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QUI H O A C H SEVH T H A I H U Y E N KIM BOI, TINH HOA BINH DOAN HUONG MAI Trucmg Dgi hoc Khoa hpc Tu nhien, Dgi hpc Quoc gia Ha Ngi Kim Bdi Ii mgt huyfn mien niii thugc tinh Hda Binh cich Ha Ndi 100km. Cimg vdi sy phat triln chung cua dit nude, Kim Bdi dumg trudcmgt thach thircmdi ciia sy phat trien. Vdi nhthig net vin hda dan tdc truyin thong die trung va cic hf sinh thii (HST) die thii (Khu Bao tin thien nhien (BTTN) Thugng Tien, sudi nude ndng Kim Bdi...) ciing nhu ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien (TNTN) da dang, cd gii tri Idn ve kinh te vi khoa hgc, nhit Ii vemit sinh thiimoi tmcmg..., Kim Bdi hien dang chiumdt sire ep tir sy phit trien, die bift la tir nginh du Hch. Chinh vi the, de tai da chgn huyfn Kim Bdi lim diem nghien ciru cho qui hoach sinh thii (QHST).
Khic vdi nhiimg nghien ciru tmdc day tai vimg nay chi tip trung viomdt khia carJi haymgt vin de sinh thiimoi frudng rieng bift, de tii niy nghien cuu, danh giimgt each day du, toin dien va hf thdng nhiimg van de ve sinh thai, tii nguyen ciia huyfn.
L PHLTONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ
Cic phuang phip dugc dimg: Phuong phip dieu tra, khio sit, nghien cuu thyc dja; Phuang phap phin tich khdng gian (GIS, vien thim, giii doin inh vf tinh bingmit); Phuang phip ban do; Phuomg phip dinh gii thich nghi sinh thii; Phuong phip phin tich cac ldp thdng tin chuyen de la Idp thdng tin thim thyc vat, ldp thdng tin sinh khi hiu (SKH), Idp thdng tin sinh thii canh quan (STCQ); Phuong phip phin tich hf thdng.
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n. KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU
1. Sa luge dac diem ty nhien va kinh te xa hgi huyfn Kim Bdi
1.1. Dac diem cac dieu kifn ty nhien: Kim Bdi cd dien tich khoing 68 nghin ha. Dia hinh ciia huyfn khdng ddng nhat, chia citmanh, noi cao, noi thip chenh lech nhau qui Idn, niii di taimeo hiem frd, dg ddc Icm. Cic day da vdi chia cit dia hinh ciia huyen thanh timg vimg. Do cao tmng binh so vdimit nude biln khoang 310m, hudng nghieng chinh ciia dia hmh thip din tir tay bic xudng ddng nam. Khi hau chiu inh hudng ciia chi do gidmiiamang sic thii rieng cua khi hau nhift ddi nui cao,mgt nam cd 2miia rd ret. Kim Bdi cd hf thong sdng sudi rit phontJ phii; nguin nudcmit va nude ngim ddi dio die bift cd hf thdng cic suoi nude ndng; thd nhuang gim 10 loai dit; nhilu loai khoing sin; dgng thyc vat phong phu.
1.2. Die diem kinh te-xa hgi va nhan van: Kim Bdi cd cic din tgc anh em sinh song, ngudimudng la chu yeu, ddi song kinh tl cdn gap nhilu khd khin.
2. Nghien ciiu, danh gia hifn trang cac hf sinh thai va da dang sinh hgc huyfn Kim Boi
2.1. Hifn trang cac HST huyfn Kim Bdi: D I phuc vy chomuc tieu chinh Ii QHST huyfn Kim Bdi, tic gia da tiln hanh khio sit hifn trang cic HST ciia huyfn nhim nghien ciru, dinh giamgt each day dii, toan difn va hf thdng nhiimg vin dl vl sinh thii, tai nguyen ciia huyfn.
Huyfn Kim Bdi cd 11 kilu HST, dd la: HST dd thj - khu din cu; HST ndng nghifp mgng lua nude; HST ndng nghifp rudng lua nuong; HST ndng nghifp khic; HST rimg; HST dong cd;
HST savan/dit hoang/cay byi; HST nui d i vdi; HST ao, ho, dim; HST sdng suoi; HST khac.moi kieu HST cd cic die diem die trumg.mdi quan hf dinh duong giii'a cic thanh phan trong hf va dirge long ghep vdi cac HST can dugc bio tdn.
