N G H I S N CUU TRAO D 6 | hoi
TiM HIEU MU HUOIUG PHAT TRiEN GIAO DLC DAI IIOC TREN THE GlOl
TS. Nguyin Minh Td *
T o m t a t : Bai v i i t trinh bay nhiing dac d i i m chii y i u ciia giao due dai hgc, dong thdi t i n g hgp cac xu hudng phat triin giao due dai hgc tren t h i gidi - can cii giiip cae c a sd giao due dai hgc cSn n h i c d i i mdi va lya chgn con dudng phat trien.
Tir k h o a : giao due dai hgc,ty chu dai hgc, hgi nhap qudc t i , hgc tap sudt d d i .
Abstract: The paper presents the main characteristics of higher education and summarizes the trends of higher education development in the world - the basis for higher education institutions to consider innovation and choice their development
Key words: higher education, university autonomy, international integration, lifelong learning.
Giao d u e dai hgc (tieng Anh: higher education) la giai doan giao dye bac cao thudng dien ra d cac trudng dai hgc, trudng cao dang, hgc vien, va vien cdng nghe, hie bac giao dye sau trung hgc pho th6ng nhu cao dang, dai hgc, va sau dai hgc.
Quyen tiep can giao dye dai hgc dugc cac nudc tren the gidi coi la nhan quyen.
Dieu 13 ciia Cdng u d c Qudc te ve cac Quyen Kinh te, Xa hdi va Van hoa (1966) eua Lien Hiep Q u i c cho rang "giao due dai hge phai dugc pho cap binh dang cho mgi ngudi bang nhiing p h u a n g each thich hgp, tiiy thude vao kha nang, va dae biet phai tien dan den mien phi." Dieu 2 ciia C6ng u d c chau Au ve Nhan quyen (1950) quy djnh cae nudc tham gia phai bao dam quyen giao due cho ngudi dan eiia minh.
Giao dye dai hgc bao g6m eac hoat dgng giang day, nghien ciiu, thuc tap (khoa hgc - nghe nghiep) va phung su xa hgi cua cac c a sd giao dye dai hgc. Cac hinh thiic giao dye dai hgc bao gdm: giao
dye tong quat (general education), thudng bao g6m ly thuyet va triiu tugng ciing vdi nhirng khia canh iing dyng; giao dye chii trgng den cac nganh khai phdng (liberal arts education), bao g 6 m cac nganh nhan van, khoa hgc, nghe thuat; giao dye nghe nghiep (vocational education), ket hgp ca viec giang day ly thuyet lan nhiing ky nang thyc hanh; giao due chuyen nghiep (professional education), nhu trong cac nganh kien tnic, kinh doanh, luat, y khoa, v.v...
Q nhieu q u i c gia phat triin, cd tdi 50 phan tram dan sd theo hge tai cac co so giao dye dai hgc. Giao dye dai hgc do do r i t quan trgng d i i vdi kinh t i q u i c gia, vdi tu each la mdt nganh kinh t i va la noi giao due va dao tao nhan lyc cho phin con Iai cua n i n kinh t i noi rieng va ca xa hdi ndi chung. M | t khac, xa hgi va nin kinh t i cung tao d i i u k i e • ^ nan lgi va dat ra nhiing thach thiic doi jiaQ ( j ^ ; jgi hgc thiie day nd ddi mdi ;,t triin
* Chuyen vien Tap chi KD&CN,
Tmdng DH KD&CN Ha Noi. 76
van iiwu - NGHIEN CUU TRAO DOI Quan sat qua trinh giao dye dai hgc
ngudi ta thay cd mgt so dac diem ldn vdi mgt sd xu hudng chinh trong nhiing dong chay chinh sau day.
