QUAN HE QU6C TE
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QUAN HE VIET NAM - CUBA
V
iet Nam va Cuba thiet lap quan he ngoai giao ngay 2/12/1960, trai qua mdt niia the ky, quan he hdp tac toan dien Viet Nam - Cuba da khdng ngflng phat trien va Idn manh. Trong bai vie't nay, chung tdi se trinh bay ve mdi quan he gifla hai nflde tren mot sd' linh vfle quan trong.Trflde tien, chung tdi xin trinh bay sd Iflde ve da't nflde cen ngfldi va lich sif Cuba, la mot trong hai nhan to' quan trong nha't bao dam eho mdi quan he dac biet gifla hai nflde phat trien va Idn manh.
1. Dat nvidc con ngvfdfi va lich suf Cuba.
Cuba la mot q u i n dao Idn quanh nam sdng vd, n i m d vflng bien Caribbean, gdm hdn 1.600 dio, Idn nha't la dao Cuba, vdi tdng dien tich gin 115.000 km^ Cuba n i m trflde ldi vao vinh Mexico, each Hoa Ky 90 h i i ly. P h i n Idn dien tich (75%) la ddng bing, sdng hd it.
Hien nay, dan so' Cuba ed khoang 12 trieu ngfldi. La dat nflde da chung tdc, vdi khoang hdn 70% la ngfldi da t r i n g gd'e Au (chu ye'u la Tay Ban Nha), 14% la ngfldi lai, 12% ngfldi gd'e Phi (da den), cdn lai la ngfldi gd'e A.
Ngfldi dan Cuba thdng minh, than thien va dflng cim, bao td', ngoai xam, cam van deu khdng the khuat phue!
GS. TS. Nguygn Thiet Sdn Vien Nghien cUu Chdu My
Dieu dd da dflde chflng minh qua lich sif hang tram nam hinh thanh va phat trien eua dat nflde Cuba.
Nam 1492, vflng dat hai dao Cuba dflde phat hien va d\i6c the gidi' Chau Au biet de'n. Tfl d i u the ky XVI de'n eudl t h e k y XIX (1511-1898), Tay Ban Nha da xam chiem dao qud'e nay.
Cuba khdng khuat phue, nhieu cude khdi nghia ehd'ng Tay Ban Nha da nd ra, tieu bieu la cude khdi nghia eua thd dan do Tfl trfldng Hatuey lanh dao; cude khdi nghia gianh Ddc lap l i n thfl nha't (1868-1878) do dai dien chii ca'p tien Carlos M. de Cespedes lanh dao; cude khdi nghia gianh Ddc lap l i n thfl hai (1895-1898) dd Jose Marti, Maximo Gomez va Antonio Maceo lanh dao...
Sau thdi ky dai xam Iflde eua thiic dan Tay Ban Nha, My da bien Cuba thanh thudc dia kieu mdi (1898-1958), vdi hai l i n chiem ddng Cuba, lin diu vao nhflng nam 1898-1902 va lin thfl hai vao nhflng nam 1906-1909.
Dang Cong s i n dflde thanh lap kha sdm d Cuba, nam 1925. Phong trao khdi nghia vu trang eua Fidel Castro dflde tien hanh tfl d i u nhflng nam 1950 va de'n thang 11/1959 da thanh cdng, lat dd che dd ddc tai Batista, thanh lap nflde Cong hda Cuba dan chil gifla trflng khdi bien sdng ning va gid.
Mdt dat nflde xa hdi chii nghia da ra ddi vdi nhflng dac tinh eon ngfldi
bien c i nhfl mdt ban anh hflng ea bat tan eua the gidi hien dai.
2. Ve k i n b te va c h i n b tri Cuba.
Ve tai nguyen thien nhien, Cuba la da't nflde cd nhieu khoang san nhu nikel (san lUdng thfl 4 the gidi), ddng, sat, mang-gan, d i u md...; ed khi hau nhiet ddi bien dn boa, da't dai vd'n thich hdp eho viec trdng trot cay cdng nghiep (mia, ea phe, thud'e la, cay an qua,...) va chan nudi dai gia sue; ed nhieu vung bien thd mdng va phong canh thien nhien tuyet dep thich hdp cho viec phat trien du lich.
