CHINH TRI - LUAT
OUAN HE VIET ^ MY: NHUNC THACH THUt
^ ^^
TRONG NHIEM KY CUA TONG THONG OBAMA
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hien thang trong cude bau eif thang 11/2008 da dUa dng Barack Obama trd thanh tdng thd'ng da mau dau tien trong lich sU Hoa Ky. NgUdi dan My trdng ddi Chinh quyen ciia dng Obama cd the xoay chuyen tinh hinh khiing hoang kinh te d My va khdi phue hinh anh va vi the ciia My tren trUdng qudc te.Sau 4 thang dau cam quyen, dng Obama da lam dUdc nhieu viec va dieu chinh mot so chinh sach ciia Chinh quyen George W. Bush, trong dd cd chinh sach dd'i ngoai. Chuyen tham chau A dau tien tren cUdng vi Ngoai trifdng ciia ba Clinton da cho thay sii chii y dac biet eiia Tdng thd'ng Obama ddi vdi khu vUc nay. Trong bdi canh dd, Viet Nam se d dau trong chinh sach khu vUc ciia My? Chinh quyen Obama se gap phai nhUng thach thiic gi trong viec phat trien quan he vdi Viet Nam?
1. Tong quat q u a n he Viet - My tvf nam 1995
a) Quan he chinh tri vd ngoai giao Viet Nam va My da thiet lap quan he ngoai giao tif thang 7 nam 1995.
Trong hdn 13 nam qua, quan he song phUdng da phat trien kha toan dien tren cac linh vUc tif chinh tri, kinh te, den nhUng hoat dong nhan dao va van hda. Cac cude gap cap cao dien ra thudng xuyen. Tdng thd'ng Bill
TS. Ta Minh Tuan Hoc vien Ngoai giao Clinton da den t h a m Viet Nam vao thang 11 nam 2000 va Tdng thd'ng George W. Bush vao thang 11 nam 2006. Vdi miic do quan he giUa hai nude, viec Tong thd'ng My den tham Viet Nam hai lan trong sau nam la mdt dieu hiem tha'y. Cac nha lanh dao Viet Nam da tham chinh thiie Hoa Ky ba lan trong vdng bdn nam qua. Neu so sanh quan he ciia Viet Nam vdi nhieu dd'i tac truyen thd'ng khac, chang ban nhU Nga, thi viec nay chUa he cd tien le. NhUng cude vieng tham cap cao da tao diing nen mdt khudn khd hdp tac chd hai qud'e gia.
Thiic te, quan he chinh tri dUde cai thien cho tha'y Viet Nam va Hoa Ky cd the tif ke thii tren chien trUdng trd thanh dd'i tac trong hdp tac bang giao.
Dii chi mdi d bude dau, song qua trinh tiep xiic giiia hai nUdc da gdp phan tang eUdng long tin. Mot vi du dien hinh la cude dd'i thoai chien lUdc ve cac van de chinh tri va an ninh dUde td chiie tai Ha Noi vao thang 10 nam 2008. Hai ben da thao luan thang than va xay diing mot loat cac van de Cling quan tam, va thanh phan tham du ddi thoai (bao gom cac quan chiie ngoai giao, quan sii va an ninh) da cho tha'y thien ehi eua mdi ben mud'n thao luan mot each cdng khai ve nhUng khac biet trong cac gia tri va vai trd ciia minh trong cac mdi quan he song phUdng.
b) Linh viic kinh te
Trong ba nam dau sau khi thiet lap quan he ngoai giao, hdp tac kinh te dat dUde nhieu thanh tiiu vUdt bac.
ThUdng mai hai chieu tang nhanh.' Tuy nhien, trong giai doan 1997-1999, td'e do tang trUdng trd nen khiem td'n do anh hUdng ciia cude khiing hoang kinh te Chau A va sU thieu vang mdt Hiep dinh ThUdng mai song phUdng.'^
Ddng liic mdi cho quan he kinh te Viet - My khdi dau vao thang 7 nam 2000 khi hai nUde ky Hiep dinh ThUdng mai Sdng phUdng (BTA). Day la hiep dinh thUdng mai toan dien nha't ma Viet Nam da tiing ky vdi mdt qud'e gia khac. Hiep dinh dUde xay diing diia tren he thd'ng luat le ciia To chile ThUdng mai the gidi (WTO), treng dd cdng nhan Viet Nam la mdt nUde dang phat trien vdi trinh do phat trien kinh te tha'p. Chinh vi the, hiep dinh nay cung da gdp phan thiic day mong mud'n gia nhap WTO eiia Viet Nam.
