GIAO DUG TRUYEN THONG O MIEN DIEN TRirOC THE KY XIX
Le Thi Qui Bite*
r
rudc khi tra thdnh mpt tinh cita An Dp thupc Anh (1886), a Mien Dien da tdn tgi mpt nen gido due truyen thong lau ddi. Vdi he thong, ehuang trinh vd phuang phdp gido due, nen gido due truyen thong dy mang nhitng ddc trung cua mot quoc gia lay Phdt gido Idm quoc gido. Vdi sit ton tgi Idu ddi ve thoi gian, rpng khap ve khong gian, nen gido due do dd phdn dnh chdn thuc cuoc song cua nguai ddn Mien Dien, tao nen nhirng dnh huang, tdc dpng quan trpng den cu ddn, ten gido ciing nhu xd hpi cua ddt nuac ndy qua nhieu the ky. Tir do, no gop phdn ddng ke trong viec dua Miin Dien tra thdnh mpt quoc gia phong kien hiing mgnh a khu vuc Dong Nam A truac the ky XIX, Bice tranh do se duoc nhdn dien thdng qua bdi vietTir khda: Mien Dien, giao due truyen thdng d Midn Dien 1. He thdng, chuong trinh, npi dung
vii phu'ong phap giao due truyen thing d Miln Dien
Trude khi ngudi Anh thuc hien ehinh saeh giao due d Midn Dien (nam 1854), giao due ciia dat nude nay dugc thyc hien dudi hai hinh thiic: gido due trong nhd chiia vd gido due tgi nhd. Trong dd, nam gidi duge giao due trong cae nha ehiia, cdn nil gidi - chi dupe phep den cac den midu trong nliiing djp dac biet - dupe giao due tai Ur gia'. Trong hai loai hinh tren, giao due nha chiia ddng vai trd chu dao trong nen hgc van traydn thong ciia Midn Dien.
* He thong gido due: he thong giao due nha chiia d Mien Dien tap trung trong cac kyaung - trudng hpc tang vien. Hpe sinh trong cac kyaung dugc gpi la kyaung-tha.
Nha ehiia d Mien Dien trong nhidu the ky khdng chi la noi sinh boat van hda tam Imh cua ngudi dan ma cdn la truong hpe chinh, giao due con em ngudi Mien va cac tpc ngudi theo Phat giao kliae tai Miin Dien^
Ndi each kliac, kyaung dam nhan hai vai trd, vira la tnrdng hpc vira la cac ngdi chiial Vi vay, nd thu hiit sy tham gia hgc tap cua ca nhiing cau be klidng hoac chua cd y dinh tr^d thanli nha su. Tuy nhien, ben
*ThS., Dai hoc Su pham, Dai hoc Hu^.
' Harvey. G. E (1945), Britisl, Rule in Burma 1824- 1942, Faber and Faber, London, tr.46.
Fumivall. J. S. (1931), An Introduction of the Political Economy of Burma, Burma Book Club, Rangoon, Preface, tr.249.
'TheoHaivey. G. E, Tldd.
Nghien cicu An Dp vd Chdu A. Sd 03 - 2014 canh tinh pho thdng, mue dich chung cua
giao due nha ehiia vin cd dinh hudng cho ngudi hgc sau nay trd thanh nha su. Do do, npi dung giao due trong cac kyaung se gdp phin true tiep vao muc riau xay dyng nhiing ky nang toan dien de ngudi hpc trd thanh mot nha su thuc thu trong tuong lai"^.
0 Mien Dien, trong moi lang ban hay thanh thi deu ed trudng hpe nha ehiia (kyaung), dpc lap vdi sy kiem soat ciia chi'nh quyen tmng uong^. Vi vay, chuong trinh giao due ciing nhu chit lugng cua ngi dung kien thiic dugc truyan day d day la khong hoan toan ddng nhit.
Theo truyan thdng, dp tudi di hgc cua fre em Mian Dien la tir 8 tudi va ket thiic tii 16 dan 20 tudi - khi ngudi hpc hoan thanh chuong trinh giao due co bin. Sau do, hp CO the lua chpn mpt trong hai con dudng:
mpt Id, trd ve cudc sdng binh thudng cua ngudi din; hai la, riap tuc cuoc sdng \x\ hgc tai chua vdi tu each la mot nha su thyc su^
Trong qua trinh hpc dd, ngudi hpc se tam dimg den trudng de tham gia vao cdng viec ddng ang nhu thu hoach lua khi vao miia vu^ Dieu nay mpt phin tha hien quan diem gin lien giiia hoat dpng hgc tip vdi lao dgng san xuit cua nan giao due truyen thdng - phil hpp vdi mot dat nude liy ndng nghiep lam nan ting nhu Mian Dien. Ngoai
* Khammai Dhammasami (2004), Between Idealism and Pragmatism - A study of Monastic Education in Burma and Thailand jrom the Seventeeiilh centuty lo the present, St Anne's College, tr.59-60,
' H a r v e y G. E (1945), Tldd.
