(17). Trong Ldi ndi ddu cua "Bien tai khien cho mot sd' y niem cua dng tuy chdng cua tU nhien", Ph.Angghen cdn cd ve vien vdng, nhUng phan Idn nhflng khang dinh r i n g , nhflng phat hien mdi gi dng ndi deu tim dUdc chd ddng trong trong khoa hoc tU nhien luc ba'y gid cac nen triet hoc sau nay cua Platdn va thiic ra da dem "chung ta trd ve vdi phai Khic ky, cung nbU se dUdc quan niem cua nhflng ngUdi sang lap vi G.W.F.Heghen va F.Nitse than phuc dai ra triet hoc Hy Lap, cho r i n g toan sau xa"(15). bo gidi tU nhien, tU cai nhd nhat cho
Cac nha sang lap chu nghia Mac de'n cai Idn nhat, tU hat cat cho de'n cae Lenin cung da khang dinh cdng lao cua mat trdi, tU nhflng sinh vat nguyen Heraclit ve phUdng dien lich sd la d chd, thuy cho de'n con ngUdi, n i m trong tinh dng da nhan rd ngudn gd'c bien hoa cua trang khdng ngUng sinh ra va diet tu nhien. Ngudn gd'c cua sU bie'n hoa do vong, lUu dong khdng ngdng, van ddng la d mau t h u i n ndi tai trong mdi mot sU va bie'n hda bat tan. Chi cd mot chd khac vat va d sii tranh dau ndi tai cua cac nhau cd ban la: Cai ma ngUdi Hy Lap la mau t h u i n dd. Sii t r a n h dau gifla cac
mau thuan nay khdng nhflng la ngudn
gd'c cua coi tu nhien, ma cdn la nguon JJ^) ° ! " ^?^^°= ^e Ton Nghiem. Sdd tr.l29-l30.
^, , , , ^ (14) Dan theo: Le Ton Nghiem. Sdd., tr.277.
goc phat trien cua xa hoi. Bdi vay, trong (is) Samuel Enoch Stumpf. Sdd., tr.l7.
ban tdm t i t eudn sach cua Latxan ve (^^^ V.I.Lenin. Sdd., t.29, tr.364,366.368.
4. •-'+ u " TT- 1 ' . TTTT >v • .V (17) C M a c va Ph.Angghen. Todn tap, t.20. Nxb
triet hoc cua Heracht, V.I.Lemn viet: chfnh tri Quoc gia. Ha Noi, 1994, tr.35.
DINH THANH XUAN trUc giac thien tai, tbi dd'i vdi chung ta lam eho bd'n can nguyen vat chat van nd la ket qua cua mot cdng trinh nghien ddng la nhflng lUc lUdng vat eba't va do cUu khoa hoc chat che diia tren kinh vay, theo dng, sU van ddng cua sU vat nghiem va vi vay nd the hien ra dudi chi la sU chuyen ddi vi tri cho nhau mot hinh thUc ddt khoat va rd rang bdn thdng qua hai qua trinh hdp va phan.
nhieu"(18). Tuy nhien, dng cung da de cap den Nhu vay, cd the ndi, d mot chUng nhflng yeu td cd ban cua van ddng, nhU miic nao dd, khi nhflng tU tudng cua sdc hut va sUc day ma mai den the ky Heraclit chUa the chdng minh dUdc XVII v i n cdn cd y nghia nha't dinh.