1-M6t s6 dac diim ldn cua qua trinh phat trien giao due dai hoc
Giao due dai hgc da trai qua qua trinh lich sir rat lau dai (tii khoang the ky thii 5) cua nhan loai, tir nhiing hinh thiic dan gian, tho so tiing budc den hinh thiic phiic tap, hien dai ngay nay. Nghien eiiu qua trinh phat trien giao due dai hgc, cac nha khoa hgc da dua ra mdt so dac diem ldn cua qua trinh dd nhu sau.
a) Giao due dai hoc g5n liin vdi su- phdt trien cua cac nen van minh, vdi trinh dd phat trien cua kinh te, xa hoi cua tirng nurdc ndi rieng va cua nhan loai noi chung
Trudng dai hgc - nai dien ra giao due dai hgc la mgt the che xa hgi, mdt bg phan hiiu ca cua xa hdi duang nhien phai tuan theo quy luat van dgng va phat trien cua ddi s6ng xa hgi, ddng thdi co quy luat phat trien ndi tai rieng cua nd.
Chat lugng giao due dai hgc lien quan chat che vdi chat lugng nha trudng, tir cac dieu kien bao dam chat lugng (giang vien, ca sd vat chat, chuang trinh dao tao...) den chat lugng td chiic, quan ly qua trinh giao due va day - hgc. Hinh thiic, phugng thiic td chire hoat ddng va chat lugng giao due dai hge lien quan chat che vdi trinh do phat trien kinh ti- xa hgi chung cua mdt qudc gia noi rieng va cua nhan loai ndi chung. Mgt mat, giao due dai hgc chiu sy quy dinh nhat dinh ciia van hoa, trinh do phat trien kinh te - xa hdi. Mat khac, giao dye dai hgc gop phin thiic day phat trien kinh te - xa hgi va tac ddng tdi nen van hda, dan dua kinh te ~ xa hgi va nen van hoa len mdt tam cao mdi.
Xet trong thdi ky dai, tir khi ra ddi den nay, giao due dai hge e6 thi chia lam 3 giai doan, ding thdi ciing la 3 hinh thai giao due gin lien vdi 3 nin van minh san xuat ciia nhan loai: gido due truyin thing gan lien vdi nen van minh san xuit nong nghiep; gido due hien dgi gan lien vdi nin van minh san xuat cong nghiep; va, gido due tuang lai gan lien vdi nen van minh ciia xa hgi th6ng tin. Giao due truyen thdng dugc dac trung bdi: loai hinh trudng thi dan gian; muc tieu giao due: rdng; ngi dung giao due: chii yeu van hoa - xa hgi, dao diic - van chuong (theo kha nang ciia thay); phuong phap giao due: chu yeu:
truySn thy - tiep nhan; phuang tien giang day: chii yeu thii cdng; san pham: nhan luc cho quan ly chinh tri, xa hdi. Giao dye Men dai dugc dac trung bdi: loai hinh trudng thi bao gdm nhieu loai hinh rieng biet; muc tieu: hep va chuyen mon hoa;
ndi dung giao dye: khoa hgc, c6ng nghe, nhan van (theo chuong trinh ciia trudng);
phuang phap giao dye: tich cue, chii'ng minh; phuang tien giang day: may moc/
phuang tien, dung cu thi nghiem; san pham; nhan lyc cho cac nganh, ITnh vyc kinh te, xa hdi. Giao dye tuong lai dugc dac trung bdi: Ioai hinh trudng thi td hgp, da he, da nganh, da cip; muc tieu: ting hgp, phat trien ca nhan; ngi dung giao dye: khoa hgc - cong nghe - xa hgi - nhan van (theo kha nang va nhu ciu ca nhan);
phuang phap giao due: ty dao tao, ty phat triin theo ca nhan; phuang tien giang day: may vi tinh, he thing truyen thong;
san pham: nhan lyc da nang.
b) Giao due tuffng lai tir thi ky 21 trd di se thay dii mgt each ca ban, duo'c md rgng theo mfit he thong hoc tap (learning system) trong toan xa hdi va trudng dai hgc chi la mot bg phan ciu thanh trong dd.