Mae dfl dflde thien nhien flu dai nhfl vay, nhflng trong nhflng nam
1990, nen kinh te Cuba da rdi vao khimg hoang nghiem trong, nam
1990, kinh te tang trfldng am 2,6%;
nam 1993, GDP giam 35% so vdi trflde khimg hoang (nam 1989). Nam 1998, nd nflde ngoai eua Cuba len tdi 11 ty ddla va nd nflde Nga tdi 21,5 ty rup chuyen ddi. De thoat khdi tinh trang dd, tfl nam 1993, Cuba da cd mot so' bien phap cai each quan trong nhfl:
hdp phap hda quyen sd hflu va suf dung ngoai te ddi vdi nhan dan; ban hanh Luat d i u tfl nflde ngoai mdi (5/9/1995), eho phep tU nhan boat ddng trong mot sd' nganh s i n xua't tieu thu cdng nghiep, budn ban ndng s i n va dich vu, cai each ed ca'u trong ndng nghiep theo hUdng phi tap trung boa va da dang boa s i n pham (thu hep nganh mia dudng va phat trien cae nganh nghe khac), che phep cic cdng ty Idn cua nha nUde dUdc tU can ddi ngdai te - ngeai thUdng true tiep...
Tfl eudl nam 2004, thfle hien chinh sach tap trung quan ly ngoai te va n h i m ehd'ng lai chinh' sach cam van cua My, Cuba da dinh ehi viec sif dung ddng ddla My va thflc hien sif
dung ddng peso chuyen ddi tren thi trfldng noi dia.
Cflng vdi ket qua eua nhflng giai phap cai eaeb kinh te tren day va nhieu giai phap khac, nhflng nam g i n day, kinh te Cuba da cd nhflng bflde phat trien tich cflc va da tang trfldng nhieu nam, nam 2004 tang 5%, 2005:
11,8%, 2006: 12%... Trong tdng kim ngach thfldng mai eiia Cuba, kim ngach vdi Chau My chiem 45%, vdi Chau Au: 31%, vdi Chau A va Trung Ddng: 21%; cae ban hang chinh (2006) cua Cuba la Venezuela (2,5 ty USD), Trung Qud'e (1,5 ty USD), Tay Ban Nha (1,1-1,2 ty USD)...
Nen chinb tri cua Cuba dflde coi la dan chu n h a t d k h u vfle My Latinh, quyen life cao n h a t thudc ve nhan dan va nen dan chu phat trien manh phue vu nhan dan. NgUdi dan Cuba ra't tU had ve dat nUde, eon ngUdi va nen chinh tri cua minh.
Qudc hdi Cuba la cd quan lap phap duy nha't va la ed quan quyen lUe cad nha't ciia Nha nUde Cuba. 0 Cuba, Hdi ddng Nha nUde la ed quan dai dien eua Qud'e hoi Cuba gifla hai nhiem ky.
Cd quan h a n h phap tdi cad cua Cuba la Hdi ddng Bo trfldng. Chu tich Hdi ddng Nha nflde ddng thdi la Chu tich Hoi ddng Bo trfldng.
Dang c i m quyen d Cuba la Dang Cong san Cuba (PCC), dflde thanh lap tfl nam 1965, sau khi hdp nha't Dang Cong s i n va mot so' Phong trao, td cTiflc cich mang khac d Cuba. Dfldi sfl lanh dao eua Dang Cong s i n Cuba, dflng d i u la Chu tich Fidel Castro, nhan dan Cuba da thu dflde nhieu t h i n g ldi trong xay diing va bao ve da't nflde, thiie thi chinh sach ddi noi va ddi ngoai phfl hdp vdi xu hfldng phat trien ciia the gidi, chd'ng ap bfle cua chii nghia de qudc, tich cflc ung
hd phong trao boa binh, ddc lap dan toe, dan chu va CNXH tren k h i p hanh tinh.