2.2. Nhung d^c trung ca ban ve DDSH huyfn Kim Bdi: Nhtmg die trumg co bin vl DDSH trong 11 kieu HST cua huyfn cung hd trg cho cdng tie qui hoach va bio ton. Nhimg so sanh vl hifn trang DDSH ciia huyfn d thdi dilm dilu tra vdi DDSH nim 1973 dugc long ghep trong phin trinh bay.
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3. Djnh hudng quy hoach sinh thai huyfn Kim Bdi tinh Hoa Binh den nam 2020 3.1. Danh gia cac nhan to sinh thai t y nhien huyfn Kim Bdi
Ca sa da li?u goc phuc vu nghien cicu QHST: Cic ldp thdng tin frong co sd dir lifu ve dilu kien ty nhien gdm cd ldp thdng tin dia hinh, diamao, dia chit, thd nhudng, thuy van. Cic ldp thdng tin trong co sd du lifu vl dilu kien kinh tl-xa hdi gdm cd lop thdng tin vl ranh gidi hanh chinh, hifn frang sir dung dit. Co sd dir lifu dugc thilt k l fren nin co sd toan hgc thdng nhit cua bin dd dia hinh ty le 1:100.000 do Nha xuit ban ban dd phat hanh nam 2001 gom 2manh.
Ngi dung cua cic Idp thdng tin chuyen dl dugc thinh lap d ti_ If 1:50.000 phu hgp vdi thdng tin hifn trang ldp phumat dit, hifn frang sir dung dit dugc chiit xuit tir tu lifu vien thim la anh SP0T5 cd do phan giii 2,5m chyp ngay 24/6/2003.
Ca sa dd- lieu thic cdp phuc vy nghien cicu QHST: Co sd dir lifu thu; cap phyc vy cho vin de trgng tam Ii QHST huyfn Kim Bdi gom cd bin dd thim thyc vat, bin dd STCQ, ban do SKH va bin dd tilm nang phuc hdi sinh thii (theo xu hudng diln thi sinh thii).
3.2. Danh gia cac nhan to sinh thai nhan van huyfn Kim Bdi va tac dgng cua chiing tdi cac HST va DDSH
Cic boat dgng chinh inh hudng din DDSH va cic HST cua huyen dugc lift ke va phan tich, bao gom: phin Idn difn tich dit canh tic ndng nghifp, trong cay cdng nghifp hifn dang dugc ngudi din dia phuang sir dyng trong 'viing Ii dit lam nghifp; xdimdn, rua trdimanh lim can kift do phi ciia dit, dan din dit bi bacmau, han ban ngiy cang Ion va nhu ciu ye dit sin xuat va chin nudi cang phu thudc chu yeu vio rimg va dit rimg; ddt nuong lam ray la nguyen nhan chinh din dinmit sinh canh song cua cic loai dgng vat hoang da trong khu 'vyc, die biftHST nui dit d diy bi tin phi nghiem trgng,mgt sd lai dgng vat hoang da trudc day da timg tdn tai trong khu vyc nhung den nay da bienmat (Hd Panthera tigris; Voi Elephasmaximus) hoic trd nen rit hilm nhu Te te vkngmanis pentadactyla, Sdc bay Icm Petaurista petaurista, Ga loi trang Lophura nycthemera,...; tii dinh cu va ty do d at khai phi rimg gianh dit canh tie; sin bit dgng vat hoang da; khai thic gd vi cac lam sin ngoii gd (duy tri kieu nha sin tmyen thdng...) dan din vifc nhtmg loai cay gd quy da bi khai thic het chi cdn lai cac cay gd thudng va nhd; chin thi gia sue bira bai; dinh ci bingmin, chat nd; xiy dap thuy Igi cd the gaymat rimg, gay nen nhumg xio trgn Icm ddi vdimdi truomg sdng cac loai, cd the gay nen nhiimg bien ddi sinh thii trong vimg; phit trien giao thdng, die biet Ii myen dudng Hd Chiminh dai hon 18km di qua huyfn, se anh hudng tryc tiep den cic HSTmi myen dudng di qua, nguy comat cac HST ndng nghifp ting len, xay dyng dudng se limmit rimg va tao dieu kifn de darig cho cac boat dgng khai thic tii nguyen rimg; sir dung cic gidng cd nang suit cao, thyc hifn tham canh ting vy, diu tu phit trien chin nudi ting nhanh inh hudng bat lgi tdi cic gidng ciy con ban dja vimat di cic HST fruyen thdng die trung cua huyfn; khai thac vat lifu xay dumg anh hucjng Idn den HST mii di vdi rit die thii cua huyfn; dich vy du lich phit trien tuong ddi nhanh dan din vifc cac ngudn tii nguyen phyc vy du lich dang bi khai thic quamuc...