Tgp chi ; 7 7 Kinh doonh vd Cong nghe i
So 06/2020 \
NGHigN CUU TRAO DOI
Vdi dac diem nay, viee day va hgc se dien ra d mgi noi, mgi liic; loai hinh trudng hgc se da dang, phong phii dap iimg nhu cau mu6n ve cua ngudi hgc; hgc tap se trd nen sudt ddi. Theo do la sy dan xen nhieu Ioai md hinh trudng hgc nhu sau; a) Mo hinh " Nha trudtig dai hgc truyen thong" chii yeu thu hiit ldp thanh nien tre, tap trung giang day va nghien ciiu, khdng cd tinh dgc lap cao va su thara gia cua khu
•vyc tu rat han che. Nha nudc tiep tuc ddng vai trd chu dao trong dau tu, dieu chinh va quan ly cac trudng dai hgc; b) Md hinh trudng dai hgc la co* sd djch vu/doanh nghi§p thu hiit gidi tre la chii yeu, co tinh tu chii cao va cac nguon luc dau tu da dang, ca ngudn dau tu c6ng va tu. Cac hoat ddng nghien ciiu va sinh ldi trd nen quan trgng doi vdi nha tru'dng. Trudng dai hgc tuy tiep can theo thi trudng song khdng mat di eac gia tri hgc thuat co ban;
c) Mo hinh thi trudng tir do vdi sy tham gia ddng dao cua cac cdng ty tu nhan vdi tu each la ddng lyc chinh. Cac lye lugng thi trudng se thiic day sy phat trien cita nha trudng ve cac mat, tir cac chiic nang ca ban (giang day va nghien ciiu); cac ITnh vyc dao tao (kinh doanh, nhan van..) den cac mat khac nhu sinh vien tre, sinh vien tai ehiie, giao dye tir xa, hgc sudt ddi..v.v.
Cac doanh nghiep se hgp tac trong dao tao de bao dam cho gia tri van bang va viec lam. Cong nghe dugc su dung rdng rai trong hoat ddng dao tao va phuang phap giang day. Chiic nang nghien cuu duge chuyen ve tir trudng dai hgc ve cac trung tam nghien ciiu c6ng va eac dan vi nghien CUTI trien khai (R&D); d) Mo hinh giao due md va hgc suot ddi tiep nhan sinh vien d nhieu do tuoi va khdng quan tam nhieu den nghien ciru. Kinh te tri thiic phat trien va giao due dai hgc trd thanh ngudn phat trien nghe nghiep, nang cao ky
nang cua mgi ngudi vdi sy tai i- <- '-ii^l^ P^i ciia cac cdng ty, cua ca nhan \ .1 nha nuac.
Giao dye dai hgc dugc dai chiing hoa. Nha trudng dai hgc trd thanh co sd dao tao Idn vdi nhiiu loai hinh da dang (dai han, ngin ban, chinh quy, khong chinh quy, tir xa..). Phin ldn cac nha nghien eiiu gioi se chuyin vi cac cdng ty, cac ca sd nghien ciiu chuyen sau; e) M6 hinh mang ludi toan ciu cac co" sd giao due dinh hudng theo nhu ciu hgc tap sau tnmg hgc ciia hgc sinh. Ngudi hgc tu quyet dinh con dudng tiip tuc nen hge van sau khi da qua hgc tap d nhieu ca sd giao due trong mang ludi qudc ti. Dong thdi, cac trudng dai hgc trd thanh ddi tac cda cac nganh cong nghiep trong pham vi qudc gia va quoc te. Giao due dien tir (e-leaming) se phat triin manh me. Ngi dung dao tao dugc chuan hda va cdng nghe hda (phan mem, dia quang, video..vv. Thi trudng giao due sudt ddi dugc md rgng va cac nghien ciiu kh6ng cdn tap trung d he thdng dai hgc; f) Mo hinh da dang hoa va sy phan ra ciia trudng dai hgc ciing nhu sy tham thau eiia giao dye dai hgc vao ddi song xa hgi the hien sy bien ddi manh me ciia giao dye dai hge. Mgi ngudi se hgc thdng qua chinh cugc sdng va lao ddng cua minh, thu nhan va ehia se lan nhau kien thuc va ky nang trong cugc song va nghe nghiep. Day la tin hieu eua xa hgi hgc tap.