'' Lily T K D, "Colonial education in Burina and Malaya: The move away from Indian education policy", Malaysian Journal of Hutoiy, Politics and Strategic Studies, tr. 106.
' Harvey. G . E (1945), Tldd.
mgt so hpc sinh chi den Idp vao ban ngay, cung cd nhieu ngudi d ban trong chiia. Sau mpt hoac hai nam, nhung hpc sinh d han trong chua se dugc lam le thu phong tam thdi - trd thanh ngudi moi tu (Samanera).
Sau 20 mdi, neu quyet dinh tiep tyc d lai trong eliiia, Samanera se dupe lam le thu phong chinh thuc da trd thinh nhd su that su (Upasampada).
* Chuong innh gido due: Sau khi hoan thanh chuong trinh tiau hgc d cac kyaung vdi nhung budc chuin bi ban diu cho euge sdng tu hanh, ngudi hgc se chuyan len giai doan tmng hpc (ko-yin). Bae hgc nay vin dugc tien hanh d cac kyaung, song chuong trinh giang day dugc ning cao hon. Mac du chuong trinh chu yeu vin lian quan den tdn giao, nhung ngudi hpc se phai nghian cim mpt each nghiem tuc cac van bin Phat giao, ciu kinh, nghien ciiu tiang Pali (da dpc va viet kinh) ciing nhu thuc hanh an kieng sau moi buoi chiau**. Day la giai doan ma ngudi hpc phai tir bd tit ci nhiing ham muon trin tiic, mgt budc chuin bj quan trpng va day khd Idian cho cudc sdng tu hanh sau nay'\ Theo quan niem ciia ngudi Mian, mpi tre em nam Mian Dien deu la mpt Diic Phat tiam in. Trai qua nhiau kiep tai sinh, luin hdi, neu luon cd gang phin diu theo con dudng cua Diic Phat, diia tre do se trd thanh Phat. Ca hai bic tieu hgc vi tnmg hgc deu dugc tian hanh ddng thdi d thanh thi va ndng thon Mien Dien. Tuy nhien, sau giai doan ko-yin, neu mudn tiep
" Candy. J (1958), A Histoiy of Modern Burma, Cornell University, New York, tr 59-61.
' C a n d y . J (1958), Sdd, tr.59.
55
tuc con dudng hgc hanh, ngudi hgc se phai dan cac Uudng chiia d thanh thi de tham gia vao bac hpc cao hon. Bdi nhiing nha su - giao vien du kha nang day bic hpc nay thudng tap hung d diy theo yau ciu ciia vua Mien Dien. C) do, ngudi hgc se nghien ciiu cac van ban ve nhiing tu tu'dng cua Phat giao hoan toin bing tiang Pali. Vdi nhung ky nang va kien thuc ve tdn giao dugc trang bj kha hoan chinh d bic hgc nay, ngudi hpc neu quyet dinh tiap tuc su nghiep giao due ciia minh d trudng chua thi khi dan tudi 20, ngudi hpc se dugc lam le thu phong chinh thiic da trd thanh mpt nha su. Hoac vdi cac kian thiic hgc dugc trong cac trudng chiia - chu yeu thian ve tdn giao va xi hpi hon la yeu td kinh te, ngudi hpc se cd dupe nhung nen tang dao due can thiat da trd ve cudc sdng ciia nhiing ngu'di din binh thudng vdi tu each la mgt thanh vien cua cpng ddng. Cung xuit phat tu' mdi lian he mat thiat gitia hoang gia vdi Phat giao ndi chung vi cac trudng chiia d Mien Dien noi riang, hau het nhiing ngudi nam cac vi tri quan trpng trong bg may hanh chinh ciia Mien Dien luc bay gid deu xuat thin la nha su. Ben canh do, chuong trinh giao due truyan thdng d Mien Dien cdn bao gom giao due nghe nghiep, giao due cho nii gidi (d muc do nhat dinh) va giao due tha chat. Mpt ngay hpc ciia nhirng hpc sinh trong cac kyaung dien ra nhu sau:
4''00 - 4'^30: tluic day
Trude 7''00: tham gia cac mdn tha thao de ren luyen sue khoe nliu boi lgi, cudi ngya...
9''00 - ll'^OO: thuc hien nhiem vy ciia ngudi tu hanh
Trude li^QO: nghi ti-ua
12''00 - 16''00: hgc nhiing mdn hgc do cac nha su giang day
18''00-20''30:dnbai 2l''00:nghingoi"'-
Nhin chung, mac dii cic mdn hgc tha tuc duoc dua vao chuong trinh hgc trong cic kyaung nhung so lupng ciing nhu pham vi giang day cua chiing rit han che. Npi dung giang day cua cac trudng chua chu yeu vin la nhiing van ban lien quan dan Phat giao, nham muc dich phat trian dao diic va tinh than cho ngudi hpc, djnh hudng cho hp trd thanh nhung nha su trong tuang lai.