3.3. Djnh hudng QHST huyfn Kim Bdi, tinh Hda Binh
Huyfn Kim Bdi nim trong vung sinh thii mii Bac Bg v i Bic Trung bg, khu sinh thii mii tay bic (Phan vimg sinh thii cho Vift Nam -mai Dinh Yen) vdi nhiimg die trumg tieu bilu vl TNTN vimdi tmdng ciia khu sinh thai. Cin cu- vao dieu kifn khi hau, djamao, thd nhudng, sinh canh - mdi frudng, sinh thai nhan van cua huyfn Kim Bdi, Nguyen Xuin Huin, Doan Huongmai va nnk. (2005) da dua ra djnh hucmg budc diu cho QHST cua huyfn. Hien trang cic HST chi dan gian la biic tranh tdng quit phuc vy chomuc dich thdng ke, bio tdn v i quan ly cic HST nen vifc sir dung cac kit qui nghien ciru STCQ vi nhit la qua ban dd STCQ se cho tamgt phuong thirc tiep can tdng hgp nhat, tuong ddi gan giii, xac thyc vdi hien trang ty nhien ciia viing, lim cho
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cac HST cd tinh khdng gian lanh thd va dac biet la vice danh gii tdng hgp cac die dilm vl thim thirc vat, djamao, dja chat, thd nhudng, SKH trongmoi dom vj canh quan se cho phep xic dinh cacmiic do thich nghi bang each cho diem umg vdi viec sir dung hgp ly cic canh quan do sao cho bin vumg, bio tdn dugc DDSH vi cic HST, cy thi: Thich hgp nhit - 3 dilm; Thich hgp - 2 diem; It thich hgp - 1 diem; Khdng thich hgp - 0 diem. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh dinh gii ting hgp cic dieu kifn ty nhien, TNTN cdn phai chii trgng den nhtimg ylu to con ngudi, cic die diem chung ciia cac dieu kifn kinh te xa hgi vi nhan vin. Vi vay cich tdt nhit dl QHST cho huyfn Kim Bdi la ket hgp cic die diem SKH, STCQ, ddi chilu vdi ban do hifn trang sir dung dat ciia huyen va qui hoach tdng the phat trien kinh tl - xa hdi huyen Kim Bdi giai doan 2001- 2010, hay ndi each khac, QHST cho huyfn Kim Bdi dugc dya tren quan dilm Idng ghep qui hoach phit trien kinh te xa hdi vdi cic qui luat phat triln HST va QHST dugc djnh hucing din nam 2020 phii hgp vdi tai lieu tham khao cap nhat nhit tir UBND huyfn Ii Bao cio kl hoach phat trien kinh te xa hdi an ninh qudc phong nam 2006-2010 va 2010-2020. Ngoai ra, vifc xiy dirng quy hoach phii tham khao cac nguyen tic trong qui djnh ve sir dung dit. Die bift, dii vdi QHST, nhtimg nguyen tic rat quan trgng can dugc ip dung la: Gitr vtimg tinh bin vQmg ciia HST;
Bao ton; Tiet kiem; Khai thac va sir dung hgp Iy tai nguyen trong do cd gitr nguyen ven cic giong ciy trdng ban dja; Chii trgng phuc hdi ty nhien die bift la cic dien the sau nuomg riy; Qui hoach tir xa den huyen; Nhung noi bj phi huy se qui hoach lai de trdng rimg; Trinh giy d nhiemmdi trudng; Cic khu din cu phii cd dudng giao thdng, tifn nguon nude; Cic yeu to cin CO trong QHST la: bio tdn DDSH vi ngudn nude, sir dung hgp Iy dit dai tren co sd ndng lam ket hgp; duy tri cay con ban dja...