2) Mdt s6 xu htfo-ng chinh phat triin giao due dai hgc trong thdi gian qua
Trai qua nhiiu the ky giao dye dai hgc da va dang trai qua nhiiu xu hudng rat dang chii y, dien hinh la:
a) Giao due dai hgc ngay cang dai chiing hoa, khdng chi con la manh dit cua gidi thugng luu/tinh hoa xa hgi ma ngay cang trd nen gin gui phd cap cho dong dao mgi ngudi dan, ••. ,:ghTa ia phai tuan theo nguyen tie bi- 'Ifi.ng, cdng
78
Van hoa - Xa npi N G H l i N CUU TRAO DOI bing cho mgi ngudi trong viec nhap hgc
vdi tu each la quyen can ngudi, khong ed su phan biet doi xu trong viec tiep nhan vao giao due dai hgc ve mat chiing tgc, gidi tinh, ngon ngii, tm ngudng hoae kinh ti, nhung khac biet ve van hoa xa hgi, hoac nhii'ng khiem khuyet ve than the.
b) Giao due dai hgc ngay cang da dang hoa v€ md hinh, ve phir(mg phap va ti§u chuan tuyen chon nham dap ihig nhu can va viec eung cap eho sinh vien mgt nen tang tri thiic, ky nang va mgt su dao tao nghiem tiic ma thyc te cugc s6ng doi hoi. Tir do tao dieu kien cho ngudi hgc c6 sy lua chgn hgc tap de chiem ITnh tri thiic khoa hgc.
c) Cung vdi viec tiep tuc coi giao dye dai hoc nhir la mgt dich vu cdng cong, CO mgt xu hirdng thi trudng hoa/
ty nhan hoa giao due dai hgc dang ngay cang r6 n^t. Trong khi su hd trg cua cong quy cho giao dye dai hgc va nghien ciiu van la quan trgng de dam bao mdt thanh tyu can bang cua cac sii menh xa hgi va giao due, thi ngay cang noi len vai tro cua doanh nghiep, nha dau tu trong thiic day phat trien giao due dai hgc hoac hudng hoat ddng cua ca sd giao dye dai hgc ngay cang hudng vao nhu cau thi trudng, gan giao due dai hgc vdi thl trudng lao dgng, vdi khu vyc doanh nghiep, td ehiic theo tinh than huy dgng cac ngudn luc da dang cua xa hgi cho phat trien giao dye dai hgc.
d) Xu hirdng hdi nhap qudc te va quic ti hoa giao due dai hoc ngay cang pho bien va sSu sic. Ngi dung, phuang phap, hinh thiic day va hgc ngay cang dugc thing nhat ve ca ban giiia cac qudc gia (th6ng nhit trong su da dang) dan dua den mgt he thong giao due dai hgc thdng suot the gidi (the gidi phang ve giao dye dai hgc). Theo do, cac cdng cu chuan hoa quic ti va khu vyc da dugc hinh thanh
cho viec c6ng nhan viec hgc tap, bing cap, tiic chiing nhan mang tinh qudc ti ve ky nang va nang lyc cua nhiing ngudi tdt nghiep, giiip sinh vien chuyen d6i cac khoa hgc de dang han giiia cac nudc, tao dieu kien cho su ca dgng ben trong he thdng quoc gia va giiia cae he thdng giao due dai hgc giiia cac nudc vdi nhau.
Vi vay, hoat dgng qu6c te cua giao due dai hgc da trd thanh mgt bg phan hiru ca cua trudng dai hgc, nhu trao ddi kinh nghiem, chuang trinh/ndi dung/phuang phap day va hge, trao ddi giao vien, sinh vien, "nhap khau dai hgc", hgp tac dao tao, hgp tac nghien ciiu, trao ddi hgc thuat, v.v.
e) Giao due dai hgc ngay cang duo'c ty chu, nhat la d6i vdi cac trudng cong lap. Theo dd, ty chu ngay cang phai dugc toan dien, day du han bao dam tinh hieu qua trong quan ly va hoat dgng cda ca sd giao due dai hgc, nhu: tu chu nguin nhan lyc; tu chu trong eac van de lien quan den tuyen sinh va quan ly sinh vien; tu chii trong cac hoat dgng hgc thuat va chuang trinh giao dye; ty ehu trong cac ehuan muc hgc thuat; ty chu trong nghien ciiu va xuat ban, giang day va hudng dan hgc vien cao hgc, eac uu tien trong nghien eiiu va quyen ty do xuit ban; ty chii trong cac van de lien quan din quan ly hanh chinh va tai ehinh, quan ly va su dung ngan sach, cac nguin tai chinh ciia trudng.
