• n -
leff cufU • Khoa hoc Gido due
QUY TRiNH HE THONG HOA NOI DUNG KIEN THUfC TRONG DAY HOC SINH HOC Of PHO THONG
• ThS. NGO VAN HUTJG Bd Giao due va Dao tao I. Dat van de
Day each hpe la dinh hQdng eo ban ddi mdi phQdng phap day hpe ngay nay. Ndi dung quan trong eiia day each hpe la day hpe sinh eae kT nang gia edng, xQ li eae thdng tin de giai quye't nhiem vu nhan thUe. Mdt trong nhung kT nang quan trpng dd la he thdng hda ndi dung giao khoa. Day hpe sinh kT nang dd ehinh la day hanh ddng thao tae theo mdt quy trinh de dat tdi mdt san pham nhan thQc,
II. Quy trinh he t h d n g hoa noi dung kien thQc
Cac hanh dpng cau thanh kT nang he thdng hda dupe quy trinh hda theo kieu algorit md.
Tuan thii logic quy tnnh dd la thue hien lien tue cac khau, san pham khau trude la dieu kien eho bude tie'p theo thue hien, Quy trinh md la vi viee hoan thanh tUng bUde edn p h i i dupe eu the' hda va khdng phai lUe nao cung thanh edng, va neu khdng thanh edng thi bu'de sau eung khdng tiep tue dUde.
Quy trinh dd the hien d so dd khai quat nhU sau:
Mdi bude eau thanh quy trinh ehung dd lai eung dupe eau thanh bdi cac hanh ddng eu the dupe thuc hien theo mdt quy trinh, Ren luyen cho hoc sinh kT nang he thdng hda thUe ehat la ren luyen mdt td hop eae kT nang hoe tap eu the.
mdi kT nang dd ed mdt quy tnnh thao tae dac trung. Sau day la cau true logic cae hanh ddng thUe hien tUng kT nang dd:
1. Ki nang xae dinh muc tieu hqc tap:
Muc tieu khi ehuong trinh hay giao vien xae dinh eho hoe sinh goi la muc tieu day hoe, edn khi hoe sinh tu xae dinh thi goi la mue tieu hoe tap, Khi ndi san pham cudi ean dat tdi thi goi la mue tieu, edn neu ndi hanh ddng eu the can thue hien de dat mdt s i n pham nhat dmh thi goi la nhiem vu, Hpe sinh xae dinh mue tieu hoc tap can thUe hien cac hanh ddng sau:
+ Phan tieh nhiem vu nhan thUe do giao vien dat ra, nhiem vu nay dUde bieu thi bang cau hdi, bai tap, bai toan (saeh giao khoa thadng ki hieu nhiem vu bang ki hieu), Phan tieh n h i m xae dinh ket qua can dat khi thUe hien nhiem vu dd la gi.
1. Xae dinh mue tieu day hpe
'
2. Tim va lUa chon tai lieu lien quan den viee giai quyet nhiem vu n h i m dat mue tieu day hoe ' '
3. Xae lap quan he giua eae ndi dung thdng tin theo mue tieu he thdng hda ' '
4. Lua chpn hinh thUc dien dat ndi dung he thdng hda va tnnh bay theo hmh thuc duoc chon '
5. RUt ra nhUng ket luan khai quat (neu can) tQ ndi dung dQpc he thdng hda theo hmh thQc dien dat tuong utig
ix... • _ >~^''nh 1: Quy trinh thi/c hien kTnang he thdng hda
KHGD so 47, thang 8 2009 33
Khoa hoc Gido due-
Ngh
+ De dat ket qua dd thi phai xae dinh cac dieu kien, phUPng phap giai quyet nhiem vu, trong dd trUde het phai djnh hudng tim, nghien cQu ngudn thdng tin, tai lieu giao khoa,
Vi du 1: X l c dinh mue tieu eua hinh 2 dudi day.
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Hinh 2. Co ehe truyen tin tU nhan ra te bao chat De xae dinh mue tieu eua hinh tren cd the ra bai tap sau:
+ Neu thanh phan hda hoc cua ADN, dac biet la tinh dae thu va da dang eua nd;
+ Md ta cau trUe khdng gian eua ADN, dae biet ehu y tdi nguyen t i c bd sung;
+ Giai thich CO ehe tU sao cua ADN dien ra theo cac nguyen tae: khudn mau, bd sung, ban bao toan. Neu ban chat hda hpe eiia gen la ADN va ehUc nang eua nd;
+ Md ta so luoc eau tao va phan loai ARN;
+ Trinh bay sU tao thanh ARN dUa tren mach khudn eua gen va dien ra theo nguyen t i e bd sung;
+ Neu thanh phan hda hpe, eau trUc khdng gian va chQc nang eua prdtein;
+ Trinh bay mdi quan he giQa ARN va prdtein thdng qua sU hinh thanh ehudi axit amin.