b i n g nhflng phdng thuyet khoa hoc. Nous cua Anaxago, tUdng tU nhU song cung nhU tU tudng cua cac nha Philia (tinh yeu) va Neikos (cam thu) triet hoc thudc trUdng phai Mile, chung cua Empeddcld, la khai niem dung de v i n la nhflng triic giac, va dd la nhflng chi mot ban nguyen ngoai tai tieh ciic,
"triic giac thien tai" tac ddng de'n van vat, khdi ddng va Vdi Heraclit, the gidi van ddng, bie'n nhan thdc the gidi, lam cho the gidi trd dd'i vinh cdu theo mot chu trinh cua nen hoan chinh, cd trat tii, thoat ly khdi ngon Ida vinh h i n g . Chu trinh dd la trang thai hdn ddn ban d i u . Nous cua nhd Ida vu t r u van dong trong thdi gian Anaxago la mot liic lUdng ben ngoai, vd tan, nhd Ida the gidi san sinh, bUng tdn tai ngoai vat chat. Day la quan sang, lui tan, sau do lai dUdc sinh ra. niem ma Anaxago da md dUdng eho chu Chu trinh ay dUdc dng dii doan la nghia duy tam sau nay.
10.800 nam. Dd la thdi gian tdi luyen NhU vay, cd the ndi, ca Anaxago va mot vdng cho the gidi tU luc sinh thanh Empeddcld deu ddng tren quan niem cho de'n luc mat di trong vdng quay duy vat may mdc, sieu hinh de giai thich vinh cdu(19). Bdi vay, cd the ndi, van van ddng. V.I.Lenin da nhan xet khi tdm ddng trong quan niem cua Heraclit tat "NhQng bai giang ve lich sd triet khdng phai la van ddng di len, ma la hoc" cua G.W.F.Heghen, p h i n triet hoc van ddng vdng quanh, t u i n hoan. Dd la cua Anaxago r i n g : "Mot sd' ngUdi quan ban che Idn nha't trong quan niem cua niem sii bie'n hda nhU la sii tdn tai cua dng ve van ddng. nhflng hat nhd dUdc quy dinh ve chat, Anaxago va Empedd'cld da giai thich va sU tang them (respective sU giam bdt) van ddng mot each sieu hinh va so vdi [ket hdp va phan ly] cua chung. Mot Heraclit, dd la mot budc lui. Neu quan niem khac (Heraclit) sU bien cua Heraclit giai thich ngudn gd'c van ddng cai nay sang cai kia"(20). Tuy nhien, cua vat chat la do nhflng mat dd'i lap nhflng gi ma Anaxago ndi ve Nous van noi tai, do sU xung dot cua nhflng mat
ddi lap do tao nen ddng lUc ndi tai cua 'ZZ^, 7Z~i T 1 7 7 " „„ . .„,
-^ / (18) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Saa., t.20, tr.471.
sU v a t , t h i A n a x a g o v a E m p e d d c l d l a i (19) Nguyen Quang Thong & Tong Quang Chung.
ffiai t h i c h v a n d d n g b i t n g u d n tU lUc t a c ^^^^ *"" ^"^^ ^^^ ^^'^^^ ^y ' ^^' *^-l ^ ^•^' ^^^ ^^^^
^ , ^ ' V "T^ ^^^'. ..;> ; , trifdng Dai hoc Tdng hdp Ha Noi), 1990, t r . l l .
dong ben ngoai. Empedocld hieu cac lUc (20) v.I.Lenin. Sdd. t.29, tr.364.
cd mot tac ddng to Idn trong lich sd triet thanh. Bdi vi nhflng nguyen td nay ben hoc, bdi qua dd, dng da dUa mot nguyen vflng, nen chung khdng the bi huy hoai ly tinh t h i n vao trong ban chat cua sii cung nhU khdng the thay ddi. Mat trdi vat, mac du dng chUa md ta tinh t h i n la cung nhU mat trang la do nhflng hoan toan phi vat chat, nhUng cung da nguyen td gid'ng n h a u ca'u tao nen.