Cimg vdi viec ky ket BTA, quan he kinh te da tang trUdng rd ret. Hoa Ky trd thanh mdt trong nhUng ban hang Idn nha't ciia Viet Nam. Kim ngach thUdng mai tang nhanh tif gan 1,6 ty ddla nam 2001 len gan 15,7 ty ddla nam 2008.^ Thang 12 nam 2006, My da trao Viet Nam quy che thUdng mai binh thUdng vinh viln (PNTR), tao dieu kien cho thUdng mai hai chieu tang manh hdn. Nam 2007. Hoa Ky la thi trUdng Idn nha't dd'i vdi cac mat hang xua't khau ciia Viet Nam vdi tdng doanh thu 10,6 ty ddla,' va den cudi nam 2008 la 12,9 ty ddla.' Cho den thang 9 nam 2007, dau tU ciia My vao Viet Nam kha Idn, Ude tinh khoang 2,6 ty ddla, xep thii 7 trong eac nha dau tu nUde ngoai. Tuy nhien, theo sd lieu ciia phia My, dau tu ciia My cd the ga'p ddi con sd' dd va My diing thil 5 trong danh sach cac nha
dau tu. De tao dieu kien phat tnen quan he kinh te, Viet Nam va My da ky Hiep dinh khung ThUdng mai va Dau tu (TIFA) vad thang 6 nam 2008.
c) An ninh vd qudc phong
Hdp tac an ninh va qud'e phdng dan dUde thue day song v l n edn kha than trong. Bd trUdng Qud'e phdng Viet Xam tham Hda Ky lan dau tien vad thang 11 nam 2003, danh da'u bUde cudi cung trong tien trinh binh thudng hda hoan toan quan he Viet - My. Cac quan ehUe qud'e phdng My cung thUdng xu>'en tham Viet Nam, trong dd cd ba tau hai quan va mdt tau y te da cap cang Viet Nam. Nam 2002, Viet Nam da giii quan sat vien den cude tap tran quan sii hang nam "Cobra Gold" giUa My.
Singapore va Thai Lan. Viet Nam da tham gia ChUdng trinh Huan luyen Quan sii Qud'e te (IMET) du chi mdi diing d viec hoc tieng Anh. Viet Nam cung hd trd My trong cude chien chd'ng khiing bd' bang viec hai lan cho phep may bay My bay qua khdng phan Viet Nam; cung ca'p thdng tin cho Chinh quyen My ve cac td chUc va ea nhan thudc dien tinh nghi; kiem soat cac giao dich ngan hang va iing hd Tuyen bd Chd'ng khiing bd' giUa My va ASEAN d Brunei vao thang 7 nam 2002.
d) Trong cdc linh vUc khac
Hdp tac Sdng phUdng d cac linh vUc khac phat trien kha nhanh, nha't la trdng van de nhan dao. Hoa Ky ludn hoan nghenh nd liic ciia phia Viet Nam trong viec tim kiem ngUdi My mat tich trong chien tranh Viet Xam.
Viet Nam edn hdp tac tich cUc vdi phia My trdng viec giai quyet van de dan ti nan. Hdn 500.000 ngudi Viet Xam da di cU va sinh sd'ng d My thdng qua ChUdng trinh Ra di cd trat tu (ODPj va eac chUdng trinh khac nhU Chu'cinu trinh Cd hdi tai dinh cU cho ngifdi ti nan Viet Nam (ROVR), ChUdng trinh
danh cho nhUng ngUdi tifng hi giam trong cac trai cai tao (HO). Tien bo cung dat dUdc d mot so' linh viic hdp tac khac nhU giao due, da'u tranh chd'ng budn lau thud'e phien va tdi ac xuyen qud'e gia, ngan chan HIV/AIDS, ciiu trd thien tai, tim kiem va ciiu nan.