* Noi dung gido due: giao due tmyln thdng o Mian Dien dong nghTa vdi viec nghien ciiu ve dao due, giao ly Phat giao, ve dac diem, su phat trien ciia dao diic va tinh than". Do dd, trong nen giao due Phat giao (nha chua), npi dung chu yeu la
"nghiep" (kamma), ran day va nhiing gi xay ra sau hanh dpng cua con ngudi.
Nghiep day hanh dpng nao la tot, la xau va viec chiu trach nhiem ddi vdi nhung hanh dgng do. Theo quan niem cua nhiing phat tiT Mien Dien, ting Idp cao trong xa hpi la nhung ngudi da tich liiy dupe nhieu nghiep tdt trong qua Idui, vi dia vi xa hpi vol nhung dac quyen hien tai ciia hp li su phan anh ket qua ciia nghiep tot do. Trai lai, nhung ngudi d nhiing tang Idp thap ban la
'"LilyT. K. D, Sdd, trl07.
" RahulaW (1956), History of Buddhism in Ceylon,
Nghien cicu An Dp vd Chdu A. S6 03 - 2014 do khdng tich liiy dugc nhiau nghiep tdt,
hoac giy ra nhung nghiep xiu. Vi vay, de ed dugc dia vi cao trong xa hgi, con ngudi cin phii tang cudng nghiep tdt cua bin than, thdng qua Ngii gidi (Five Precepts), sy hao phdng, tdn trgng ddi vdi Sangha (tang doan - cong ddng nha su Mian Dien), giao vien va ngudi ldn tudi. Die biet, d Mian Dien, nhiing ngudi dugc xem la tich luy nghiep tdt nhiau nhit, ban ca nhung tang Idp eao trong xa hgi the tuc la cac thanh vien trong Sangha. Hp la tim guong ve mpt cuoc song mau myc, kien thiic uyen bae va Tam tang kinh (Tripitaka), la nhiing giao vien Iy tudng trong mat cua ngudi din Mian Dien.
Cac mdn hpc lien quan den Phat giao thudng dugc giang day d bac tieu hgc trong cac kyaung d Mien Dien bao gom:
- Nhiing bai tho md ta ve chien thing eua Diic Phat ddi vdi Mara "ma quy".
Trong dd, da cap den 8 chian thing ciia Diic Phat ca ben trong lan ban ngoai bin thin Ngai. Cac khd tho ve nhiing chian thing dd li nhiing bai hgc ve dao Phat diu tien cua ngudi Mien Dien.
- Kinh Mangala-sutta (Kinh Diem lanh - Phudc diic - Hanh phiic): la mot bai tdm tat rd ring va diy dii ve nliiing luan ly eua dao Phat, cho ea nhan va xi hgi. Ba muoi tam diau phudc diic trong kinli Mangala- sutta la mgt hudng dan thiet yau cho dudng ddi. Bit diu la "lanh xa ke xau ac" vdn la can ban cho cac tian bg luin ly va tam linh.
Hanh tri theo nhiing ldi day trong bai ke la con dudng chic chin dua den ddi sdng hai
hda va tian bd cua ci nhan eiing nhu ciia xa hpi, qudc gia, va nhin loai.
- Kinh Singalovada-sutta: la nhung ldi khuyan cua Diic Phat danh cho nhiing ngudi dan dng tre, dugc tha hien bing nhung doan tho bang tieng Mian. Kinh Singalovada-sutta dupe chpn de giang day nham giiip hpc sinh y thiic va trich nhiem va nhiem vu eua ban thin doi vdi nhung quyat dinh da lya chgn.
- Lokaniti: 6e cap dan nhiing quy tac va nguyen tic dao diic ngudi tu hinh.
- Shin kyint wut: da cap dan nhiing quy tac, quy djnh ddi vdi mgt Samabera - ngudi mdi tu.
- Parritta: la mgt tip hgp gdm 11 bai dian thuyat dugc lua chgn trong kinh dien Pali. Nghien c\m Parritta nham ngan chan ma quy va dem lai phudc lanh. Ddng thdi, no trang bi cho ngudi hpe khi nang thyc hien cac nghi le khi hp dugc thy phong.
Be viec tim hieu, hpc tap, tiep thu nhiing npi dung cua cac vin ban Phat giao tren dugc dian ra thuin lgi, eac kyaung - tha sau khi vao hpc d kyaung, diu tien, hp se dugc day dpc va viet chii Mien Dien.