Cacmiirc do khac bift trong qui hoach la: Ddng bang; Viing dat thoit nude ddc dudi 100m;
Viing mii vi ddi thugc do cao tir I00-600m; Vimg niii thap dg cao tir 600-1000m; Vimg mii trung binh do cao tren 1000m. Huyfn Kim Bdi cd 30 xa thugc vimg an toan khu theo Quyet djnh ciia Thii tudng Chinh phii nen trir viing an toan khu (ATK), toan huyfn Kim Boi dugc coi nhu cinh quan tdng hgp gdm 5 viing chinh theo cacmuc tieu QHST. Dd la:
- Viing 1: luu vyc sdng Bdi gdm sdng Bdi va dgc hai ben bd sdng qui hoach thinh viing trong cay lua nude, thiiy Igi, ddng rugng va khu dan cu.
- Vimg 2: thugng ngudn sdng Bdi qui hoach thanh noi bao tdn nguon nude va frdng rimg phdng hd.
- Viing 3: HST rimg nguyen sinh Thugng Tien qui hoach thanh viing bio tdn DDSH.
- Vimg 4: cac HST niii cao vira qui hoach thanh cac khu cdng nghifp, ket hgp vdi trdng rimg cho khdng kliai thac vi khai thic xong.
- Viing 5: HST niii da vdi Himg Tiln vi Kim Som qui hoach thanh cac vimg bio vf nui di vdi Tilp can STCQ dl QHST cho thiy: 5 vimg niy vdi 11 kilu HST die trung chung dugc phin chia thanh 35 loai canh quan vdi cic die trung rieng vl dja hinh, thd nhudng, do doc, tinh trang ngap lut, ting day va kha nang tudi tieu. Tren co sd cac die trumg ciia timg loai cinh quan va bang dinh gii thich nghi ciia cac canh quan, cd thi dl xuit QHST (hinh 3) vl sir dung cic HST thong qua dom vj cinh quan din timg difn tich cu the. Dudi diy Ii cic djnh hucing tucmg img vai chii giai sd tren bin dd d hinh 3:
A. Djnh hudng phat trien cac HST nhan tac
1. Phat triln HST dd thj theo hudng qui hoach ddng bd (1)
2. Phat friln cic HST canh tic: 2.1. Phdt trien tap doan cdy dn qua theo huang kinh te sinh thai vuan rimg (11); 2.2. Phdt trien cdy cong nghiep ddi ngay vai quimo tap ti-ung tham canh (12); 2.3. Plidt triin cdy cong nghiep ngdn ngay theomo hinh vican doi (13); 2.4. Phat trien_
dong CO chdn nuoi theo huang quang canh ket hpp xay dung cdcmo hinh cdy che bong lay go (10); 2.5. Phdt trien HST thuy vice nuoi trong thiiy sdn theomo hinh VAC - VARC (14); 2.6.
Phdt triin HST cdy luang time theo huang canh tdc truyin thdng kit hapmo hinh cdy xanh cai
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tgo ddt (8); 2.7. Phdt trien HST ldm nghiep theo hu&ngmd hinh trong rimg tap trung vd bdn dia hoa cdy trong (9)
3. Phit triln HST din cu ndng thdn theo hudng kinh te sinh thai vudn nha (2) B. Bao ton va djnh huomg phat trien cac HST ty nhien da bj tac dgng manh 4. Phit trien cac vimg khoanh nudi ty nhien thugc HST mii d i vdi (22)
5. Khoanh nudi vi trdng bin ty nhien cic quan xa thu- sinh thudc HST rimg ram thudng xanh nhift ddi (16): 5.1. Tren niii ddt; 5.2. Tren nui dd voi