Dong liic chinh dang sau nhUng thanh tiiu vUdt bac tren chinh la Idi ich chung ciia hai nUdc. Nhiing Idi ich nay se tiep tue "dan dUdng" cho quan he Viet - My trong tUdng lai. Triidc he't, ea hai ben deu mud'n ban gan vet thUdng chien tranh. Dd'i vdi My, Uu tien hang dau van la kiem ke mdt each day dii nhat ed the cac quan nhan ma't tich trong chien tranh (MIA) d Viet Nam, vi day khdng chi la va'n de nhan dao ma edn la ap lUc tif ndi bo nude My. Ve phia Viet Nam.
giai quye't hau qua chien tranh cang ca'p thiet hdn. Hang trieu ngUdi van dang phai chiu diing hau qua dai dang ciia cha't ddc mau da cam ma Hoa Ky da sii dung d Viet Nam. Chu nhiem Uy ban Qudc gia ve dieu tra hau qua ciia cac hda chat sii dung trong chien tranh Ude tinh rang Viet Nam phai ma't hdn mot the ky mdi ed the khac phue dUde hau qua eua chat ddc mail da cam. Cac nghien eiiu cho thay trong nhUng khu vUc bi nhiem cha't doc mail da cam, ty le hien tUdng ba't thudng khi sinh de ra't cao, chang ban nhu cac ca say thai, sinh non va che't yeu. Khoang hai trieu ngUdi da hi nhiem chat hda hoe ciic ddc va 50.000 tre bi di tat bam sinh la do cha me tiing hi nhiem ddc. Ba mUdi nam sau chien tranh, hang trieu qua bom min edn lai van cUdp di sinh mang ciia nhieu ngUdi Viet Nam. Va dii cho Hoa Ky da tim dUdc hdn 1.000 quan nhan thdng qua ChUdng trinh MIA nhUng Viet Nam van cd hdn 300.000 ngUdi mat tich trong chien tranh ehUa xac dinh dUde danh tinh.
Thi2 hai, cac Idi ich kinh te la yeu to' quan trong anh hudng den qua trinh binh thUdng hda. Vdi dan so' 86 trieu dan va 70% trong so' dd dUdi do tudi 40, Viet Nam ed the la mdt thi trUdng tUdng dd'i Idn cho cac loai hang hda va dich vu eiia My. Viet Nam la qud'e gia ddng dan thii 12 tren the gidi va thii 2 d Ddng Nam A. Trong khu viic, Viet Nam dUde xem la manh dat trd'ng cud'i ciing cho cac nha dau tu.
Viec Viet Nam gia nhap ASEAN cung gia tang Idi ich cho phia My neu Viet Nam thiic hien thanh cdng cac cai each kinh te. Theo thd'ng ke ciia Ngan hang The gidi (WB), binh thudng hda quan he kinh te vdi Viet Nam se mang den nguon thu nha't dinh cho My,*' mac dii con sd' cu the se thay ddi qua cac nam. La mot t h a n h vien eiia Khu viic mau dich tU do ASEAN, Viet Nam ed the mang lai cd hdi thUdng mai va dau tU ra't Idn chd Hoa Ky. Xet ve khdi lUdng hang hda xuat khau eiia My vao khu viic Thai Binh Dudng, nam 2000 ASEAN la thi trUdng hap dan chi xep sau Nhat Ban va tren ea Trung Qud'e, Hong Kong va Han Qud'e.' ASEAN cung la diem den quan trong ciia cac nha dau tU My.** Vdi Id trinh cua AFTA, ASEAN trong dd cd Viet Nam se trd t h a n h dd'i tac thUdng mai va dau tU ngay cang quan trong vdi My. Viet Nam xem Idi ich kinh te trdng quan he vdi Hoa Ky la can thiet, giiip Viet Nam thiie hien muc tieu qud'e gia quan trong nha't - dd la hien dai hda va cdng nghiep hda nen kinh te. Viet Nam hieu rd tam quan trong ciia dd'i tac My tren ta't ca cac khia canh thi trUdng, dau tif, nguon vdn, cdng nghe va bi quye't san xua't. Vai trd chii dao cua My trong cac the che kinh te va tai chinh toan eau nhif Td chiic ThUdng mai The gidi, Quy Tien te Qud'e te, Ngan hang The gidi,...
khie'n cho anh hudng eiia qud'e gia nay cang Idn hdn. Kinh nghiem ciia cac nen kinh te Ddng A cung da cho thay vai trd rat quan trong ciia thi trUdng, nguon vd'n va cdng nghe eiia My trong thanh cdng kinh te eiia ho.