Mpt dieu dang lmi y la do cac trudng chiia md ra eho tit ci nam gidi Mian Dien, trong sd do, khdng phai ai cung tham gia vdi mong mudn cd dugc sy giii thoat, eiiu roi trong tim hdn cua ban than ma cd nhieu ngirdi vao hpc don giin chi la de tim kiem CO hgi dugc giao dye. Vi vay, ngoai cac mdn hpe lian quan dan Phat giao, cac kyaung cdn phai xiy dung mot ehuang trinh giing day trong dd, bao gom mpt so mdn hpe the tuc co bin, nham dap iing nhu
57
ciu cua ca tdn giio va xi hdi. Su thay doi nay khdng diln ra ddng bd trong cac kyaung tran khip Mian Dien. Nd dugc bin than cac su UTJ tri dong thdi la hieu trudng cac trudng chiia thuc hien cho phu hgp vdi nhu ciu cua hpc sinh moi trudng. O bac tiau hpc, mdn sd hpc dupe dua vao giing day vdi muc dich dao tao cho ngudi hgc cd kha nang tinh toan am lich de xac dinh ngiy thing tian hanh cae nghi la cung nhu ljch gieo trong mua vu trong ndng nghiep.
Vi vay, ngoai nhiing van ban lien quan dan Phat giao, cac mdn hpc co ban ciia kyaung dugc tha hien trong cdng thiic 3 R's (read, write, arithmetic - dpc, viit, sd hpc).
Din bic tmng hgc, ngudi hpc se cd ca hpi dugc tim hieu nhiing van bin quan trpng ciia Phat giao bao gdm: ngii phap Kaccayana, Abhidhamma tthassangaha va Patimokkha. Trong dd, ngu phap Kaccayana cung cip kian thiic ve ngii phap Pali, Abhidhamma tthassangaha li su torn tit cua Vi dieu phap, va Patimokkha de cap dan Luat tang. Trong tiang Mian, ba van bin nay dugc gpi ngan ggn la Thatda (ngir phip), Thingyo (tdm tit) vi Vinee (ky luat)'^ Chuong trinh giang day nay cung cip cho ngudi hpc nhiing diau kien can thiat cho viec hpc d bac cao hon. Nhieu mdn hpc tha tuc dugc dua vao chuong trinh giing day d bac trung hgc, ngoai 3 R's cdn ed eac mon thien vin hpc (astrology), y hpc (medicine), toin hpc (mathematics), phep thuat (magic) va phip luat (lawY^
'^ Khammai Dhammasami, Sdd, tr.45.
'^ Bode (1995), "Buddhism and law The View from Mandalay". Journal of the International Association ofBuddhist Studies, Vol, 18, No l,tr.50-52.
Nhung sd lupng kyaung cung cip nhiing mdn hpc nay la rit ban ehd (chi cd trudng Lokuttara d Toungoo va trudng Bagaya d Amarapuran).
Doi vdi nhirng ngudi cd kd hoach d lai liu dai trong cic kyaung se dugc cung cip mpt chuong trinh hpc mang tinh chuySn biet, tip tmng ehu yau vio giio phap (Dhainma) va gidi luat (Vinaya). Nhiing ngudi theo dudi chuong trinh niy ddi hdi phii trii qua mpt qua trinh ren luyen nghiam khac va tinh than. Ddi lai, sau nay hp cd CO hpi trd thinh nhiing ngudi lanh dao cua Sangha. Thien van hpc va y khoa vin tiep tuc dugc nhan manh trong chuong trinh giing day d bie hpe niy. Ngoai cac kien thiic tren, cac trudng hpc 6 thanh thi con cung cap nhiing kien thiie ve le nghi hodng gia, xdy dung vd cdc hoat ddng sdn xudt khdc'^. Day dugc xem la nhiing men hgc rit cin thiat trong cudc ddi cua mgt nhi su Mien Dien. Trach nhiem ciia cac nha su, la xay dung chua chian, cac trudng hgc nha chiia - kyaung ciing nhu phuc vu hoang gia. Nau cac nha su khong dugc tim hiau nhiing mdn hgc tren thi hg khd cd the cd dugc nhiing kien thiic va ky nang can thiet de hoan thanh vai tro cua minh.
Tru'dc khi ngudi Anh xim luge. Mien Dien c6 mot ddi sdng cung nhu co ciu kinh ta rit don giin. Trong mpt td chiic xa hpi nhu vay, cac kyaung nhan thiy rang khdng cin thiet da dua giao due nghe nghiep vao npi dung giing day chinh thiic d cac trudng hpc. Thay vao do, ngudi hgc se tu tim hiau '^ Candy. J, Sdd, tr.60.
