VE MOT SO THU LINH AN NAM THOI THUOC DlTONG
n -PHAM L 6 HUY'
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Q trUde de'n nay, phan ldn cae nghien cQu ve ehinh tri thdi ky Bae thudc thudng t a p t r u n g vao viee khae hga nhQng cudc nd'i day cua ngUdi Viet chdng lai ach thd'ng tri ciia phong kien Trung Quo'c. Tuy nhien, ne'u quan sat lieh sQ n h u la mgt ddng chay lien tuc, ehung ta tha'y rang trong nhieu giai doan, da cd mdt sd' thu ITnh dia phUdng ra lam viec eho bd may thd'ng tri eua chinh quyen dd hd. Dd'i vdi nhQng trudng hdp nay, khdng the vdi vang danh gia hg khdng yeu nUde hay thieu tinh t h i n tii chu. Bd qua nghien cQu ve nhQng thii linh dang nay, se khd ed dugc eai nhin toan dien va thiic te ve ca'u true ehinh tri- xa hgi dUdng thdi, ddng thdi eung khdng the li giai dugc mach ngam tdn tai va p h a t trien cua cae the liic dia phQdng ma sau nay se ddng vai trd quan trgng dQa da't nudc thoat khdi nghin nam Bie thudc.Ngoai ra, trong cae nghien cQu trUdc day, cdc nguon tU lieu ngoai chinh sQ nhung cd do tin cay cao nhu Man thU, Dudng hgi yeu, Tu tri thdng giam, nguon tai lieu kim thach van cung chUa dugc khai thac mgt each triet de.
Trong bai viet nay, chung tdi ed' g i n g tan dung cae nguon tU lieu tren de tim hieu boat ddng eua mgt so' thu linh dia phUdng thdi thuge Dudng, dac biet la thu linh eac ehau ki mi mien nui va trung du trong giai doan cud'i the ky VIII, d i u the ky IX. Thdng
qua dd, chung tdi mud'n lam ro tinh cha't eat cQ-tU tri dia phQdng, qua trinh xay dung, p h a t trien va bao toan iQc iQdng cua t a n g Idp thii linh dia phUdng trdng giai ddan nay.
1. V e t h i i l i n h D o A n h S a c h ••»
Thu linh dia phudng dau tien ma chung tdi mud'n de cap trong bai viet nay la Do Anh Sach. Lien q u a n de'n Do Anh Sach, chung ta ed dUde nhQng thdng tin rat qui gia tQ Man thU, mdt nguon sQ lieu ed gia tri cao ve tinh h i n h An N a m cudi the ky VIII, dau the ky IX. N h u chung ta da biet, Phan Xude, tac gia Man thU, vd'n la lieu thudc eiia An N a m Dd hd Sai Tap, sang An Nam nam Ham Thdng 3 (862). Sau khi phu t h a n h dd hd tha't t h u vao tay quan dgi Nam Chie'u t h a n g Gieng n a m Ham Thdng 4, P h a n Xudc da dd'e sQc hoan t h a n h 10 quyen Man thu, nhd Tudng C h a u Tie't do ap nha la TrUdng T h u T r u n g dang len hoang de nha Dudng.
Silliexil: Man thu, (^.9(1).
[Trudc day] Trieu dinh sai sQ den Van Nam, Nam Chie'u thudng nghenh tie'p, tien sQ gia r a ngoai xa. Nhieu n a m trd lai day, do trQdng lai h a i da't Ung, Giao ha khac t a n bao, tii y gie't ngUdi vd tgi, lam chung Man de'n cao oan [vdi N a m Chie'u], nhan dd Nam Chie'u thudng de'n d a n h cUdp. T h i n [Phan Xudc] phue mong hoang de trUng ' Th.S. Khoa Ddng Phudng hoc - DHKHXH&NV - DHQGHN
Ve milt s6 fhiS linh ?In Ham... 47
phat dai quan, khdi phue lai da't eu. 34 chau ki mi thudc quan ly eua Dung ehau Kinh lUdc sQ phuc xin de An Nam Dai thii linh lam thQ sQ, Vu Dinh chau xin de Dai thu linh lam trQdng lai. TrUdc day, cae ddi Kinh luge sQ thudng niem tinh than thudc, ta'u xin cho hgn nguyen tung, ap nha lam thQ sQ, t h i n e r i n g khdng d'n. Than [Phan XQde] trdm biet, ed'An Nam tien Tie't do sQ Trieu Xudng, sQa sang viec Giad Chi td'ng cdng 13 nam, den nay van de lai long ai ngudng ndi eac bae bd lao, lam cho trong edi vd sii. Khi dd, [Trieu Xudng] la'y Dd ap nha Dd Anh Sach lam Chieu thao Phd sQ, "nhap vien phan an", moi thang ca'p cho lUdng tien 70 quan; la'y "ky khaeh" TrQdng Chu lam An Nam Kinh luge Phan quan, sau lai cQ TrUdng Chu lam Dd hd. TQ khi Ly Tudng Cd' nham chQc An Nam Kinh lude sQ, tQ y tham lam tan hai, d i n de'n viec dgng binh. Tie'p dd lai cd Ly Trae hao sat, lam cho sinh linh chiu hai. Ne'u khdng phai do ngudi trudng lai, thi lam sao cd chuyen ngudi ta lam can.
Trong doan ghi chep d tren, danh gia chi'nh sach cai tri ciia nha Dudng tai An Nam, Phan Xudc nhan xet: dd'i vdi cac ehau ki mi, eac ddi Kinh lUdc sQ trd ve trUdc thudng xin trieu dinh phong eho hgn tuy tung than can (nguyen tung), ap nha lam thQ sQ. Phan Xudc cho rang day la mdt nguyen nhan gay ra tinh hinh ba't d'n. De so sanh, Phan Xudc neu len trudng hdp cua An Nam Dd hd Trieu Xudng. Trieu Xudng la vien dd hd ndi tie'ng da cai tri An Nam vd su trong sud't 13 nam. Theo Phan Xude, dd mgt p h i n la nhd viec Trieu XUdng da biet trgng dung mdt vien Dd ap nha la Dd Anh Sach.