Thii ba. ca Viet Nam va My deu ed Idi ich trdng sii dn dinh va phat trien eua Ddng Nam A.° Dd'i vdi Viet Nam, quan he hdp tac va than thien vdi Trung Qud'e va cac qud'e gia Ddng Nam A la can thiet de bad dam an ninh va hda binh cho Viet Nam. Viet Nam tham gia ASEAN la bieu hien rd rang nha't ve cac Uu tien dd'i ngoai ciia minh. Trong cac tinh toan chien lUdc cua My, Viet Nam vdi vi tri chien lude ciia minh la mot mat xich quan trong trong an ninh cua khu viic Ddng Nam A. Vi My ed Idi ich trdng viec duy tri quyen tU do di lai tren vung bien d Ddng Nam A, va do tam quan trong chien lUde ciia bien Ddng ma nhiing tranh cha'p d day trdng nhiing nam tdi ed the tang len, budc My phai chii y hdn den khu viie. Su tham gia ciia Viet Nam vao dien dan ARE va APEC la mot kenh quan trong trong quan he hdp tac My - Viet. Ca'u triic an ninh chien lUdc dang thay ddi vdi nhieu dien bie'n'phifc tap d Chau A ngay cang khang dinh vai trd quan trong cua Viet Nam trong quan he qud'e te d khu viic.
2. Thach thufc doi vdi Chinh quyen Obama
Trong nhiem ky ciia Tong thd'ng Obama, chinh sach eua My dd'i vdi khu vUc Chau A - Thai Binh DUdng se ed the edn cd nhieu dieu chinh va thay ddi. Khi biic tranh quan he ve kinh te va chinh tri tUdng dd'i td't, thi chic chan Viet Nam cung se la mot phan trong chinh sach khu viic ciia My va
quan he Viet - My se dUde xem xet dieu chinh bdi Chinh quyen ciia dng Obama. Du eac van de trong quan he song phUdng khdng hoan toan mdi, vi du nhan quyen, tii do tdn giao, dan chii hda va eac va cham trong quan he kinh te, song cung can thdi gian va nd liic hai ben de giai quyet, trong dd tinh chii ddng cua phia My cd vai trd quan trong.
ThiC nhat, hai qud'e gia cd he thd'ng chinh tri khac nhau. Dieu nay khdng chi can trd quan he hien tai ma edn cd the gay ra ba't ddng sau sac hdn trong tUdng lai. Khuynh hUdng eiia Hoa Ky la ap dat cac gia tri eua minh len eac qud'e gia cd he thd'ng chinh tri khac vdi minh. Tdng thd'ng Clinton da khang dinh: "Qua trinh binh thUdng hda va tiep xiie giUa My va Viet Nam se thiie day phong trao tu do d Viet Nam nhu da dien ra d Ddng Au va Lien bang Xd Viet".'" Muc tieu nay se tiep tue ehi phdi chinh sach ciia My dd'i vdi Viet Nam va nd cd the gay anh hudng xa'u den quan he song phUdng.
Viec Ha vien My tifng thdng qua "Dao luat Nhan quyen Viet Nam" vao nam 2000 va Bd Ngoai giao My xep Viet Nam vao danh sach "Cac qud'e gia can quan tam dac biet" trong Dao luat Tii do Tdn giao thang 9 nam 2005 la nhUng bang chiing cho tha'y Hoa Ky mud'n can thiep vao va'n de ndi bd ciia Viet Nam. Dieu nay ed the tiep tue la ly do khie'n Viet Nam than trong ve y dd ciia Hoa Ky dd'i vdi Viet Nam va nhUng lo ngai khac. Cac cude dd'i thoai song phUdng ve nhan quyen da dUde ndi lai, nhUng lieu Chinh quyen eiia dng Obama ed the vUdt qua du^c nhiing dinh kien cua Chinh quyen Bush de phi chinh tri hoa van de nhan quyen hay khdng'.' Chinh quyen mdi ciia dng Obama ed the nhin ra nhUng that bai trong chinh sach nhan
quyen cua dng Bush de dieu chinh va thiic day quan he chat hdn vdi Chau A ndi chung va Viet Nam ndi rieng hay khdng? Trong bd'i canh nUde My suy yeu tUdng dd'i va dang phai tap trung ehd'ng suy thoai kinh te, cd the nUde My can cd them ban be, hoac it nha't la khdng tao them ke thu va day cac nude d ngoai vi ra xa hdn. Vi the, mdt chinh sach mem deo va bdt "ngao man" trong va'n de nhan quyen se cd Idi hdn cho My.