Nghiin ciru An Dp vd Chau A. So 03 - 2014 thdng qua viec hgc ngha ngay tai cac co sd
ngha khie nhau (nhu hinh thiic hgc viec hien nay). Tre em Mian Dien thudng giup cha me, hp bing nhiing cdng viec tran cac canh ddng hoac trong cae xudng san xuit nhu: xudng ren, xudng sua chiia binh xe, xudng moc, xudng to, xudng det... Ddi vdi nhung nginh ngha doi hdi ky thuat cao hon nhu son mai, nghe thuat cham khie gd, nga, lam dao kiam, diau khac, kian tnic,...
ngudi hgc se dugc tiap can thdng qua viec hgc nghe vdi nhiing ngudi thp lanh ngha'^
Trude tha ky XIX, cuoc song cdng ddng trong xa hgi Mian Dien da cung cip nhung diau kien thich hgp da thanh nien Mian Dien ed tha ren luyen va the chat.
Hiu nhu mgi thanh nien Mian Dien liic biy gid dau thanh thao cic mdn boi lgi, cudi ngua, dau kiem, dau vat, dim bdc kiau Mien..."*
0 Mien Dien cd ciu thanh ngir: "Mot nguoi dan dng thdt hpc gidng nhu mdt nguoi mil, mpt ngu&i phu nit khong biet theu thiia Id mdt nguoi vd dung" . Dieu niy cho thiy ngudi Mian da cao mpt ngudi phu nil ehu toan viec npi trg hon la mgt ngudi phu nii biat dpc viat. Hp quan niem rang, vdi phu nu, nhiing khi nang nhu dpc viet chi cd tinh chit trang tri chii klidng phai la dieu thiet yau trong cupe song. Vi vay, d Mian Dien, ty le ve trinh dp vin hda ciia phu nii la rit thip. Nhung mot dieu dang luu y d diy li, du phin ddng nir gidi '^ Union of Burma Rangoon (1956), Octennial report on Education in Burma (1947-1948 to 1954-1955), tr.2.
"* Union of Burma Rangoon, Tldd.
" Union of Burma Rangoon, Tldd, tr.3
Mian Dien khong cd khi nang dpc viit, song hg la nhung ngudi cd giao due. Ngay tir nhd, hp da dupe day lam nhung cdng viec trong gia dinh vdi muc dich chuin hi nhiing nan tang cin thiat de trd thanh mdt ngudi npi trg thuan thuc khi lip gia dinh.
* Phuong phdp hpc tap - ddnh gid:
Tnrdc tha ky XIX, giao due nhi chua d Mian Dien thudng dupe gin lian vdi tan gpi li trudng hpc vdi phucmg phdp nghiin cmi van bdn khdng chinh thuc. Bdi trong cac kyaung, hoat dpng giang day dugc tiln hanh ma khong ed bat cii mgt giao trinh giang day chung hay mpt hinh thiic kiam tra danh gii tip tmng nio. Tit ca dau nam trong tay eac su tru tri (abbot) ciing dong thdi la hieu trudng cua trudng hgc nha ehua. Diau dd cd nghTa la cac kyaung dugc hoan toan tu do trong viec thiat ke giao trinh va danh gia hpc sinh cua minh. Ddng thdi, d dd, cac hpc sinh khdng dugc khuyan khich bing cac phin thudng mang tinh vat chit ciing nhu khdng cd bing cip nao dugc trao.
Nhung hpc sinh trong cac trudng chua d Mian Dien (kyaung-tha) thudng hpe mpt vin ban nhieu lan dudi su hudng din ciia mpt hoac nhiau giao vian khac nhau eho dan khi nim viing nd. Sau qua trinli "ddo xdi" va nim vung cac vin bin do, ngudi hpc dupe gpi li Kyangyipauk. Mpt trong nhung dac tnmg cua phuang phip nghian ciiu van bin khong ehinh ihiic trong nen giao due truyen thdng d Mien Dien la viec khdng cd hinh thiic kiam tra danli gia chinh thirc nio dupe ap dung cho cae trudng chua trong toan qudc. Vi vay, tiiy thupc vao su lya chpn eua moi kyaung, se cd nhirng each
danh gia hoe sinh khac nhau: nguffi hpc dirge giao vien danh gia nhir mpt zaf-so'^;
hoac dupe giao vien giao nhiem vu giang day mpt so van ban ep ban cho eae idp nho hon; hoae dupe yen can viet mpt cuon sach hay mpt bai iuan bang tieng Pali ve mpt van ban dp nguai hpc hoac giao vien lua ehpn; hpac nguai hpc dupe yeu can thuyet giang vao nhiing ngay trang tron. Qua mot trong cae hinh thtie do, ngudi hpc se chung td dupe khit nang tiep thu cita ban than doi vdi cae van ban Phat giao.
Den the ky XVII, giao due truyen thdng Mien Dien chiing kien mpt su' thay ddi mang tinh budc ngpat. Dp la su chuyen ddi tir phuang phdp nghien ciru khong chinh thuc (nhu da de cap d tren) sang phuang phdp ddnh gid chinh thuc vdi eac giao trinh ehung va cae ky thi tap tnmg.