Theo Tdn Dudng thit (Liet truyen, Q.129), Do Anh Sach vd'n la mdt "khe dgng hao" (2), tQc la mdt thu linh mien nui ed
the lue. Doan ghi chep cua Man thu cho chung ta biet trong thdi gian lam An Nam Dd hd Kinh lUdc Chieu thao sQ, Trieu XUdng da ca't n h i c Dd Anh Sach tQ mgt vien Dd ap nha len de'n chQc Chieu thao Phd sQ. Theo Tdn Dudng thU (Q.49 Ha, Bach quan chi), Chieu thao sQ n i m giQ viec
"ehinh phat" ("nguyen suy, dd thd'ng, chieu thao sQ chudng ehinh phat" (3). Ve mat quan sil, cd the ndi chQe vu eua Dd Anh Sach ehi dflng sau minh Trieu Xudng trong ehinh quyen dd hd.
Ngoai chQe Chieu thao Phd sQ, Do Anh Sach cdn lam "nhap vien phan an". Trong cac tQ lieu ve he thd'ng quan ehe ddi Dudng cdn lai ngay nay, khdng thay nhac de'n chQc danh "nhap vien phan an" (4). Tuy nhien, theo Khang Hy tii dien, mdt trong cac nghia cua "vien" la chi dinh quan ("quan giai viet vien" (5). Thdi Dudng, tri sd cua Tie't do sfl dUdc ggi la "sfl vien". Vi du, Td tri thdng giam (Q.257, Dudng ky, Hy Tdng) vie't: "Sfl vien, Tie't dd sfl ty quan thudc tri sU chi sd" (6), tfle la "Sfl vien la ndi tri sU ciia cac quan thuge quyen quan ly cua Tiet do sfl". Trong khi dd, tQ ddi Dudng Tuc Tdng (756-762), An Nam Kinh lUde sQ da dUdc dat t h a n h mdt Tie't do sQ ("An Nam kinh ludc sQ vi tie't do sfl, linh Giao Luc dang thap nhi chau" (7). Do vay, tri sd cua An Nam Kinh iQdc sQ cung cd the ggi la "sQ vien", ed the hieu "nhap vien" ehi viee vao lam viee tai tri sd cua An Nam Kinh iQdc sQ, tQc phu t h a n h dd hd.
Mat khdc, "phan an" ddi DQdng chi cac gia'y td do p h a n quan, ehflc quan dQng thQ ba trong he thdng tQ dang quan (trudng quan, thdng phan quan, phan quan, chii dien) ddng da'u. Vi du, sach Dudng lugt sd nghi ed viet;
SQ lieu 2: Dudng lugt sd nghi, Q.15,
4a Rghien ciJru Lich sit, so 9.2009 Dieu 213 (8).
P h a m giam lam ehu t h u [quan trdng coi eua cdng] ma la'y ciia cdng eho vay viec tU, ne'u ngudi eho vay va ngUdi vay khdng cd
"van k f thi luan [hinh phat] theo tdi
"cudp". Ne'u ed "van k f thi luan [hinh phat]
chuan theo tdi "cUdp". "Van k f tQc la loai gia'y td ki t i t . Ne'u cd lap "phan an" thi giam 2 cap.
Ngudi dUdc cho vay ne'u khdng cd kha nang boi thudng thi t h u eua vien quan da ddng da'u, ky cho vay. Viec vay cua cdng d dieu luat ben dudi eung theo each lam nay.
Sd ban: quan coi eiia cdng ma lay eua edng eho vay, "ngUdi dUde cho vay ne'u khdng cd kha nang bdi thudng" tQc la [ngUdi dugc cho vay] khdng cd vat de nop tra lai thi se thu eua vien quan da ddng da'u, ky cho vay. "Phan an" tQc la loai [gia'y td] eua phdn quan, "thu an" tQc la loai [gia'y td] eua ehu dien va giam sii.
Nhu vay, theo Dudng lugt sd nghi, trong he thd'ng phap luat ddi Dudng, "phan an" la t h u a t ngQ chi loai gia'y td cua phan quan.
Dd Anh Sach n h u vay da vao phuc vir trong tri sd eiia An Nam Dd hd (nhap vien), ddng thdi dUde Trieu Xudng tin nhiem giad cho phu trach cae loai gia'y td tUdng dUdng vdi chQe p h a n quan, moi thang ca'p cho 70 quan tien lUdng.
Trong thdi gian phuc vu d phii t h a n h , Dd Anh Sach da xay diing dUdc md'i quan he vdi cae quan lai ngUdi Han dudi quyen Trieu Xudng, dac biet vdi mdt n h a n vat ten la TrUdng Chu. Thee Man thii ( d i n d tren), TrUdng Chu vd'n la mdt thiic khaeh ("ky khaeh") eua Trieu XUdng. Theo md ehi eiia TrUdng Chu do L i i u Tdng Nguyen viet (9), dudi quyen Trieu Xudng, TrUdng Chu da kinh qua eac chQe An Nam Kinh ludc t u i n
quan (10), An Nam Phd dd hd, Kinh iQOc Phd sQ. NhQ vay la dudi quyen Kinh iQdc Chieu thao sfl Trieu Xudng, TrUdng Chu va Dd Anh Sach, mdt ngudi lam Kinh lUdc Phd sQ, mdt ke lam Chieu thao Phd sQ. Mdi quan he vdi TrUdng Chu trong thdi ky nay giup Do Anh Sach tie'p tuc t h a n g tie'n sau nay.
T h a n g 4 n a m Nguyen Hda nguyen nien (806), dUdc sii tie'n cQ cua Trieu XUdng, Kinh lUde phd sQ TrUdng Chu dUdc thang lam An N a m Dd hd, ban q u a n Kinh lUdc sQ, thay the che Trieu XUdng luc nay dUde nha Dudng t h u y e n chuyen lam Quang ehau ThQ sQ, Linh N a m Tiet do sQ (11). Dudi thdi TrUdng Chu, Dd Anh Sach tie'p tuc dUde t h a n g lam An Nam Dd tri Binh ma sQ kiem ap nha. An N a m Phd dd hd. N h u vay, Dd Anh Sach tie'p tue dUde trgng dung dUdi thdi Dd hg TrUdng Chu, trd t h a n h ngudi cd quyen liic so' h a i trong bg may cai tri eiia n h a Dudng d An Nam.
Sii lieu 3: Dudng hgi yeu, Q.73, An Nam Dd hd phii (12).
Thdng 8 n a m Nguyen Hda 4 [809], An N a m Dd hg [TrUdng Chu] ta'u; pha quan Hoan Vudng nguy hieu la ai chau Dd thdng hdn 30 van ngUdi, b a t dUdc vUdng tQ 59 ngudi, khi gidi, chie'n thuyen, voi chie'n.