Tha hai, trong chinh sach hien nay ciia My, Viet Nam khdng phai la mdt Uu tien chien lUde. Ciing gid'ng nhu quan he ciia My vdi mdt sd' qud'e gia nhd khac, Viet Nam ed nguy cd bi thudng xuyen "bd qua" so vdi cac Uu tien toan cau va khu viic eiia My. Khi cude chien chd'ng khiing bd' trd thanh tam diem chinh sach an ninh va dd'i ngdai My, cung nhU chinh sach ciia My dd'i vdi Chau A chi tap trung vao mot sd' van de ndi com hoac cac cude khiing hoang, thi vi tri eua Viet Nam se edn thap hdn va khdng dUdc chu y trdng chUdng trinh dd'i ngoai eua Chinh quyen My. Mac du trong nhUng nam qua, quan he song phUdng da dUde cai thien dang ke, nhUng nhin chung gidi quan sat chinh tri van nhat tri rang, tam quan trong eiia Viet Nam dUdng nhU van hi dat trong mdi quan he ciia My vdi Trung Qud'e.
Khi dng Obama len nham chiic, ngUdi ta da by vong vao sii dieu chinh chinh sach ciia dng vdi Ddng Nam A.
Thiic te trong 4 thang qua, khu viic nay dang nhan dUde sii quan tam nhieu hdn ciia My. NhUng lieu dieu dd ed thiic sii lam cho vi tri ciia Viet Nam tang len tUdng iing hay khdng? Ndi each khac, Viet Nam trong chinh sach ciia Chinh quj^en Obama se dUde dieu chinh bdi mdi quan he My - ASEAN, My - Trung Qudc hay van diing lai d
miic do nhU hien nay va chi ddn thuan phu thuoc vao nhiing Idi ich ciia My d Viet Nam? Neu Viet Nam trdng ddi mot vi tri cao hdn trong chinh sach eua My, thi dau la nhUng ndi ham can thiet, xet tif phia My, de thiic day mdi quan he nay? Cac nha nghien ciiu Viet Nam van ludn tii dat ra cau hdi ve vi tri cua Viet Nam, dieu dd ehi ed the ndi len mdt dieu r i n g Viet Nam thiic sii quan tam den mdi quan he vdi My.
Mat khac, khi so sanh quan he Viet - My trong thdi ky Bill Clintdn va Gedrge W. Bush, ngUdi ta ed the nhan tha'y dng Bush da lam dUde rat nhieu viec de tang cUdng quan he vdi Viet Nam va khi dng rdi Nha Trang, dng da de lai mdt di san kha vUng chac. NhU vay, Chinh quyen Obama se phai nd lUc de vUdt qua ca nhUng thanh tich ciia Chinh quyen Bush.