Mue tieu dat duoe: Phan tich dupe mdi quan he giQa gen va tinh trang thdng qua so dd: gen
*-ARN >-Prdtein —»^tinh trang. (Day chinh la: Cd che truyen tin tQ nhan ra te bao chat)
TQ xae dinh dQpe mue tieu la trinh dp cao eua kT nang he thdng hda kien thQc trong hoat ddng hpe cua hoe sinh, vi vay tuy dd'i tQpng hpe sinh, tuy mQc dp khd khan cua nhiem vu nhan thQc ma giao vien can nhac yeu eau hpe sinh tQ IQC xae dinh muc tieu hoac dat ra mue tieu de hoe sinh vQOn tdi dat muc tieu dd.
Xae dinh muc tieu la qua trinh thiet lap hudng di trong hpe tap, cho nen kT nang nay la mpt thanh phan quan trpng cau thanh kT nSng he thdng hda, va vi vay cung la mdt tieu chi chat lupng cua kT nSng he thdng hda.
Mue tieu hieu qua can the hien dupe: hoc sinh biet phai lam gi, va md ta dUdc san pham hoac ke't qua cua viec lam, muc tieu mieu ta cac dieu kien bao dam viee thUe hien cd ke't qua, mue tieu md ta dupe hinh thQc trinh bay san pham, ket qua nhan thQc.
2. KT nang tim va lua chqn thong tin de giai quyet nhiem vu nhan thiit nham dat muc tieu hqc tap:
KT nang nay gdm cac hanh ddng theo thQ tU sau;
+ Phan tieh nhiem vu nhan thQc de xae dinh nhQng thdng tin, tai lieu can de thu thap de giai quyet, tU dd tim ngudn thdng tin. Trong day hpe, ngudn thdng tin ngay cang da dang, phong phu nhang d phd thdng sach giao khoa van la ngudn ehu yeu.
+ TQ ngudn thdng tin thu thap dQpc eae kien thQc ve ndi dung khoa hoc chQa cd trong vd'n hie'u biet va xae dinh mdi quan he giQa thdng tin dd vdi hieu biet da cd.
+ LQa chpn chi tiet thdng tin, ghi chep, trich yeu, luu giu b i n g cac hinh thQc phu hpp. 0 day hoc sinh cd the iQpc bdt thdng tin, thay the, giQ lai thdng tin chinh nha't. Oe lupc bd, thay the va giu lai hoc sinh phai phan tich thdng tin theo mpt eau true chi tiet, sau s i c . Tiep dd la biet tdm tat ndi dung theo mdt bd cue rd rang.
Vi du: de dat dQpc muc tieu "md ta dupe eau true khdng gian cua ADN, dac biet chu y tdi nguyen t i c bd sung" thi ngudn thdng tin can thiet la; hinh 15 trang 45 va thdng tin tU ddng 4 den ddng 21 trang 46.
3. KT nang xae lap quan he giiJa cac thong tin de tif quan he do cho mot gia tri nhan thdc nhat dinh.
ThQc ehat day la bade cd ban cua kT nang he thdng hda vi phai sQ dung ket qua xQ li thdng tin d cac bade tren.
Trong nghien cQu, nhan thQc eae dd'i tQdng, hien tQpng sdng thi cac thdng tin dUdc he thdng hda eho chUng ta kien thQc ve co che sinh li, sinh hda; ve cac quy luat sinh hpe; ve mdi quan h§
giQa cac cau true, cau tao, hinh thai; ve mdi
34 KHGD so 4 7 , t h d n g 8 - 2009
curu • Khoa hoc Gido due
quan he giQa toan the - bd phan, giua eai cliung - cai neng; giQa khai niem gidng - khai niem loai; ve mdi quan he cau tao - chQe phan; giua CO the - mdi trudng...
Vi du: Cau tao khdng gian ciia ADN la mdt ehudi x o l n kep gdm 2 mach ddn, x o l n song song quanh mdt true tudng tUpng trong khdng gian theo ehu ki x o l n , 2 nueledtit giQa 2 mach lien ket vdi nhau thanh tung cap theo nguyen t i c bd sung (A - T; G - X) tao nen tinh chat bd sung cua 2 mach ddn.
4. Ki nang lua chqn hinh thuc dien dat nqi dung he thdng hoa va trinh bay nqi dung thu nhan duqc theo hinh thuc duqc chqn.