Ddi vdi Hoa Ky, trflde day va hien nay, Cuba chu trfldng san sang binh thfldng boa quan he tren cd sd cae nguyen t i e tdn trong ddc lap, chu quyen va quyen tfl quye't, s i n sang trao ddi triic tiep vdi chinh quyen mdi eua Tdng thd'ng Obama ve quan he gifla Cuba vdi Hoa Ky.
3. Mot so n e t ve quan he Viet Nam - Cuba.
Quan he chinh tri
Tfl khi hai nflde thiet lap quan he ngoai giao eho de'n nay, quan he chinh tri gifla Viet Nam va Cuba ludn dflde Dang Cdng s i n , Chinh phu va n h a n dan hai nflde dac biet quan tam p h i t trien. Trflde day, trong chien t r a n h , vi Viet Nam, Cuba s i n sang hien dang c i mau cua minh, Chu tich Fidel Castro da de'n chien trfldng Quang Tri sat canh cung vdi quan va dan Viet Nam.
G i n day, trong chuyen tham va hdi dam d Thu dd La Habana, Tdng bi thfl Ndng Dfle Manh va Chu tich Fidel Castro da k h i n g dinh lai quye't tam cua hai Ding, hai nflde tiep tue phat trien quan he hflu nghi, doan ket, thuy chung, tin cay l i n nhau va hdp tac tdan dien Viet Nam - Cuba.
Quan he chinb tri ben chat gifla Viet Nam va Cuba ngay nay la ket q u i eua qua trinh lau dai ma nhan dan hai nflde da xay dflng. Trong nhflng nam thang chien tranh chd'ng My, cung nhfl nhflng nam thang khd khan sau giai phdng, nhan dan Viet Nam v i n ludn ludn ed Cuba thuy chung dflng canh ung hd va doan ket bao ve. Cac nha lanh dao eua bai nflde ludn eho r i n g , sii phat trien ben chat
eua mdi quan he Viet Nam - Cuba la mdt trong nhflng nhan to quan trong bac nha't gdp p h i n bao ve va phat trien chu nghia xa hdi d hai nflde.
Cdng cude ddi mdi d Viet Nam va cdng cuoc cai each d Cuba tao tien de va bd sung eho nhau tren c i binh dien ly luan va thflc tien xay dflng chu nghia xa hdi.
Trong qua trinh lau dai phat trien tinh hflu nghi dd, Viet Nam va Cuba da cd rat nhieu doan nhan dan, cung nhu lanh dao cap cao den tham va hoe hdi kinh nghiem cua nhau. Ndi bat trong nhflng nam qua la cac chuyen tham Cuba cua Thu tfldng Vd Van Kiet (6/1993), Chu tich nflde Le Dfle Anh (9/1995), Tdng Bi thfl Le Kha Phieu (7/1999), Chu tich nflde Trin Dfle Lfldng (4/2000 va 11/2004), Thu tfldng Nguyen Tan Dung (12/2001, luc dd la Phd Thu tfldng Thfldng trfle), Thil tfldng Phan Van Khii (10/2002), Chil tich Qud'e hdi Nguyin Van An (8/2003 va 3/2006), Tdng Bi thfl Ndng Dfle Manh (3/2004 va 6/2007), Chu tich nflde Nguyin Minh Triet gap Lanh dao cap cao Cuba dip dii Hdi nghi Cap cao Khdng Lien Ket 14 t^i La Habana (9/2006)... va eac chuyen tham Viet Nam cua Chii tich Fidel Castro (12/1995 va 2/2003), Bo trfldng Ngoai giao Roberto Robaina (3/1999), Phd Chil tich Hdi ddng Nha nflde Carlos Lage (12/1999), Bd trUdng Ngdai giao Fehpe P. Roque (2/2001 va 4/2007), Phd Chu tich Raul Castro (4/2005), Chil tich Qud'e hdi Rieardo Alaredn de Quesada (6/2007) va nhieu
doan cap Uy vien Bd Chinh tri, Trung Udng Dang, Bd trUdng, Thfl trUdng nhieu Bd, nganh khac. Lanh dao cap cao hai nUde nhat tri cao tiep tue dUa mdi quan he doan ket, hflu nghi, hdp tac anh em truyen thd'ng, di vao chieu sau va hieu qui, phu hdp vdi the
manh va tiem nang cua mdi nflde; tiep tue hd trd nhau tren cae dien dan qud'e te (Lien hdp qud'e, Phong trao khdng lien ket, Hdp tac Nam-Nam, Dien dan Hdp tac Ddng A - My Latinh...), cung nhfl trong sU nghiep xay dung va bao ve td qudc d mdi nUde.