phan biet tinh t h i n vdi vat chat. Nhflng nguyen td nay cd hinh thdc trdn Vdi Ldxip va Demdcrit thi ddng liic tru va trdn. Linh hdn cung la do nhflng cua van ddng khdng phai la tinh yeu va nguyen td nay tao ra. Linh hdn tdc la ly cam thu nhu quan niem cua Empedd'cld, tinh. Sd di chung ta biet dUdc sii vat la ciing khdng phai la Nous theo quan niem bdi vi anh tUdng cua sU vat ay xuyen cua Anaxago. Va ciing khac vdi cac nha qua m i t chdng ta. Ta't ca la tU tat ye'u triet hoc thudc trUdng phai Mile, do chiu ma ra. Van ddng xoay ld'c la nguyen anh hudng cua thuyet vat boat luan, nen nhan hinh thanh moi vat, va do vay nd the gidi (Vu tru) trong quan niem cua ho dUde menh danh la tat ye'u... Tinh chit la cai n i m trong sii van ddng vinh hing, cua sU vat chang qua la do quy dinh chu bdi the gidi, theo ho, la mot thiic the hflu quan cua con ngUdi. Trong tii nhien chi sinh, Demdcrit da giai quyet van de theo tdn tai nguyen td va chan khdng"(21).
each hoan toan khac. Theo dng, van ddng Theo Arixtd't, thuyet nguyen td trong la vd'n cd trong nguyen td, khdng gian la triet hoc la mot cd' g i n g n h i m khic dieu kien chd khdng phai nguyen nhan phuc nhflng h a u qua logic cua hoc cua van ddng. Nguyen td van ddng theo thuyet phu n h a n khdng gian hay nhieu chieu hudng khac nhau, ciing khoang khdng cua cac triet gia Eie.
gid'ng nhu nhflng hat bui van ddng trong Ldxip va Demdcrit k h i n g dinh thiic tai tia sang mat trdi. Trong van ddng, chung cua khdng gian va vi the, da don dudng va cham vao nhau de hinh thanh nen cho mot ly thuyet mach lac ve chuyen nhflng cdn ld'c nguyen td, va chinh nhflng dong va thay ddi. Cac dng md ta khdng cdn ld'c nay da hinh thanh nen Vu tru. gian nhU mot chiec thung chda, la ndi
Diogiene Laecxd da tdm t i t qua cho cac sii vat chuyen dong.
trinh van ddng cua nguyen td theo NhU vay, nhin chung, cac nha quan niem cua cac nha nguyen td luan nguyen td luan cd dai da quan niem nhu sau: "The gidi cd vd sd' sii vat, van ddng chi la sii di chuyen vi tri gian chung dUdc sinh ra va ma't di. Khdng cd ddn. Dd la quan niem may mdc, sieu vat gi sinh ra tfl hU vd ca, va cung binh ve van dong. Tuy nhien, ly thuyet ching cd vat gi sau khi da bi buy hoai cua ho ve cac vat the chuyen ddng nhd lai trd ve hU vd ca. Nguyen td ve hinh niot sU giai thich tU nhien da dUdc phuc dang la to, nhd va ve sdlUdng la vd ban. hUng d the ky XVI va ngU tri mai cho Chung van ddng theo chieu xoay ld'c de ^^i khi ly thuyet lUdng td ma Anhxtanh tfl dd, hinh thanh nen nhflng vat phdc
hdp: Nudc, Lda, Khdng khi, Dat. Nhflng ZZZTl. T T I T T r T r : . . . ,-, . „
, , . * , ^ (21) Dan theo: Ha Thiic Minh. TVief Ape CO ffai fly
vat do cung la do nguyen tU tap hdp ma Lgp • La Md. Nxb Miii Ca Mau, 1996. tr.51.
DINH THANH XUAN dUa r a d t h e ky XX, chung t a mdi cd tien ma thie'u nd, se khdng cd bat ky dUdc mot quan niem mdi ve vat chat. ddng cd nao khac, van ddng nao khac.