KT nang dien dat ndi dung la dimg mdt loai ngdn ngu de bieu dat san pham nhan thde, mdt tu tadng, y nghi
KT nang dien dat ndi dung he thdng hda ed vai trd:
- Hinh thanh van hoa ngdn ngU: Day la mdt dang van hoa quan trpng trong khoa hpe va ddi sdng. Cach the hien phong phu mdt van de giUp khPi day sU hQng thU d ngQdi tiep nhan thdng tin bdi le ngdn ngU la ldp vd eua ndi dung.
- Hinh thanh van hoa dien dat y tudng: Mdi dang ngdn ngQ mang mdt the manh rieng, van dung ngdn ngU phii hop de dien dat eho mdt y tudng giup ngudi tiep nhan thdng tin de hieu, de nhd.
- Hinh thanh van hoa doe saeh: Khi doe saeh neu khdng biet sQ dung eae dang ngdn ngu de tdng ket va ghi nhd nhQng ndi dung edt Idi thi khd thu nhan duqc thdng tin mdt each nhanh chdng va hieu qua
- Ddi vdi qua trinh day hpe: Day la mdt bien phap de tieh cQc hda hoat ddng nhan thQc, la ' con dudng hinh thanh tri thQc. KT nang dien dat ' ndi dung khoa hpe vQa la tn thQc, vQa la pha'm
chat nang lue tU hpe eua hpe sinh, Dien dat ndi I dung khoa hpe b i n g ngdn ngu hpp li la mUe dp I cao eua tn thUc. Van dung eae bien phap dien
dat ndi dung de td chQe eho hpe sinh ITnh hdi cae I kien thue mdi. Cd the diing eae bien phap nay de I kiem tra ehat lUdng thdng hieu tai lieu giao khoa.
Dat duoe kT nang nay, tai lieu giao khoa trd thanh ] Kien thUe khoa hoe sd hQu ciia hoe sinh.
I Vi du: Khi he thdng hda mdi quan he giQa gen va tinh trang thdng qua so dd: gen >-ARN
^ P r d t e i n »>tinh trang cd the diing hinh 2 tren day.
5. Rut ra nhdng ket luan khai quat tirnqi dung duqc he thdng hda theo hinh thut diin dat tuang dng.
Day la bude mue tieu nhan thUe do hoat ddng he thdng hda dQa lai.ThUe chat bude nay la hpe sinh giai ma dUde ndi dung thdng tin da dupe the hien trong ngdn ngu dien dat.
Vi du: Khi he thdng hda mdi quan he giua gen va tinh trang thdng qua so do: gen ^ »-ARN
>' Prdtein - •»-tinh trang nhU hinh 2 d tren ed the rut ra ket luan khai quat: Tdng hpp prdtein phan anh mdi quan he giQa ARN va prdtein Ribdxdm tiep xUe vdi mARN va ehuyen dieh tung bude nhd tren mARN, mdi bude la mdt bd ba, het bd ba nay den bd ba khae, eiing lUe dd eae tARN dUa eae axit amin den ribdxdm, ddi ma eiia tARN tim gap dung bd ba ma phien tren mARN lap rap theo nguyen tae bd sung nhd dd ma eae axit amin duoe dat dUng ehd tren phan tQ prdtein theo dUng khudn mau eiia gen. Khi ribdxdm truot het phan tU mARN thi 1 phan tu prdtein hinh thanh.
III. Ket luan
Van dung quy trinh kT nang he thdng hda eho hoc sinh nhu da tien hanh d tren da tao nen kT nang tU duy he thdng eho hoe smh, giup cac em thuan loi trong dn tap he thdng kien thUe Day la phuang phap hoe tap hieu qua can dupe trien khai nhan rdng trong thue tien day hoe hien nay,
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1, Ngo Van Hung. Tran Van Kien, "Hudng dan hoc va on Smh hoc 9" - NXB Giao diJC 2005,
2, Allan C. Ornstein, Thomas J, Lasley, Cac chien luqc de day hoc co hieu qua. Tai lieu ttiani kliao noi bo, Truong DHSP Ha Ndi 2005,
3, Geoffey Petty Day hoc ngay nay NXB Stanlay Ttiornes, 1998,
4, Jeannette Vos, Gorden Dryden, Cach mang hoc tap.
Vuong Tuan Anh dich, NXB Van hoa - Ttibng tin, 2004, SUMMARY
The author presents the procedure for systemization of contents in teaching Biology in order to enhance system thinking skills by students, facilitating them in reviewing knowledge. According to the author this is an effective method of learning which shall be applied widely in the teaching process.
KHGD so 47, thdng 8 - 2009 35