Thang 9 n a m a'y, hgn An Nam Dd tri Binh ma sQ kiem dp n h a An N a m Phd dd hg Do Anh Sach 50 ngudi lam b a n ta'u len trieu dinh neu chinh tich cua b a n quan Kinh luge Chieu thao xii tri dang sQ kiem An Nam Dd hd TrUdng Chu ke tQ khi den n h a m chQc. An N a m La t h a n h trQdc day do Kinh iQ^lc sQ TrQdng Ba Nghi dap. Khi dd, t r a m hg gidng n h u giac cUdp, [thanh] ehi cao ed ma'y thudc, lai r i t chat hep. TQ khi TrUdng Chu de'n n h a m chQc, n h a n sau lue ndng n h a n , ta'u xin xay ca't t h a n h hien nay.
[Lude 1 doan] Ddi Kinh lUdc sQ Bui Thai trudc day t h a n h tri Hoan, Ai bi Hoan
vi raO^ s6 IhiS linh fin Ram... 49 VUdng Cdn Ldn thieu buy chay trui ca. TQ
sau khi TrUdng Chu de'n n h a m chQc, nam trQdc xay t h a n h Hoan ehau, nam ngoai dap thanh Ai ehau. Thdi Bui Thai, khdng giQ quan thanh, trong quan ma't mat het khi gidi. Trieu Xudng de'n n h a m chQo khdng dude bao lau lai quay ve nhan chQc d Quang ehau. TQ khi TrUdng Chu de'n nham chQc, eac dao xin de'n mua ban, moi thang che tao 8 nghin khi gidi. Bdn nam trd lai day, td'ng edng lam dQdc hdn 40 van. O hai ben ta hQu Dai sanh, lap Giap trQdng lau 40 gian de ca't giQ [khi gidi], Khi giac rd An Nam de'n cQdp, khd ldi ve mat chie'n da'u.
[Vi] TrUde day chie'n thuyen cd khdng qua mudi may chie'c, lai ra't cham chap, khdng the tie'p can dUde thuyen giac. TrUdng Chu tu minh sang ehe ra Mdng ddng thuyen hdn 400 chie'c. Mdi thuyen cd 25 linh, 32 tay cheo, 1 co may nd, 1 ed ludng cung no.
Mai cheo dUa ra tQ trong thuyen, khi mudn quay thuyen thi [tay cheo] quay lung lai, di lai nhu bay. Sac ehi lenh chuyen ban ta'u cho sd ty.
Theo ban ta'u len trieu dinh nha Dudng cua Phd Dd hd Do Anh Sach vao thang 9 nam Nguyen Hda 4 (809), sau khi tie'p quan chQc An Nam Dd hd, TrUdng Chu da tie'n hanh nhieu eai each nham cung cd' chinh quyen dd hd. Nhan lue ndng nhan, TrUdng Chu cho xay mdi thanh Dai La, xay diing lai hai thanh Hoan chau va Ai chau vd'n bi Hoan vQdng (Lam Ap) pha huy dudi thdi Dd hd Bui Thdi. Ve mat quan sii, theo Do Anh Sach, tQ khi de'n nham chQc, TrUdng Chu da cho che tao mdi thang 8000 khi trugng, dong thdi xay dilng mgt ddi binh thuyen sQ dung loai thuyen chie'n mdi la "Mdng dong thuyen". Mdi thuyen mdng ddng ed 25 linh, 32 tay cheo, dugc trang bi mgt CO may nd ("xa no"), mdt co "ludng eung no", cd kha nang ed ddng cao. Nhd vao
nhQng thay dd'i tieh cue nay, nam Nguyen Hda 8 (813), TrUdng Chu da danh bai quan dgi Hdan vUdng (theo ban ta'u thi quan sd' len de'n 30 van), khdi phuc lai hai chau Hoan, Ai da bi Hoan Vudng danh chiem dudi thdi Dd hd Bui Thai. Viec Do Anh Sach dflng ten trong ban ta'u ca ngdi edng tieh cua TrUdng Chu chd tha'y md'i quan he khang khit giQa hai n h a n vat nay. Tuy cd the cd nhQng diem khoa trQdng nhUng ban ta'u nay it nhieu eung phan anh dUde nhQng thay dd'i ldn d An Nam dQdi thdi TrQdng Chu, ma phia sau dd, chung ta ed the tudng dinh duge sii ho trd khdng nhd eua Dd Anh Sach, vdi tU each la mdt vien Phd dd hg.
Sau TrUdng Chu, ehiing ta cdn tha'y Dd Anh Sach da phuc vu dudi trudng cua* An Nam Dd hd Bui Hanh Lap. Theo Ciiu Dudng thu (Ban ky, Q.15, Tuyen Tdng ha), Bui Hanh Lap dUde cQ sang lam An Nam Dd hd, ban quan Kinh lUdc Chieu thao sQ nam Nguyen Hda 8 (813). Tdn Dudng thU (Liet truyen, Q.129) chep khi mgt ngQdi Lam Ap ten la L^ Lae Sdn lam phan Hoan Vudng de'n cau vien binh, de l i y ldng Hoan VUdng, Hanh Lap da sai "bd tUdng" Do Anh Sach chem Ly Lac Sdn (13).
Qua cac ngudn tU lieu neu tren, ed the tha'y Do Anh Sach la mdt thu linh dia phudng da lam viec cho ba ddi dd hg, cd nhQng luc da nam dUdc chQc Phd Dd hd d An Nam Dd hd phu. Tren cd sd nhQng thdng tin dd, chung tdi dac biet chu y den ndi dung bai minh khae tren chudng Thanh Mai. Theo chung tdi, ngudn tQ lieu kim thach van nay ed the eung ca'p cho ehung ta them mdt sd thdng tin ve Do Anh Sach.
NhQ chung ta da biet, chudng Thanh Mai dUdc p h a t hien d do sau 3,5m tai d bai Rdng, ven sdng Day, thudc thdn Thanh Mai, huyen Thanh Dai, tinh Ha Tay (nay la
50 Rghifin ciru Lich silf, s g 9.2009 Ha Ndi) vao t h a n g 5 n a m 1986. Bai minh
tren chudng T h a n h Mai la ngudn tU lieu kim thach van hien cdn cd' thQ hai d Viet Nam (sau bia Dai Tuy CQu Chan quan Bao An dao trang lap n a m 618). Ban dap do Dinh K h i e T h u a n dap hien nay dUde luu giQ tai Vien nghien cQu H a n Ndm vdi ky hieu 30270. Bai minh ehe biet ngay 30 thang 3 nam Trinh Nguyen 14 (798), 53 thanh vien eua mgt td ehflc ggi la "Tuy Hi xa" da tie'n h a n h due qua ehuong ddng nang 90 can de cung le. Bai minh liet ke ten hg cua ea thay 243 ngUdi, bao gdm cae thanh vien cua Tuy Hi xa eung nhu nhQng ngudi ngodi xa da ddng gdp de due chudng.