Arixtd't nha'n manh r i n g , van ddng Theo dng, dong cd d i u tien la tdn tai td'i trong t u nhien la dUdng nhien, khdng thUdng, tU than, phi vat chat, sieu tU c i n phai t r a n h cai; van ddng khdng tdn nhien, la tri tue t h u i n tuy, la hinh thdc tai n h u mot thUc the dac biet; nd khdng t h u i n tdy, "hinh thdc cua nhflng hinh phai la mot luc, mot quy luat ddng tren thdc", khdi ddng va chi phd'i cac qua tu nhien, m a la mot trang thai khdng trinh Vu tru. Vdi each hieu nay, ddng cd tach rdi ket ca'u ndi t a i cua cac vat the d i u tien da dUdc dng ddng nhat vdi tu nhien. Theo dng, mud'n nghien cUu T h i n , nhUng khdng phai la t h i n sang ve tu nhien t h i phai nghien cUu van tao, ma la t h i n tU biet ve minh, nhan ddng: "Tu nhien da dUde dinh nghia la thUc vu t r u va dem lai cho vu tru sdc
"can nguyen cua v a n ddng va bie'n manh. T h i n nay cung khdng phai la hda"..., bdi ne'u khdng hieu dUdc y nghia mot "thiic tai nhan hinh, hflu vi", la cua van ddng t h i cung "khdng the hie'u tinh yeu nhU Chua trdi trong Dao Do dUdc y nghia cua "tii nhien"(22). Vdi Thai va Thien Chua giao, ma la mot quan niem nay, Arixtd't tuyen bd dUt thiic tai vat ly, vu tru, tham chi la mot khoat r i n g : "Khdng cd van ddng d ben "ly tudng^' c i n thiet de lam cho vu tru ngoai sU vat"; r i n g "da cd van ddng va nay van ddng theo tinh quy luat cua nd.
mai mai se cd van ddng" Ve cau hdi cd V.I.Lenin cho r i n g , "Arixtd't da vien the tach rdi cac vat t h e khdi vat chat de'n t h i n mot each tham hai nha the van ddng, Arixtd't da t r a ldi: Dieu dd la day de chdng lgi nha duy vat Ldxip va cd the, song nd chi cd trong tU duy(23). n h a duy tam Platdn"(24). TU nhan xet Theo dng, van ddng la vinh viln, cho nen nay, V.I.Lenin da danh gia chu nghia chiing t a khdng c i n dat r a van de tim duy tam cua Arixtd't va sii khac biet cua hieu xem van dong b i t d i u va mat di tU nd vdi chu nghia duy t a m cua Platdn khi nao, ma chi nen tim hieu sii chuyen nhU sau: "Heghen thay chu nghia duy hda tfl trang thai hdn mang, hdn ddn t a m cua Arixtd't trong y niem ve t h i n (chaos) cua cac vat t h e tii nhien thanh cua dng ta. (DUdng nhien, dd la chu vu t r u n h u t h e nao, tdc la chi c i n nghia duy tam, nhUng mot chu nghia nghien cdu ngudn goc cua van ddng. duy tam khach quan hdn, xa xdi hdn va
Ve ngudn gd'c cua van ddng, Arixtd't chung hctn so vdi chu nghia duy tam cho r i n g ngudn gd'c dd khdng d ben cda Platdn, va do do trong triet hoc tU ngoai sU vat. Su vat van dong, theo dng, nhien, nd thdng thUdng la = chu nghia khdng phai chi do vat nay tac ddng vao duy vat)"(25).
vat khac. Vdi quan niem nay, Arixtd't
(22) Din theo: Ha Thiic Minh. Sdd., tr.91-92.
da g i n di tdi chd thfla n h a n rang, van
dong CO nguon goc noi tai, tU than. The (23) Xem: Vien Han lam Khoa hoc Uen X6. Lich sii
nhung, dng da khdng ddng vflng tren phep Men chUng, t.l (Do Minh Hdp dich). Nxb quan d i l m duy v « ma lai sa vao chu f ^ t v ^ ' l ^ ^ ^ S ^ ^ ' i m " ' ' ' •
nghia duy tam, khi di tim ddng cd dau (25) V.LLenin. Sdd., t.29, tr.302.