Thii ba, yeu td' lich sii cung rat quan trdng trong quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky. Quan he nay trUde nay van hi che phii bdi di san ciia mdt trdng nhUng cude chien tranh dam mau nha't ciia the ky XX. Mac du khdng the phu nhan thiic te r i n g hdp tac song phUdng da gdp phan han gan qua khii, nha't la khi viec giai quye't va'n de MIA/POW va don dep cac vat lieu gay nd dang tien trien ra't tich ciic, song ky tie ciia chien tranh chac chan van se con chi phdi chinh sach eiia My dd'i vdi Viet Nam. Cuoc chien d Viet Nam khdng ehi la va'n de tinh cam ma edn gay chia re trong chinh nude My. Tai Quo'c hoi My, trong cude hop hang nam trUdc day ve viec keo dai mien ap dung luat Jackson-Vanik vdi Viet Nam, van ed nhUng tieng ndi ehd'ng lai viec binh thUdng hda va cai thien quan he vdi Viet Nam. Du nhdm phan dd'i nay khdng hoan toan ddng nha't vdi nhau ve nguyen nhan song phan nhieu la xua't phat tif ganh nang
Ciia qua khU. Dieu nay cung dan den viec phia My van khdng chiu thifa nhan nhUng viec lam trong cude chien tranh, dac biet la hau qua cha't ddc da cam - dioxin. Day ciing la ganh nang qua khii cua eac the he ngUdi Viet. Du Viet Nam cd truyen thd'ng nhan
nghia, nhUng khdng de gi ban gan vet thUdng chien t r a n h edn hien rd mdi ngay d khap ndi. Hoa Ky can tich ciic hdn trdng viec giiip dd cac nan nhan nhiem chat ddc mau da cam. Mdt eii chi giiip dd tii phia My se khdng chi la mot hanh ddng nhan dao ma edn la mdt tin hieu rd rang ve mong mud'n chinh tri va chinh sach thien ehi eiia My ve viec bd lai qua khii, ciing nhau hanh ddng vi tUdng lai quan he hai nUde. Lieu Chinh quyen Obama ed the dd'i mat va tra Idi hang trieu nan nhan hay khdng? Ong Obama ed the cd hanh ddng cu the tich ciic hd trd Viet Nam khac phue hau qua eiia chien tranh hay khdng? Neu dng cd the thiic hien dUde, chac chan quan he song phUdng se phat trien td't dep hdn. Dieu quan trdng hdn la Viet Nam va Hoa Ky se xda tan ngd viic va tang eUdng hieu biet lan nhau, ed nhU vay mdi dat nen tang cho mdt mdi quan he ben vQng.
Thii tii, Viet Nam xem hdp tac kinh te la Uu tien hang dau trong quan he Viet - My. Mac du cac vu kien tdm va ca ba sa da phan nao lam cho phia Viet Nam lo ngai ve chinh sach bao hd mau dich ciia My, nhUng My la mdt trong nhUng thi trUdng xua't kha!u hang dau ciia Viet Nam, va Viet Nam mud'n tiep tue md rong thi trUdng My. Viec trien khai thanh cdng Hiep dinh BTA trong nhUng nam tdi se tao nen tang cho quan he hUu nghi hdn giiia hai nUde. Di nhien, ciing vdi sii tang cudng trao ddi kinh te, miic do le thudc giifa hai qudc gia se tang len. va nhU the cang gdp
phan tang cUdng eac tieng ndi iing hd trong cdng ddng Viet Nam va Hoa Ky ve viec xay diing md'i quan he nay ben chat hdn nUa vi Idi ich kinh te eiia ca hai ben. Ben canh thUdng mai. My cung cd the thuc day dau tu manh hdn vad Viet Nam. Rd rang, miic do dau tU ciia Hoa Ky vao Viet Xam chua tUdng xiing vdi tiem nang eiia minh. Tuy nhien day lai chinh la bai toan khd dd'i vdi Chinh quyen dng Obama. Khi nen kinh te My dang lam vao suy thoai nghiem trong nhat trong vdng 60 nam qua, thi lieu My cd san sang tiep tue md ciia thi trUdng va ung hd tii do thUdng mai nUa hay khdng, ha>' nUde My se gia tang chii nghia bad hd mau dich? Da ed cac dau hieu rd rang cho tha'y My dang di theo hUdng nay. Ngoai ra, hang loat tap doan va cdng ty hang dau ciia My gap khd khan trong kinh doanh hoac sup do se anh hudng nghiem trong tdi cac ddng vd'n dau tU ra nUde ngoai eiia ho. NhU vay, ca hai nhan td' nay cd tac ddng triic tiep tieu ciic tdi quan he thUdng mai va dau tU cua My vdi Viet Nam. Chinh treng thdi diem khiing hoang kinh te, Viet Nam lai can den vd'n va thi trUdng hdn bao gid bet; va My la mdt muc tieu dUdng nhien Viet Nam hudng tdi. Mot khi chinh nUde My edn dang phai vat Idn vdi cac va'n de kinh te eiia minh thi lieu Chinh quyen Obama ed the danh cho Viet Nam them sii Uu dai nao khdng?