Trong sd' ten ngudi k h i e tren chudng, chung tdi dac biet luu y de'n n h a n vat sau:
Kinh iQde tien phong Binh ma sfl, NghTa quan Dd tri Binh ma sfl, tien nhie'p Ai ehau Thfl sQ, Trieu nghi lang, Sfl tri tie't Trudng ehau ChQ quan sQ, thu Trudng ehau ThQ sQ, huu thii Quan ehau Du bdn sQ, ThUdng tru qud'c, tfl tQ kim ngu dai Do Anh (14).
TrQdc tien, c i n iQu y r i n g bai minh dUdc k h i e vao nien hieu Trinh Nguyen 14 (798), tQc la trong thdi ky Trieu Xudng lam An Nam Dd hd. Nhu chung ta da biet, Trieu Xudng lam An Nam Dd hd td'ng cdng 13 nam, duge chia lam hai giai doan. Giai doan d i u keo dai 9 nam, b i t d i u tQ thang 7 nam Trinh Nguyen 7 de'n thang 5 nam Trinh Nguyen 18, sau dd vi dau chan nen Trieu XUdng xin nghi va dUdc thay the bdi Tu bd Vien ngoai lang Bui Thai. Sau khi Bui Thai that bai trong ehinh sach cai tri d An Nam (bi mdt vien nha tudng la Vudng Qui Nguyen dud'i khdi phu thanh, sau phai nhd Ta binh ma sfl Tiieu Quan giet Vudng Qui Nguyen mdi quay lai dugc phu dd hd) (15), thang 3 nam Trinh Nguyen 20, Trieu Xudng lai dugc cQ sang lam An Nam Dd hg dUdc 2 nam roi giao lai chQe Dd hd cho TrUdng Chu.
Quay trd lai vdi n h a n vat 'T)5 Anh"
trong bai minh chudng T h a n h Mai, tuy chQ cud'i cung trong hg t e n bi md khdng edn dgc dQdc (16), n h u n g can cQ vao vai trd eua Do Anh Sdch dQdi thdi Trieu XQdng, cd nhieu kha n a n g n h a n vat "Do Anh" ehinh la Do Anh Sach. Ne'u gia thuye't nay la dung, ehung ta ed them mdt sd' thdng tin ve Dd Anh Sach. TrQdc khi dQdc Trieu Xudng bd' nhiem lam Chieu thao Phd sQ, Dd Anh Sach da kinh qua chQc Kinh lUde Tien phong Binh ma sQ. Dd Anh Sdch edn la ehi huy (Dd tri Binh ma sQ) mdt phien hieu quan ggi la "NghTa quan". Ten ggi "NghTa quan" lam c h u n g t a khdng khdi lien he den
"NghTa doanh", mdt ten ggi quan dia phUdng dQdi thdi DQdng. Theo Tdn DUdng thu (Liet truyen, Q.224 ha), dUdi quyen Cao Bien ngoai q u a n ehinh qui ("quan quan") edn ed q u a n "nghia doanh", "hUdng doan" ("lieu chie'u Bien lieu quan quan, nghTa doanh, hUdng doan" (17)). Ngoai ra, ne'u t h a m khao chQc "Thd' quan Binh ma sQ" ciia Do Tdn T h a n h (se t r i n h bay d p h i n sau), nhieu kha n a n g NghTa q u a n la mgt ddn vi q u a n b a n bd eua Do Anh Sach.
TQ ngi dung bai minh, cd t h e suy ra thdi diem Dd Anh Sach dQdc phong lam An Nam Chieu thao Phd sQ. Nd phai mugn hdn thdi diem due chudng T h a n h Mai, tQc la sau t h a n g 3 n a m Trinh Nguyen 14 (798) (18). Ngoai ra, bai minh cung ca'p mdt sd can cQ giiip tra ldi eau hdi Do Anh Sach la thii ITnh d dia phUdng nad. Theo bai minh, Dd Anh Sach cd lien q u a n de'n ba dia phUdng la Ai chau, Trudng ehau va Quan chau. Tuy nhien, theo chung tdi, chae b i n Do Anh Sach la t h u iTnh d k h u vUc TrUdng chau, thuge dia p h a n Ninh Binh ngay nay.
Dd la vi:
Thit nhat, chQc vu "Ai ehau ThQ sQ" cua Dd Anh Sach chi la chQe vu kiem nhiem
Ve mSf 56 thii linh Kn Ram... 51 ("nhie'p").
ThU hai, trong bd'n chQc vu cua Do Anh Sach, chung ta tha'y Do Anh Sach n i m hai ehflc lien quan tnic tie'p de'n viec cai quan Trudng ehau la "SQ tri tie't TrQdng chau Chu quan sii" va "TrUdng chau ThQ sQ".
Trong khi dd, TrUdng ehau lai la mdt ddn vi hanh ehinh kha dac biet. Nguyen hoa qudn huyen chi khi giai thich ve huyen Nam Dinh thudc Giao chau da cung ca'p eho chung ta mdt sd' thdng tin ve Trudng chau nhu sau:
SQ lieu 4: Nguyen hoa qudn huyen chi, Q.38 (19).
Huyen Nam Dinh (hang trung-ha, di ve phia Ddng Bae 60 ly de'n phu thanh).
Nguyen la da't huyen Luy Lau ddi Han.
Nam Trinh Nguyen 7 (791) dat Nam Dinh huyen d day. Cuu Nam Dinh huyen hien gid tai vi tri each kim huyen hdn 200 ly ve phia Ddng Nam, canh chau ki mi TrQdng chau. (Ciiu huyen Nam Dinh) bi bd sau nam Khai Nguyen 10.