Nhung van de la, chii the thuc hien su thay ddi do khdng phai la cae su tru tri - hieu trudng cae kyaung hay eae thanh vien lanh dao ciia cpng ddng Phat giao - Sangha ma la qudc vuang Miin Dien Thalun (1629- 1648). Su thay ddi nay xuit phat tir ySu to chinh tri.
Trpng sudt thS ky XVI - XVII, nhiSu qude gia d khu vue Ddng Nam A dju tien hanh ehien tranh md rdng lanh thd nhSm cung ed dS ehe cua minh. Ci Mien Dien, viee xay dung mdt qudc gia hung manli bit dau tir the ky XVI vdi eupc chinh phuc ciia vua MiSn Tabinsheweti (1530-1551) d eac khu vuc Pegu, Arakan, eac bang ngudi Shan, Martaban, Prome, Ayuthaya... Den
dau the ky XVII, Thalun len ngdi vua d Mien Dien (1629-1648), vdi mong mudn duy tri va md rdng de ehe duac xae lap tir thdi Vila cha Nyaungyan (1599-1605). Dh hoan thanh muc tieu dd, ve mat quan su, Thalun cho xay dung mdt luc luong quan dpi vdi sd lupng ldn. Ket qua la, nam 1635, live luong quan dpi Mien Dien tang 20 lan, tir 20.000 ngudi len 400.000 ngudi. Trong khi dan sd Mien Dien luc dd ehi ed khoang 2 trieu ngudi. Dieu nay cd nghia la 1/5 dan sd Mien Dien dang tai ngfl" VS mat xa hdi, Thalun chp xay dung rit nhidu tang vien d Pegu, sau do tai Ava. De xay dung lite lugng quan dpi ciing nhu eac edng trinh ndi tren, mpi thanh nien trang kien eua Mien Dien deu phai tham gia. Trong khi do, tat ca eac thanh vien eiia Tang doan dju duge mien nghia vu quan su va lao dieh.
Dp vay, dudi thdi eai tri eua Thalun, mdt sd lugng rat ldn thanh nien MiSn Dien lai dung nSn giao due nha chiia dl bude ehan vao Tang doan, tranh viec lao dieh nang n6.
Tmdc tinh hinh dd, mpt bien phap hieu qua de han ehS tinh trang nay la vua Thalun phai ra lenh ap dung cae ky thi - kijm tra chinh thue nham loai khdi Sangha nhihig thanh vien khdng dii trinh dp, qua dd, bd sung ngudn nhan luc dap iing nhu eiu eila dat nude liic biy gid. Thep quy dinh nay, nhirng ngudi vugt qua ky kiSm tra chinh thire mdi dugc lam le thu phong, trd thanh thanh vien ctia Sangha. Nguge lai, hp phai trd ve eupc sdng thd tuc dd thuc hien nghia vu cua ngrrdi dan binh thudng.
" Tliuat ngu dung d l clii nguai gioi nhat trong mot
lop iioc dua tren su danh gia ctia giao vien. Khammai Dhammasami, Tldd, tr.65.
Nghien cicu An Dp vd Chdu A. Sd 03 - 2014 Tuy nhien, ddi vdi Sangha, hanh ddng
tren eua vua Mian dupe xem nhu mpt su can thiep qua siu vao boat dpng giao due vdn liu nay hoan toin do cac ting vien kiem soat. Do dd, chu truong ap dung ky thi chinh thiic cua Thalun da khdng dugc Sangha chip nhin.
Dan thdi trj vi eiia vua Bodawpaya (I782-18I9), mpt lin niia, viec ap dung cac ky thi chinh thiic dugc nha vua dua ra vdi hoan cinh vi mue dich tuong ty nhu dudi thdi vua Thalun. Dudi thdi Bodawpaya, ky thi tip trung nay duge mang tan la Pathamapyan. Nim 1784, ed 12 vi giam khio dugc chi dinh tham gia vao Hgi ddng danh gia thi sinb^**. Do khong nhan dugc su ung hg cua gidi su tang, vua Mian budc phil ra lenh cho moi su try tri d cac trudng ehua phii cu it nhat mgt hgc sinh tham gia vio ky thi Pathamapyan Vdi kinh nghiem tir su that bai cua Thalun, Bodawpaya da thuc hien mgt sd bien phap da thu hiit ngudi hpc tham gia vio ky thi chinh thiic nay. Thi sinh tham dy ky thi niy dugc ggi la Pathamasar taw pyan - "thi sinh tuyet voi ciia ky thi hodng gia "^'. Ddng thdi, vua Mian edn khen thudng cho cac thi sinh tham gia vao ky thi ci ve vat chit lin dia vi xi hpi.