Quan he kinh te
Quan he kinh te la mot trong nhflng bieu hien td't dep eua mdi quan he gifla Viet Nam va Cuba.
Cho den nay, Uy ban Lien Chinh phii Viet Nam - Cuba da tien hanh 25 ky hop hang nam. Ky hop 25 da dflde tien hanh vao thang 9 nam 2008 tai La Habana nham muc dich day manh va nang cao hdn nfla quan he hdp tac kinh te, thfldng mai, kbda hdc cdng nghe cho tUdng xflng vdi mdi quan he chinh tri td't dep gifla hai nflde. Ddng chu tich Uy ban Lien chinh phu, Bd trfldng Rieardo Cabricas khang dinh ky hop da "md ra mdt thdi ky mdi phat trien sau rdng quan he kinh te song phfldng" gifla hai nflde; viec trao ddi kinh nghiem trong cac linh vfle nang Ifldng, ndng nghiep, tin hoc va viin thdng, cdng nghe sinh hoc, giao thdng van t i i , xay dflng, nghe ea va du lich se rat quan trong eho sfl phat trien eua Cuba. Phia Viet Nam mong mud'n md rdng hdp t i e vdi Cuba tren nhieu linh viic n h i m phat trien s i n xuat kinh doanh d hai nflde, cung nhfl d cae nflde khac; Viet Nam tiep tue cung cap gao eho Cuba tren tinh t h i n
"Viet Nam cd Ifldng thfle thi Cuba khdng the thieu Ifldng thflc", Viet Nam tiep tue trd giup Dfl an trdng lua ho gia dinh d Cuba (da dflde tien hanh qua hai giai dean trong nhflng nam 2003-2006) giai doan ba vdi kinh phi tang gap 10 l i n so vdi giai doan hai.
Viet Nam cung trd giup Dfl an san
xuat ngd va dau tfldng, Dfl an phat trien nudi trdng thuy san. Viet Nam dang trien khai xay dflng Chfldng trinh Tdng the hd trd an ninh Ifldng thflc giup Cuba cho giai doan 2010- 2015. Ddng thdi Viet Nam cflng cung cap cho Cuba nhieu bo gid'ng cay trdng d\S.6c chon loc nhfl ca chua, khoai lang, do xanh, dau tfldng, ngd, nhieu loai gid'ng rau xanh...
Ngay nay, trong sd' tren 170 ban hang eua Cuba, Viet Nam la ban hang thfl sau*^\ vdi mflc xua't khau sang Cuba nam 2008 la 480 trieu USD. Nhieu n a m qua, quan he thfldng mai gifla hai nflde ludn tang len. Kim ngach hai chieu nam 2005:
247 trieu, 2006: g i n 300 trieu USD, 2007 tren 300 trieu USD. Viet Nam xua't khau sang Cuba chu ye'u la gao, t h a n da, thiet hi dien tii, dien gia dung (may tinh, quat dien, bdng den compact, giay dep, q u i n ao, dung cu cd khi c i m tay, ddng dflde...) va nhap eua Cuba chu ye'u la dflde pham, dflde lieu. Hai ben cung da ed nhieu hdp tac cd hieu qua trong linh vfle d i u khi. Dae biet la sfl giup dd eua Cuba trong viec thfle hien dfl an tham dd va khai thae d i u khi gifla Tap doan d i u khi Qud'e gia Viet Nam (PetroVietnam) va Cdng ty D i u khi Nha nflde Cuba (CuPet) tai vflng Vinh Mexico va tren da't lien Cuba.