Nhu vay, huyen Nam Dinh duge dat nam Trinh Nguyen 7 (791) vd'n la da't Luy Lau ddi Han, "cUu huyen Nam Dinh" thi nam d phia Ddng Nam "kim huyen" hdn 200 ly, canh ehau ki mi Trudng chau. Theo dd, chiing ta biet dUde r i n g mudn nha't la tdi dau nien hieu Nguyen Hda (20), Trudng chau da trd thanh mdt chau ki mi, khdng cdn chiu sU quan ly true tie'p eua chinh quyen dd hd. Mat khdc, doan ghi chep eua Man thu d i n cl d i u bai viet gian tie'p eho chiing ta tha'y An Nam Dd hd Trieu Xudng CO xu hudng sQ dung cdc thii ITnh dia phudng lam thQ sQ cho cac chau ki mi. Do dd, neu Dd Anh Sach lam thQ sQ d Trudng chau thi ed nhieu kha nang Do Anh Sach la mgt thu linh cd the' iQc d khu vile nay.
Ngoai Ai ehau va TrQdng chau, Dd Anh Sach cdn lam Du bdn sfl cho Quan ehau.
Theo Tdn Dudng thU, Q.43 ha, Ki mi chau, Quan chau eung la mdt chau ki mi thudc An Nam dd hg phu. Theo Nguyen hda qudn huyen chi, Q.38 thi Quan chau nam d phia Ddng Nam phu thanh, each khoang 195 ly.
Do dd, nhieu kha nang Quan ehau la mgt ehau ki mi n i m ben canh TrUdng chau.
Diia vao nhQng diem neu tren, ed the suy doan rang Do Anh Sdch la mdt thii iTnh dia phUdng cd the lue d TrQdng ehau, do dd mdi dUdc Trieu Xudng phong lam TrUdng chau ThQ sQ, dong thdi Trieu Xudng cung mud'n ldi dung anh hudng eua Dd Anh Sach de kiem soat cdc khu vQc lan can, trong dd cd Quan chau. Ve vi tri dia ly ciia TrUdng chau, ehung toi tan t h a n h quan diem ciia Thien Dinh Dang Xuan Bang va GS. Dao Duy Anh cho r i n g TrUdng ehau nam d khu vQc Ninh Binh ngay nay. Nhu hai hge gia da trich d i n , theo sach Ttj.c tU tri thong giam trudng bien (Q.31, Td'ng Thai Tdng) (21), thdi Tien Le, sfl gia nha Td'ng la Td'ng Cao khi di sQ sang nude ta da di dudng thuy qua cQa sdng Bach D i n g vao ndi dia, sau dd de'n Trudng chau n i m gin kinh dd Hoa Lu cua Le Hoan (22).
TQ cac ngudn tU lieu ndi tren, chung ta cd the tha'y Dd Anh Sach trUde het la mdt tu trUdng dia phudng cd the lUc, dae biet la ve mat quan sii. Dieu dd the' hien qua vi tri cila Dd Anh Sach trong chinh quyen dd hg nhu Chieu thao Phd sQ, Tien phong binh ma sfl, NghTa quan Dd tri Binh ma sfl, bd tudng... Chung ta can nhd r i n g , sau khi nham ehflc Dd hg, Trieu Xudng mdt mat phai d'n dinh tinh hinh An Nam sau khdi nghTa P h u n g Hung, mdt mat phai giai quye't va'n de Nam Chie'u (23), vien Dd hd tiep theo la TrUdng Chu phai ddi phd vdi the luc Lam Ap d phia Nam. Trong bdi
52 Rghien cuu Lich siif, su 9.2009 canh loan lae n h u vay, cac vien Dd hd nha
Dudng hien nhien phai t a n dung liic lUdng quan sQ eiia cac t h u ITnh dia phUdng nhU Do Anh sach de ciing ed' bd may eai tri ciia minh. Trong qua trinh dd. Do Anh Sach da dUde trieu ve phu t h a n h de lam viee. Ve diem nay, ehung ta eung n h a n tha'y sii tQdng ddng vdi trQdng hdp eua cac thu ITnh P h a m Dinh Chi va Dudng Thanh.
P h a m Dinh Chi la mgt tu trQdng mien nui (khe ddng hao) dQdc Dd hd Bui Hanh Lap sQ dung cQng thdi vdi Do Anh Sach.
P h a m Dinh Chi thudng xin Bui Hanh Lap nghi phdp (hUu muc) (24) nhUng khdng quay lai dung hen. Sau nhieu l i n nhU vay, Bui Hanh Lap la'y quan phap xQ phat, dem giet P h a m Dinh Chi, sau dd lai chgn trong sd hgn til de cua Dinh Chi mdt ngUdi de thay the. Qua dd, ehiing ta biet dUde rang da cd sii hdp tdc giQa ddng hg P h a m vdi chinh quyen dd hd cua Bui Hanh Lap.
Gid'ng nhQ Dd Anh Sach, P h a m Dinh Chi cung hi r a n g huge phai ed m$t d tri sd cua An Nam Dd hd (25).
Ngoai r a edn cd Dudng Thanh la thu linh dia phUdng ("man tu", "Nam phUdng tu hao") da lanh dao cuge nd'i day chdng lai Dd hd Ly Tudng Cd' n a m Nguyen Hda 14 (816). Theo chinh sQ Trung Qud'c, trUde khi cuge p h a n loan nd' ra, An Nam Dd hd Ly Tudng Cd' vi "sd" ("ac T h a n h chi cudng", Ciiu Dudng thu, Liet truyen, Q.131) (26),
"uy ki" ("ki ky hao", Tdn Dudng thU, Liet truyen, Q.80) (27) t h e liie eua Dudng Thanh, luc dd lam Hoan chau ThQ sQ nen da trieu T h a n h ve phii t h a n h lam "nha mdn tudng". Qua trudng hdp eiia Dudng Thanh, ehung ta biet dUdc r a n g viee eac vien Dd hd nha Dudng dUa cae thu ITnh dia phUdng ve phii t h a n h cd 2 muc di'eh: mgt mat chung mud'n ldi dung uy tin va anh hudng cua cae t h u iTnh nay de tSng eudng
sQc m a n h cua chinh quyen dd hd, mat khac day cung la mot h i n h thQc giam sat de kiem che t h e liic cua hg.
2. Ve thii l i n h D o A n h H a n v a nhiJng n h a n v a t D o A n h k h a c
Tren day, c h u n g tdi da lam ro xuat than cung n h u hoat ddng eua Do Anh Sach, mgt thii ITnh dia phQdng d An N a m cudi the ky VIII, d i u t h e ky IX. Cung vdi Dc Anh Sach, ehung tdi mud'n iQu y de'n sQ tdn tai eua mdt so' ngQdi cd hg t e n m a n g chQ Dd Anh sd'ng cung thdi. TrQdc tien, bai minh tren chudng T h a n h Mai eho chung ta biet ngoai Do Anh Sach cdn cd mdt n h a n vat nQa cung cd ten Do Anh la Do Anh Cudng. Ngoai ra, ngay trUdc thdi ky Do A n h Saeh boat dgng, chung ta bie't r i n g cd mgt n h a n v a t ten la Do Anh H a n da t h a m gia cuge khdi nghTa P h u n g Hung.