Trong khi dd, Sangha lai tiep tuc tha hien su phan ddi cua minh, bdi hp muon giu lai hoan toan sy tu do trong quan ly giao due. Hon nira, hp cho rang, cac ky thi chinh thiie vdi eac bing cap cling nhu nhiing phin thudng vk vat chit dugc trao
cho thi sinh se lam hong tim hdn tre tha ciia hpc sinh - nhiing ngudi mdi tu^^. Trong khi Phat giao vin con la qudc giio cua Mien Dien, cpng ddng Sangha vin cd vai tro vd cung quan trpng trong ddi sdng tinh thin ciia ngudi din thi su phin ddi cua hp di trd thanh mpt trd lye qua ldn h-ong viee ap dung ky thi chinh thiic cua eae vi vua d Mian Dien.
Nhu vay, tir tha ky XVII cho dan tnrdc khi Anh kiem soat hoin toin Mian Dien, hinh thuc giao due truyan thdng trong cae tang vien vin duge duy tri kha manh song song vdi su phit trian ban cha cua hinh thuc giao due do nha nude kiem soat.
2. Anh hiTtfng va tac dpng cua nen giao due truyen thong d Mien Dien
Sy ton tai hang ngan nim ciia he thdng giao due nhi ehiia thdng qua cac kyaung ed y nghia rit quan trgng doi vdi ngudi dan, Phat giao, xa hgi Mien Dien ciing nhu cac giai doan phat trian va sau cua quoc gia nay.
- Ddi voi ngudi Mien: trudng hgc nha chua la noi cung cip kien thiic, co hgi hgc tip rgng rai cho nam gidi Mien Dien. Dd la ly do giii thieh tai sao trude khi thyc dan Anh xim luge Mian Dien, dit nude nay la mpt-trong nhiing qudc gia cd ty le ngucri biet dpc, biet viat cao nhit d khu vuc Ddng Nam A"^ Nhiing du khach phuong Tay khi den Mian Dien deu in tugng bdi sy tdn tai cua mpt nen giao due phd bian eho dong dao nam gidi d dit nude niy. Dieu dang ndi la he thong giio due iy cdn ton tai kha
^" Khammai Dhammasami, Tldd, tr 85.
^' Khammai Dhammasami, Tldd.
" Khammai Dhammasami, Tldd, tr.89.
^ Tran Khanh (chii bien) (2012), Lich su- Dong Nam A. tap TV, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi. Ha Noi, tr.249.
lau tmdc khi he thdng giao due ciia phuang Tay - nai ma cac nude thuc dan ludn tu hao vdi truyen thdng van hda, tu cho minh cai quyen di "khai hda vdn minh " eho cac dan toe khac tren the gidi, trong do cd cae nude Chau A - ra ddi. Nam 1569, Ralph Fitch da den tham Pegu va ke rang "ngudi Mien Dien di hoc cho den ndm 20 tudi hoac nhieu hon the nira"^'' Ve trudng hpe nha chua, San Germano den Mien Dien trong nhiing niim 1783 - 1806 da md tii eae tang vien "nhu nhirng trudng hpc vd that su Id nhirng truang hpc duy nhdt tgi vuang qudc ndy... nhiem vu gido due duoc thuc hien hodn todn bai cdc nhd su"^\ Nam 1931, J.
S. Fumivall, mdt sii gia ngudi Anh nghien eiiu ve Mien Dien da viet rang: "Mpt trdm ndm truac day, Tong doc ngudi Anh dau tien da tudng thuat rdng: "hdu hit mpi ngudi (a Mien Dien) deu cd the dpc vd viet.
Mac dil bdn bdo cdo cd phdn ndo do co y thdi phdng su viec, song chac chdn rdng, ty le nguai ddn cd the dpc vd viet (a Mien Dien) cdn cap han nhieu so vdi nude Anh " Vdi ndi dung giang day tap trung nhieu vao van de dap dire, giap due nha chiia khdng chi day eho ngudi Mien eai chir, each de tdn tai ma edn day hp each dd sdng nhu mdt tlianli vien trong cpng dpng.
- Ddi vol Phdt gido a Mien Dien: ndn giao due truyin thong Mign Dien chii ydu gan lien vdi he thong giao due nha ehiia.
U Kaung (1963), "A Survey of the history of Education in Brnma before the British conquest and after". Journal of the Burma Research Society, vol.
XLVI, December, tr. 17.
^' U Kaung, Tldd.
Day chinh la dieu kien thuan Ipi de Phat giao cd the an sau bam re trong ddi sdng tinh than ciia ddng dao nhan dan Mien Dien ngay tii' rat sdm. Ndi dung giao due ehii ylu la tim hidu kinh didn Phat giao lam eho ngudi dan tham nhuan nhiing tu tudng, giao ly cua dao Phat, gdp phan quan trpng vao viec cung ed vi tri eiia Phat giao vdi tu each la qudc giao d Mien Dien.