Viet Nam cung dang cd nhflng dii kien quan trong hdp tac vdi Cuba trong linh vfle khai thae khoang sin, s i n xuat may tinh, phat trien d i u khi tai Cuba.
Quan he hdp tdc trong mot sd linh VUc khdc
Trong nhieu linh vfle khac, Viet Nam va Cuba da hdp t i e va hd trd nhau rat hieu qua, dac biet la trong nhflng va'n de van hda - xa hdi, phdng
chd'ng thien tai, benh tat, phat trien nhflng nganh nghe ma hai ben cd the manh.
Nhflng luc nhan dan Cuba gap thien tai, nhan dan Viet Nam tich cflc ung hd nhan dan Cuba k h i e phuc hau qua nang ne do thien tai gay ra. G i n day, nhan dan khap moi mien Viet Nam da tien hanh quyen gdp giup nhan dan Cuba k h i e phue hau q u i cua hai edn bao Gustav va Ike...
Viet Nam va Cuba ludn duy tri va tang efldng trao ddi cic doan chuyen gia hoc tap kinh nghiem va nang cao trinh do chuyen mdn trong cae linh vfle ndng nghiep, chan nudi, xay dflng, y te, nudi trdng thuy sin, y dflde... Cuba da giup Viet Nam dao tao hdn 1000 can bd trinh do dai hoe va tren dai hoe trong nhieu nganh nghe khac nhau; Viet Nam cflng giup Cuba dao tao sinh vien hoe tieng Viet va tfl nam 2007, tiep tue danh cho Cuba 10 s u i t hoc bdng mdi nam hoc tap tieng Viet, van hoa Viet Nam va mdt sd'chuyen nganh khac.
Ve quan sii, hai ben da ed nhieu doan lanh dao cap cao quan sfl tham vieng l i n nhau, cflng chia se kinh nghiem b i o tri vfl khi, xay dflng life Ifldng phdng ve va huan luyen thflc hanh cflu he, phdng ehd'ng tham hpa thien nhien...
Cd the cho ring, quan he hdp tac tdan dien eua Viet Nam va Cuba la met mdi quan he dac biet, dflde phat trien qua thif thach lich sif 50 nam.
Dd la mdt mdi quan he ddng cam chan thanh, vd tfl. Ddi vdi Cuba, nhflng thach thfle khd'e liet eiia thien nhien, thach thflc tan bao eua ngoai xam, thach thfle sd'ng edn gay gat cua cam van, eua Chien tranh Lanh, ciia canh tranh qudc te,... deu khdng the khuat phuc dflde nhflng eon ngfldi Cuba thdng minh, than thien va dflng cim, nhd dd da ket ndi mdt mdi quan he chan tinh hdp tac toan dien hflu nghi anh em vdi nhan dan Viet Nam yeu hda binh, e i n cu thdng minh dflng len hien ngang tfl bao cude chien tranh xam Iflde tan bao eua nflde ngoai, tfl bao thach thfle eua thien nhien va bdi nhap qud'e te thdi hien dai hdm nay.
Thfle te quan he Viet Nam - Cuba da va se la nhfl vay, khdng ed ly dd gi can trd dflde mdi quan he hdp tac toan dien Viet Nam - Cuba ngay eang phat trien Idn manh, ben vflng •
Chu thich:
(1). Theo Diln dan cd hoi kinh doanh v6i Cuba, FIHAV, La Habana ngay 8/11/2008:
gom Venezuela, Trung Quoc, Canada, Tay Ban Nha, Brazil va Viet Nam.