O day, chung tdi mud'n p h a n tieh them ve xuat t h a n va vai trd cua Do Anh Han trong cudc khdi nghTa P h u n g Hung. Khi d l cap de'n cudc khdi nghTa P h u n g Hung, cae nghien cQu trUdc day thudng ed xu hUdng sQ dung ghi chdp cua Dgi Viet sii ky todn thu (DVSKTT), dae biet la ban dich ciia Nxb. Khoa hge xa hgi, qua dd mieu ta Do Anh H a n mgt each ra't md n h a t n h u la mgt
"ngQdi cung lang" va la mdt quan sQ eiia P h u n g Hung. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh t h u t h a p t u lieu, chung tdi cho r i n g each tie'p can n h u vay cd mgt sd va'n de. Thit nhat, khi dieh s a n g chQ qudc ngQ, lieu ban dieh eua Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hgi da p h a n anh bet nhQng thdng tin cua nguyen ban chQ Han cua DVSKTT hay chua. ThU hai, khdng the d i dang sxt dung ghi ch6p ciia DVSKTT mdt khi ehua tie'n h a n h phe phan gia tri ve mat sd lieu ciia no t r e n cd sd so sanh vdi cae ngudn tQ lieu cd' hdn la Viit dien u linh tap (VDUL) cung nhu cac nguon tai lieu T r u n g Qudc.
Ve mgt sg Ihii ITnh Rn Ram.. 53 Ve gia tri sQ lieu eua VDUL, tuy eac ban
VDUL cdn lai ngay nay deu da trai qua qua trinh bien soan het sQc phQc tap, nhUng it nha't vao thdi diem hien nay, cae hoc gia deu thd'ng n h a t r i n g truyen Bd' Cai Dai VUdng la mdt trong nhQng truyen gd'c do Ly Te' Xuyen bien soan vao ddi T r i n (28).
Khae vdi mgt sd truyen sQ dung ngudn tU lieu t h i n pha, Ly Te' Xuyen da viet truyen Bd Cai Dai Vudng tren cd sd mdt ngudn tai lieu la Trieu cdng Giao chdu ky hoae Trieu vUdng Giao chdu ky (29). Sach Giao chau ky cua dng hg Trieu (Trieu cdng) khdng cdn, nbUng qua bai minh tren qua chudng Bach Hac Thdng thien quan do dao sy Hfla Tdng Dao soan nam Dai Khanh 8 (1239), chung ta biet r i n g Trieu cong Giao chdu ky la mdt eudn sach kha phd' bie'n vao thdi Trin. Ve tdc gia Trieu edng, Le HQu Muc da dUa ra mgt gia thuye't ra't dang chu y.
Can cQ vao ghi chep sau eiia Viet sii: thong gidm cUdng muc (VSTGCM) (thiic te la trich lai tQ An Nam ky ye'u hay An Nam chi ciia Cao Hung TrUng), Le HQu Mue eho rang Trieu cdng Giao Chdu ky chinh la sach Phu chi (30) do An Nam Dd hd Trieu Xudngsoan (31).
SQ lieu 5: Khdm dinh Viet sit thong gidm cUdng muc, Q.4.
Theo sach An Nam ky yeu, ba'y gid Giao chau ehua yen, Trieu Xudng de'n ndi, vd ve phu du, ldng dan mdi yen. Trieu Xudng sai sfl de'n du Phung An, P h u n g An dem quan ra hang, Trieu Xudng dUdc phong lam Kinh lUde Chieu thao xQ tri sQ. Trieu Xudng d i p them La Thanh, di tham k h i p ndi nui sdng danh thang, ed' tieh, den mie'u d cae dd quSn, chep lam sach Phu ehi.
Chiing tdi cung nghieng ve gia thuye't ciia Le HQu Mue vi;
Thd nhat, viec coi Trieu Xudng la tac gia
Trieu eong Giao Chdu ky ve mat nien dai khdng mau t h u a n vdi nhQng ndi dung ma chung ta biet dUde ve tai lieu nay. Hi^n tai, ehiing ta bie't dUde r a n g Trieu cong Giao chdu ky viet ve cac sii kien xay ra dudi eac nien hieu VTnh Huy (truyen than Bach Hac - Trung due vu phu uy linh vUdng, VDUL;
chudng Bach Hac thdng thien quan), Trinh Nguyen (truyen Bd Cai dai vUdng, VDUL) nha Dudng, tQc la trUde hoae eung thdi vdi Trieu Xudng.
Thit hai, trdng dieu kien tU lieu hien nay, chung ta chi xac dinh dUde duy nha't mdt n h a n vat hg Trieu cd sach viet ve Giao chau la Trieu Xudng. Them vao dd, viec ggi mdt vien Dd hg nha Dudng la "Trieu vUdng"
eung khdng ed gi mau t h u i n . Chie'u ddi dd ciia Ly Cdng Uan eung ggi Cao Bien la
"Cao VUdng".
Thd ba, ed the tham khao trUdng hdp Tang cdng Giao chdu ky. Ngdai Trieu cdng Giao chdu ky, trong 'VDUL, Ly Te Xuyen edn sQ dirng sach Giao chdu ky cua Tang cdng. Trong trudng hdp nay, ed the xac dinh chi'nh xac Tang cdng la An Nam Dd hd Tang Cdn, vi Viet sU lUdc cd ch^p Tang Cdn soan 1 thien Giao ehau ky. Nhu vky, chung ta bie't dude r i n g trdng eac thu vien thdi T r i n van edn luu giQ dUde mdt sdcud'n sach ciia cac vien An Nam Dd hg ddi Dudng.
Ngoai ra, cung e i n luu y rang sach Giao chdu ky cua Tang Cdn eung xuat phat tQ mgt tai lieu thuge dang ehi. Trong Vdn ddi logi nga (Khu vu III, dieu 66), Le Qui Ddn trich dan Phien ngung tgp ky ciia Trinh Hung ddi Dudng (hien da m i t ) eho bie't Tang Cdn la tac gia eiia sach Viet chi.