- Ddi vai xd hpi Mien Dien: eac trudng chiia la spi day ket ndi va duy tri nhung gia tri van hda quan trpng - duac tidp thu va giu gin tir nhirng gia tri van hda eiia hai njn van minh lang gidng An Dp va Trang Quoc - nhung nen van minh phat tridn rue ro tren thd gidi, dae biet sau khi MiSn Dien bi ngudi Anh thdn tinh hpan toan nam 1886.
Kyaung la mpt thuc thd dai dien cho ca hai ttu edt trong xa hdi Midn Dien la tdn gido (Phdt gido) vd gido due. Vdi su ton tai eua he thdng eae kyaung nay ma eac gia tri van hda tniySn thdng eiia ngudi Midn Dien khdng hoan toan bi mit di. Do dd, nd co vai trd quan trpng trong viee lam giam bdt nhirng tae ddng, nhung cii sdc ve su khac biet van hda xujt hien trong qua trinh Anh sap nhap Mi6n Dien vao lanh thd An Dp thupc Anh.
- Su dnh huang cua nen gido due truyen thdng Mien Dien trong thdi ky Mien Dien thupc Anh. Nen giao due traydn thong ciia Mien Dien da tao nen nhilng thuan Ipi nhjt dinh eho viec ap dung ehi'nh sach giao due ciia chinh quyen thuc dan vao thupc dia.
Viec nir gidi dupe giao due (du chi la tai nha) Cling da tao dieu kien de Anh cd thd kdt
Nghien ciru An Dp vd Chdu A. So 03 - 2014
giao due thupc dia cua Anh d Mien Dien sau nay. Ban canh dd, nhung khd khan ma nan giao due truyan thdng Mian Dien dem lai cho chinh quyan thupc dia cung khdng nhd.
Do cai tri d mgt dat nude m i trinh dp van hda ciia ngudi dan thude vao loai cao nliit d khu vuc vdi sy tdn tai l i u ddi cua he thdng giio due nha chua nen trai qua g i n mpt tha ky kiam soat va cai tri Mien Dien, chinh quyan thupc dia Anh da phii nhiau lin thay doi chi'nh sich giao due. Su tdn tai liu dii ciia cac kyaung eiing nhu viec phin ddi ehinh sach giio due thupc dia cua cdng ddng su tang d Mien Dien da can trd rat ldn doi vdi viec m d rpng he thdng giao due cua chinh quyan thuc d i n , tir toe dp, quy md phit trien he thdng trudng lop cho dan sd lugng hpc sinh.
Nhu vay, cd the thay, trong sudt thdi gian dai trude khi Midn Dien bi Anh s i p nhap, giao due truyan thdng Mian Dien d i dupe hinh thanh. Nan giao due i y phii hgp vdi cudc sdng xa hpi Mian Dien n g i y do.
Mpt eupc sdng don gian v i g i n lien niam tin ciia con ngudi vao ddi song P h i t giao.
Giira cudc song va giao due d Mien Dien cd mdi lian he r i t g i n giii. Ndi each khae, eupc song khi i y la g i i o due. Su tdn tai l i u ddi eiing nhu nhung gi ma nan giao dye tmyan thong d Midn Dien lam d u p e da tao nan nhiing t i c dgng, anh h u d n g to ldn ddi vdi xa hgi, P h i t g i i o ciing nhu ngudi d i n Mien Dien. T r u d e khi M i a n Dien trd t h i n h thupc dia cua thyc dan Anh, nan giao dye vdi cac kyaung - trudng hoc nha chiia d thue sy la mot su c h u i n bi c i n thiet va hieu q u i cho tha he tre M i i n Dien b u d c vao
cudc sdng. Sy t i c ddng do cdn keo d i i den eac giai doan phat trian vh sau eua qudc gia n i y , dac biet dudi thdi thuoc Anh.
Tai lieu t h a m k h a o
1 Bode (1995), "Buddhism and Law: The View from Mandalay", Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1.
2. Candy. J (1958), A History of Modern Burma, Cornell University, New York.
3. Fumivall J. S. (1931), An Introduction of the Political Economy of Burma, Burma Bock Club, Rangoon, Preface.
4. Hat^ey. G. E (1945), British Rule in Burma 1824-1942, Faber and Faber, London.
5. Khammai Dhammasami (2004), Between Idealism and Pragmatism - A study of Monastic Education in Burma and Thailand from the Seventeenth century to the present, St Anne's College.
6. Tran Khanh (chu bien) (2012), Lich sir Ddng Nam A. tap IV, NXB Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Ngi.
7. Lily T. K. D, Colonial education in Burma and Malaya: The move away from Indian education polic, Malaysian Journal of History, Politics and Strategic Studies.
8 Rahula.W (1956), History of Buddhism in Ceylon, M. D. Gunasena, Colombo.
9. Union of Burma Rangoon (1956), Octennial report on Education in Burma (1947-1948 to I954-I955).
10, U Kaung (1963), A Survey of the history of Education in Burma before the British conquest and the after. Journal of the Burma Research Society, vol. XLVI, December.
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