C. Bao ton DDSH va PTBV
6. Bao tdn DDSH va xay dyng cac hudng DLST frong HST rimg ram thudng xanh nhift ddi nguyen sinh hay it bi tic ddng (25)
D. Cac difn tich khac 7. An ninh qudc phdng (26)
8. Dat khai thic nguyen vat lieu va khoing san (3) E. Phat trien cac tuyen kinh te sinh thai (o, D, V)
9. Cic cum DLST chinh (nghi dudng, giai tri...) ' ' "
10. Cac myen DLST chinh (khao cuu khoa hgc, thim hiem...)
Hiiili .1. Bfm (16 ciuai Iiuoii? QH.ST hm vu Kim B6L tiiUi Hda Binh
HI.KETLUAN
Tren co so tdng quan vi he thdng hda nhumg nghien cim ve phuong phip luan va kinh nghifm thyc te ve QHST tren thi gidi vi d Vift Nam, d i due kit dugc khai nifm, dl xuit cic ndi dung cy the ciia QHST vi qui trinh QHST chomdt huyfnmiln niii vdi phuong phip sir dung Ii GIS -mgt phuomg phapmdi lin diu tien dugc ap dung taimdt dia chi nghien cim cu thi la huyfn Kim Bdi, tinh Hda Binh. Lin diu tien tic gia da ket hgp vdi cac chuyen gia thinh lap va xay dyng co sd dir lifu tdng hgp ciia huyen Kim Bdi gdm cac ban do: tham thyc vat, SKH, STCQ, tiem ning phyc hdi sinh thii... Tren co sd dd da dy bao tilm ning phuc hdi cac HST ciia huyfn khi khdng cd sy tic ddng ciia con ngudi. Dua tren tu lieu thuc dia v i ' k l thira, da xac dinh dugc huyen Kim Bdi cd 11 kilu HST - Ii cic kilu HST die trung cho huyfnmiln nui d Viet Nam. Da dieu tra va ke thira tai lifu dl di tdi nhan djnh: huyfn Kim Bdi cd ngudn tai nguyen sinh vat rat phong phii va da dang, cd nhilu loii cd gii tri kinh t l v i nhilu loii qui hilm dugc ghi trong Sach Dd Viet Nam (14 loai thyc vat bac cao comach v i 9 loai thii)
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Tren ca sd phan tich thyc trang cac HST va DDSH cho thiy, tat ca cac HST vdi nhtimg die trung DDSH ciia nd trong huyen Kim Bdi chju tic dgngmanh ciia nhin tie trong tiln trinh phat trien kinh te xa hgi cung nhu cac ban sac sinh thii nhan van ciia dja phuang. Lin dau tien xay dyng dugc ban dd djnh hudng QHST huyen Kim Bdi tren ca sd xay dyng va phan tich ban dd trung gian la ban dd STCQ vdi 35 loai canh quan phan bd d 3 phu Icip canh quan va 2 ldp cinh quan tai 336 khoanh vi. Timg don vj canh quan da dugc phin tichmuc dich sir dung cu thi phii hgp vdimuc tieu QHST. Ban dd djnh hudng QHST cho huyfn Kim Boi, cimg vdi kit qua dinh gia sy thich nghi chi tiet cho tirng cinh quan se Ii tu lifu khoa hgc giup cho dja phucmg qui hoach kinh te xa hdi theo hudng phit trien ben vtimg cac HST v i da dang sinh hgc.
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO
1. Almo Farina, 1998: Principles andmethods in Landscape Ecology. Chapman & Hall.
2. Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thugng Hiing, Nguyen Nggc Khanh, 1997: Co sd cinh quan hgc ciia vifc sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen thien nhien bio vfmdi tmdng lanh thd Vift Nam. NXB. Giao due.
3. Nguyen Cao Huan, 2005: Danh gii canh quan (theo tiep can kinh te sinh thii). NXB.
Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi.
4. Dang Huy Huynh va cs, 1975: Dgng vat kinh te tinh Hda Binh. Ban Khoa hgc-ky thuat tinh Hda Binh xuat bin.
5. Doan Huong Mai, Nguyen Xuan Huan, Pham Thi Lan, 2005: Tap chi Khoa hgc Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi ISSN 0866-8612, 2005.
ECOLOGICAL PLANNING FOR KIM BOI DISTRICT, HOA BINH PROVINCE
DOAN HUONG MAI SUMMARY
The defmition, contents and process of ecological planning for Kim Boi disfrict, Hoa Binh province were summarized. The general database of Kim Boi district was established which consists of thematicmaps as well as the potential restoration of ecosystems without human interferene was predicted. 11 ecosystem types in Kim Boi disfrict were determined - they are typical ones formountainous areas of Vietnam. Kim Boi has such a rich and diverse bioresources, in whichmany species have economic value andmany of them were recorded in Vietnam Red Data Book. The ecosystems and biodiversity of Kim Boi were obviously impacted by natural and socio-economic conditions as well as local human factors. The ecological planning orientationmap was constmcted based on establishment and analysis of intennediatemap - landscape ecologicalmaps. Each landscape unit accompanied with objective use was analyzed according to ecological planning aim. This is the fust time the ecological planning orientationmap for onemountainous district is established. Thismap will become reliable scientific document and will help local govemmentmake socio-economic planning according to sustainable development of ecosystems and biodiversity.