Tdm lai, mac du chQa the khang dinh ro rang nhUng gia thuye't eua Le HQu Muc khdng phai la khdng cd cd sd (32). Nhu ehung ta da bie't, sau khi Cao Chinh Binh chet benh vao thang 4 nam Trinh Nguyen
54 Rghien cuu Lich sii. sg 9.2009 7 (791), t h i n g 7 cung nam, Trieu Xudng
dUdc bd' nhiem lam An Nam Dd hg, Kinh lUdc Chieu thao sQ va ehinh la ngUdi true tie'p tie'n h a n h chieu h a n g P h u n g An. Do do, ne'u qua thUc Trieu cong Giao Chdu ky la sach do Trieu XUdng viet, thi VDUL da can cQ vao mdt ngudn tai lieu dUdng thdi cd tinh tin cay cao de viet ve cugc khdi nghia Phung HQng. Cho du Trieu cdng Giao chdu ky khdng phai la sach eiia Trieu XUdng di nQa, it nha't nd eung la mgt tU lieu cd hdn DVSKTT. Ne'u bde tach dUdc ndi dung cua Trieu cdng Giao chdu ky tQ VDUL, ehung ta se cd dUde nhQng thdng tin cd gia tri ve khdi nghTa P h u n g HUng.
Ve ngudn tU lieu Trung Qud'c lien quan de'n khdi nghia P h u n g Hung, ehung ta cd ghi chep trong cae sach CUu Dudng thd do Luu Hu ddi Hau Ta'n bien soan va hoan t h a n h nam 945 (Ban ky, Q.13), Tdn Dudng thu, p h i n Liet truyen do Td'ng Ky ddi Bic Td'ng viet xong nam 1046 (Ban ky, Q.7; Liet truyen, Q.170, Trieu Xudng truyen), Tu tri thong gidm cua Tu Ma Quang hoan t h a n h nam 1084 (Q.233, Dudng ky 49). Cac ghi chep nay deu ed trude DVSKTT. De tien theo doi, chung tdi xin gidi thieu cae ghi chep nay ben dudi.
SQ lieu 6: Cdc tU lieu Trung Qud'c ve khdi nghTa P h u n g Hung.
Ciiu Dudng thu, Ban ky, Q.13, DQc Tdng ha (33).
Mua ha, t h a n g 4, [iQde 1 doan], Ky Mui, An Nam thii ITnh Dd Anh Han phan, ta'n cdng dd hg phu. Dd hd Cao Chinh Binh lo l i n g ma chet.
Tdn Dudng thU, Ban ky, Q.7, DQc Tdng (34).
Thang 4, An Nam t h u ITnh Do Anh Han phan. Giet.
Tdn Dudng thU, Liet truyen, Q.170, Truyen Trieu Xudng (35).
Trieu Xudng tii la Hdng To, ngUdi Thien VTnh. Ban d i u lam lieu thuge cua Chieu NghTa Ly ThQa Chieu Tie't do sQ, dan dQdc t h a n g lam Kien chau ThQ sQ. An nam tu lao Do Anh H a n lam phan, Dd hd Cao Chinh Binh lo l i n g chuyen dd ma chet.
T h a n g Trieu XQdng lam An N a m Dd hd.
Cac bg lac Di deu quay ve vdi trieu dinh, khdng dam ndi day nQa...
Tu tri thong gidm, Q.233, Dudng ky, DQc Tdng (36).
An Nam Dd hd Cao Chinh Binh danh thue' nang. Mua ha t h a n g 4, bgn quan Man t u trudng Dd Anh H a n khdi binh vay dd hd phu. Chinh Binh lo lang m a chet.
Quay trd lai vdi vd'n de Dd Anh Han, so sanh VDUL va cae tU lieu Trung Qudc vdi ghi chep cua DVSKTT, chung ta cd dudc mdt sd'nhan xet nhQ sau:
Thit nha't, trong cac tai lieu eua Trung Qud'c khdng cd mdt ddng nao viet ve anh em P h u n g HQng, P h u n g Hai ma ehi n h i c den Do Anh H a n nhQ la ngUdi cam dau cugc bao vay phii t h a n h dd hg n a m Trinh Nguyen 7 (791). Do Anh H a n dUdc mieu ta vdi t u each la "An Nam t h u linh" (Ciiu Dudng thu), "An N a m t u lao" (Tdn DUdng thu), "Quan Man t u trQdng" (Tu tri thong gidm), tQc la mgt t h u ITnh dia phUdng ed the liic ldn. N h u vay, p h a i giai thich nhQ the nao ve md'i lien he giQa t h u iTnh Do Anh Sach va t h u iTnh P h u n g Hung, lieu ho cd phai la hai t h u iTnh "eung lang" dQdc hay khdng?
Thit hai, VDUL chep r a n g P h u n g HQng la mgt tQ trQdng vung bien cUdng d "ehau Dudng Lam" ("Dudng L a m ehau bien k h d d i tu trudng"), va "Do Anh Han" la "Dudng
Ve mgt sg thii linh Hn Ram. 55 Lam nhan". Nhu vay, theo VDUL, ehi cd
the hieu Dd Anh Han la ngudi sd'ng cung chau Dudng Lam vdi PhQng Hung.
Mat khac, nguyen ban chQ Han eua DVSKTT cung khdng chep Dd Anh Han la
"ngudi cung lang" ma chi ghi ddn gian la
"ban hUdng nhan", tfle la ngUdi cung mdt hUdng vdi Phung Hung. O day cdn cd v i n de la: lieu cac soan gia cua DVSKTT ed dude mdt nguon cQ lieu gd'c rieng de khang dinh Dd Anh Han la ngudi eung hUdng vdi Phung Hung hay khdng? De lam rd dieu nay, chung ta hay thQ so sanh van ban chQ Han Ciia DVSKTT va VDUL.
SQ lieu 7: Viet dien u linh tap va Dgi Viet sii ky todn thU.
VDUL, truyen Bd'Cai dai vUdng.
1. An Trieu vUdng Giao chau ky, Vudng tinh Phung, danh Hung, the' tap Dudng Lam chau bien khd' di tQ trudng, hieu viet Quan lang (man tuc kim tdn).
2. Gia tu hao hQu, lUe tham nhieu dung, nang bae hd bai ngUu, ki de viet Hai, diee hQu kien liic, nang phu thap thien can thach, hoae thien hoc tieu ehu, h a n h thap du II, ehu di lao giai uy ki danh yen.