57
Arixtd't da quan niem dung d i n r i n g , cua dng ve van ddng, ve khdng gian va van dong g i n lien vdi tU nhien, vdi vat thdi gian da dUdc cac nha duy tam chu cha't; khdng nghien cdu van dong thi quan tan dung khai thac. Ho da gat bd khdng the nhan thdc dUdc cac qua trinh tinh cha't khach quan cua chiing va coi tu nhien va cung khdng the hieu dUdc chung hoan toan nhU nhflng pham tru cudc sdng cua nd cung nhU khuynh chu quan. Mat khac, nbU V.I.Lenin da hudng van ddng va phat trien cua nd, chi ro, Arixtd't da cd' g i n g chdng minh bdi van dong la phUdng thdc ta't yeu r i n g sU thd'ng n h a t va dau tranh cua bien kha nang thanh hien thiic. Va, nhflng mat dd'i lap la ngudn gd'c cua van viee phan loai cac hinh thdc van dong ddng, nhUng do dng da trdn l i n md'i lien cua Arixtd't la thd nghiem dau tien de he lan nhau cua chung vdi cai rieng le di den quan niem ve sii van dong phd cu the, nen suy cho cung, dng van bie'n dudi dang cd trat tU thd nghiem khdng giai quye't dUdc van de ngudn gde ed' ging nhan thdc ban chat bien chdng, cua van ddng.
da dang va da chat cua van ddng. Cdng Hdn nfla, Arixtd't van thfla nhan cd lao to Idn cua Arixtd't khi xem xet pham ddng im, nghia la khdng van ddng. Linh tru van ddng cdn la d chd, dng da vach viic cua cai khdng van ddng nay trd ra mdi lien he gifla khdng gian, thdi thanh ddi tUdng cua mot mdn hoc. Dd la gian vdi van ddng. Va, dng cung chinh dd'i tUdng cua cai ma Arixtd't goi la triet la ngUdi da dUa ra quan niem bien hoc thd nha't, chang ban nhU hinh thdc, chdng ve pham tru van ddng, cung nhU ban than nd khdng van ddng, ma chi la ve khdng gian va thdi gian. Khi xem xet nguyen nhan cua van ddng.
quan diem cua Arixtd't ve van dong, NhU vay, cd the ndi, viec trd lai vdi khdng gian va thdi gian, chung ta nhan quan niem ve van dong cua cac nha thay ring, luan diem cd ban cua dng d triet hoc Hy Lap cd dai khdng chi cd y day, nhu V.I.Lenin nhan xet la: "Su van nghia trong viec hoan thien tU duy ly ddng la ban chat cua thdi gian va cua luan b i n g each "nghien cdu toan bd khdng gian. Hai khai niem cd ban bieu triet hoc thdi trUdc", ma cdn cd y nghia thi ban chat ay: Tinh hen tuc (Kontinuitat) to Idn dd'i vdi viec nghien cdu van ddng (vd han) va "tinh ddt doan" (= phu dinh tren quan diem duy vat bien chdng, dac cua tinh lien tuc, tdc la tinh gian doan). biet la dd'i vdi nhflng van de, nhU ngudn Su van ddng la sU thd'ng nhat cua tinh gd'c cua van dong, van ddng va dUng im, lien tuc (cua thdi gian va cua khdng van ddng va khdng gian, thdi gian..., bdi gian) va cua tinh gian doan (cua thdi dung nhU nha triet hoc Phap Michel gian va cua khdng gian). Van dong la Vadee da k h i n g dinh, cdi ngudn td mot mau t h u i n , la mot sii thd'ng nhat tUcing triet hoc cua C.Mac khdng chi b i t cua cac mau thuin"(26). ngudn triic tiep tU Heghen va Phoidbic, Tuy nhien, trong mot so' trUdng hdp ma cdn b i t ngudn tU xa hdn, tfl Epiquya, cu the, pham tru thdi gian da dUdc Platdn va Arixtd't. •
Arixtd't xem xet nhU la hien tUdng chu
quan. NhQng b a n che trong quan niem (26) V.I.Lenin. Sdd., t.29, tr.273.