Cd the hd trd dudi hinh thiic nao (md ciia thi trUdng hoac khuyen khich doanh nghiep My dau tU) de quan he kinh te tiep tue tang hay khdng?
3. Ket luan
Cd the ndi, du hai nUde da di mot chang dudng dai, song quan he Viet Xam va Hoa Ky viin edn bi anh hUdng bdi Ciic di san ciia chien tranh. Sd mat nhieu thdi gian va nd lUc vu()t bac de
hai qud'e gia vUdt qua qua khii va bat dau mot giai doan hoan toan mdi trong quan he song phUdng: quan he dd'i tac hdp tac toan dien. Ldi ich giao thoa van la nen tang vUng chac cho hdp tac song phUdng phat trien dii edn cd mdt so' cang thang trong quan he.
Bang each tap trung vao nhUng linh viic cd the hdp tac t h a n h cdng va tranh nhUng chii de cd the anh hudng xa'u den quan he song phUdng, hai nUde se tang cUdng hieu biet va phu thudc lan nhau, tii dd tao ra mdt mdi trUdng chinh tri t h u a n ldi cho viec xay diing quan he hdp tac ciing cd ldi chd hai ben. Mot quan he mdi hdp tac giUa Hoa Ky va Viet Nam se khdng chi ed ldi cho hai qudc gia ma edn gdp phan vao ciing ed' hda binh, an ninh va phat trien ciia khu viic. Nen tang ed ban tren ta't ea cac linh vUc da dUdc xay diing. Van de ehi edn la lam sad Chinh quyen ciia Tdng thd'ng Barack Obama giai quyet dUdc nhUng thach thiie da neu tren de dUa quan he hai nUde di vao chieu sau •
Chil thich:
1) Thu'fing mai hai chieu tang tif 7 trieu dola len 1,4 ty dola trong nam 1997.
2) Cac mat hang xuat khau tii Viet Nam van phai chiu thue cao, giam tinh canh tranh so vdi cac mat hang den tif cac nu6c ASEAN khac. Viet Nam phai chi tra miic thue tong cong hdn 20% tren cac mat hang chiu thue ciia minh trong khi Thai Lan vdi quy che toi hue quo'c chi phai chiu 8-9%. La mot trong sau nifdc (cung vdi Lao, Cuba, Bac Trieu
Tien, Afghanistan va Serbia) chUa difcic hUdng quy che "quan he thifdng mai binh thudng" (NTR) vdi My, Viet Nam phai chiu mile thue trung binh khoang 40"o, cao gap mifdi lan so vdi miic thue danh cho cac nifdc difdc hifdng quy che NTR.
3) U.S. Census Bureau, Trade with Vietnam 2008, http://www.census.gov/foreign- trade/balance/c5520.html#2008
4) U.S. Census Bureau, Trade with Vietnam 2007, http://www.census.gov/foreign- trade/balance/c5520.html#2007
5) U.S. Census Bureau, Trade with Vietnam 2008, http://www.census.gov/foreign' trade/balance/c5520.html#2008
6) Emiko Fukase and Will Martin, "The Effect of the US's granting MEN status to Vietnam", The World Bank, 1999.
7) Richard Sokolsky, Angel Rabasa, C.R.Neu
"The role of Southeast Asia in US strategy toward China", RAND, 2000, p. 6
8) Chfing han, tif nam 1990 den nam 1997, vo'n dau tU triic tiep nifdc ngoai ciia My (FDD tang tif 11,8 ty dola len 37,5 ty dola, vUdt qua ca miic dau tif ciia My d Nhat 35,6 ty dola va Brazil 35,7 ty dola. Dau tif trUc tiep cua My vao ASEAN gap 7 lan so vdi miic dau tif vao Trung Quo'c va gan gap doi so vdi Hong Kong. Xem Statistical Abstract, 1998, No. 1312; Survey of Current Business, July 1998, p.43.
9) "American trade negotiations with Vietnam", Testimony of Ambassador Charlene Barshefsky, US Trade Representative before Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittees on International Economic Policy and Asia Pacific Affairs, August 4th, 1999.
10) Bill CUnton, "US Normalizes relations with Vietnam", speech delivered in Washington, D.C, 11 July 1995.
Bdi vie't tham gia De tdi KXOl-03106-10.