f) Xu hudng bao dam chat lugng (Quality Assurance) va nang cao kha nang canh tranh di ddi vdi phat trien hinh thii'c td ehirc giao due dai hgc dudi dang tap doan hoa va cong nghiep hoa (Corporatization and Indutrialization) he thing giao due dai hgc. Chat lugng trong giao dye dai hgc ngay cang da chieu va trd nen xuyen suot trong mgi chiic nang
Top chi Kinh doanh vd Cong nghe So 06/2020
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N G H l i N Ctai TRAO DOI v a n ride - Xd hpi va boat dgng ciia nd: giang day va cac
chuang trinh dao tao, nghien cii'u va hgc thuat, dgi ngii, sinh vien, cau tnic ha tang va moi trudng hgc thuat, theo do liy sinh vien lam trung tam.
g) Giao due dai hgc ngay cang duo'c mang lirdi hda nham bo trg giiip dd, hgp tac lan nhau thanh siic manh du miic de trd thanh cac trung tam san xuat, su dung, phan phoi, xuat khau tri thuc va chuyen giao cong nghe mdi, hien dai;
th6ng qua dao tao ket hgp vdi nghien ciiu de phat hien va thu hiit nhan tai khoa hgc
&c6ng nghe.
h) Ngi ham cua day va hgc trong giang day dai hgc ngay c^ng duffc md rong theo triet Iy "hgc tap suot ddi".
Day hgc khdng cdn chi la "truyen thu"
ma ngay cang chuyen sang "hudng dan",
"gidi thieu"; hgc khong chi la "tiep thu"
ma chuyen sang nhieu hon ve trao doi, suy ngam, lua chgn mang tinh ca nhan va chu dgng han. Thay ciia viec "day hgc"
dugc rad rdng han, thay d trudng, thay d cugc s6ng, thay d xa hgi, thay d sach.
bao, v.v. Hgc ciing dugc md rgng han, kh6ng chi hgc d trudng ma hgc d mgi nai mgi Iiic, nhit la tren mang Internet. Thay ciing phai hgc lien tyc, thudng xuyen di cap nhat cai mdi. Hgc la hgc sudt ddi khi ma thi gidi tri thuc ngay eang dugc bd sung mgt each nhanh ehdng, khi ma cong viec lam ddi hdi ngay cang phai co tri thiic va ky nang da/lien/xuyen nganh nghe, ITnh vyc.
Nhan thiic dugc nhiing dac diim ldn ciia giao due dai hgc va dy kien ve giao due dai hgc trong tuong lai, di ddi vdi thiy dugc nhiing xu hudng van dgng cua giao due dai hge trong thdi gian qua se giiip eho cac ca quan nha nudc co trach nhiem, cac ca sd giao dye dai hgc cd cai nhin ro va sau sac han ve hoat dgng ciia minh, tii dd ed nhiing ddi sach phu hgp de dua nen giao dye dai hgc nudc nha phat trien diing budng va hieu qua, gdp phan tao ra ngudn nhan luc cd chat lugng eao eho xa hgi, dong gop nhiing ket qua nghien ciiu khoa hgc, cdng nghe xuat sac phyc vy phat trien dat nude./.
Tai lieu tham Ichao/
1) Wickipedia
2) Giao trinh giao due dai hgc - Viet Nam va Thi gidi, PGS.TS Trin Khanh Diic- Dai hgc quoc gia Ha ngi
3) http://edufac.edu.vn/library/books/consectetuer-quidem
4) https://www.vnu.edu.vn/ttsk/?C1654/N23435/Giao-duc-dai-hoe-4.0:-lien- xuyen-nganh-va-doi-moi—Sang-tao-de-phat-trien.htra
5) https://vnu.edu.vn/btdhqghn/?C2145/N12636/Tu-chu-dai-hoe:-Xu-the-cua- phat-trien.htm
6) http://www.vanlanguni.edu.vnygiao-duc-dai-hoc-2/378-dai-moi-giao-duc-dai- hoc-theo-huong-hoi-nhap-quoc-te-o-nuoc-ta-hien-nay
7) http://tuyensinhvnuk.edu.vn/xu-huong-quoc-te-hoa-giaa-duc-dai-hoc/
Ngay nhan bai: 06/12/2019
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