3. Dudng Dai Lich trung, n h a n nga An Nam quan loan, huynh de tUdng sua't t u i n chu hUdng a'p, giai ha ehi, sd chi vd ba't phi mi. Hung ki d i e ehi, canh danh Cii Lao, Hai canh danh Cu Liic.
4. Hung hieu Dd Quan, Hai hieu Dd Bao. Dung Dudng Lam n h a n Dd Anh Luan (nha't tac Han) ke nghi, dT binh t u i n h a n h Dudng Lam Trudng Phdng dang chau, giai qui chi, uy danh dai cha'n, thanh ngdn due do Dd phu.
5. Thdi Dd hg Cao Chinh Binh di mac ha cdng chi b i t k h i e .
6. Uu p h a n p h a t t h u td't, 7. Hung n h a p Dd phii thi sU,
8. Tha't nien hoang, chung diic lap Hai, ki phu ta d i u muc Bo Pha Lac gia, lUc nang bai sdn cQ dinh, dung liic tuyet luan, ed' y ba't tung, nai lap Hung tQ An, sua't ehung Cli Hai, Hai ti Bo Pha Lac, thien Chu Nham ddng, hau ba't tri sd chung,
[Lude doan cud'i]
Dgi Viet si ky todn thU, Ngoai ky, Q.5, Thuge Tuy Dudng ky, td 6a-b
a. Tan Mui (Dudng Trinh Nguyen tha't nien) xuan. An Nam Dd hd phu Cao Chinh Binh vi chinh trgng lilm, ha tQ nguyet Giao chau DQdng lam n h a n (DQdng Lam tai Phuc Lgc huyen) Phung Hung khdi binh vi phu, Chinh Binh dT Uu tQ.
b. Tien thi, Phung hung hao phu hQu dung liie, nang bai ngUu bae hd.
e. U Dudng Dai Tong Dai Lich trung, nhan Giao ehau loan, Hung ki de Hai tUdng sua't phue ehu hudng a'p,
d. Hung hieu Dd Quan, Hai hieu Dd Bao,
e. Du Chinh Binh tUdng cdng, cQu ba't nang k h i e ,
f. Chi thi dung ban hQdng nhan Do Anh Han ke', suat ehung vi phu,
g. Chinh Binh Uu phan vi tat, thU phat bdi tQ,
h. Hung n h a n cQ phu, tri vi ki td't, tQ An tdn vi Bd' Cai dai vQdng (tuc vi phu viet Bd, mau viet Cai, ed' di vi danh yen), vUdng nang hien linh di, ehung dT vi than, nai U Dd phu ehi tay, lap tQ tue' thdi phung tii, tQc Phu HQu ChQdng Tin Sung Bd Cai dai VUdng, ki t h i n tQ kim tai Thinh Quang phudng tich dien ddng tay.
56 Rghien curu Lich sii. sg 9.2009 De tien sd sanh, tren day, chung tdi tach
tiing eau trong mdi van ban, danh sd' 1, 2, 3 vdi VDUL va a, b, e vdi DVSKTT. Chung ta tha'y cd sii gid'ng n h a u giQa b vdi 2, c vdi 3, d vdi 4, f vdi 5, g vdi 7, e vdi 6. Rieng cau a cua DVSKTT gid'ng vdi eau cua TU tri thdng gidm trong sQ lieu 6. N h u vay, cd the ndi ghi chep ve xuat t h a n va d i i n tie'n cudc khdi nghTa eua Phiing Hung trong DVSKTT tren thiie te chi la bien soan lai ndi dung eiia VDUL, viec Dd Anh Han la
"ban hUdng nhan" cd kha nang chi la sU suy d i i n cua DVSKTT.
Qua nhQng phan tieh tren, ehung ta ed the cd mdt cdch giai thich khae cac nghien cQu trudc day ve Do Anh Han. Do Anh Han la mdt t h u ITnh dia phUdng sd'ng cung ehau Dudng Lam vdi P h u n g Hung. Cd the Do Anh Han da theo ve vdi P h u n g Hung trong qua t r i n h anh em hg P h u n g t h u phirc cae hUdng a'p xung quanh. Trong giai doan d i u eua cugc khdi nghTa Do Anh Han da ed vi tri cao trong bd chi huy cudc khdi nghTa.
Viec cac nguon tU lieu Trung Qud'c ehi chdp ve Dd Anh Han eho tha'y chinh quyen dd hd bie't de'n Do Anh H a n nhieu hdn P h u n g HQng. Ne'u t h a m khae them trudng hdp eua Dd Anh Sach, ed kha nang gidng n h u Dd Anh Sdch, Do Anh Han cung da ed thdi gian lam viee eho ehinh quyen dd hd.
Tie'p theo, ve vai trd eiia Dd Anh Han trong cudc khdi nghia P h u n g Hung, DVSKTT ehi chep v i n t i t : "Phung Hung dung ke cua ngudi ban hUdng Dd Anh Han, xua't quan bao vay phii t h a n h . Chi'nh Binh Qu p h i n t h a n h benh, p h a t nhgt d lUng ma che't". Tuy nhien, VDUL cung ca'p eho chung ta mdt sd thdng tin cu the hdn:
Dung ke cua ngudi Dudng Lam la Do Anh Luan (cd sach viet Han), la'y quan t u a n h a n h "Dudng Lam Trudng Phong" cae chau, cae ndi deu theo ve, uy d a n h IQng liy.
Phao tin mudn d a n h dd hd phu. Dd hd luc dd la Cao Chi'nh Binh lay q u a n dQdi trQdng d a n h khdng t h i n g dUdc, lo l i n g p h a t nhgt ma chet.
Theo dd, trudc khi q u a n khdi nghia tie'n h a n h bao vay p h u t h a n h , Do Anh Han chinh la ngUdi da hie'n ke cho P h u n g Hung dua quan " t u i n h a n h " k h u vile "Dudng Lam Trudng Phong d i n g chau" de md rdng liie lUdng. Cac b a n dich sang chQ qud'c ngQ hien nay eua Le HQu Mue, Dinh Gia K h a n h dich cum chQ H a n "DQdng Lam TrUdng Phong d i n g chau" t h a n h "ma'y ehau Dudng-lam, Trudng-phong" hoae "cae chau Dudng Lam, Trudng Phdng" (37). Tuy nhien, viec dich h a i chQ "TrUdng Phong"
t h a n h ten mdt chau la khdng dung vi trong he thdng ddn vi h a n h chinh cua n h a Dudng thdi ba'y gid khdng ton tai ehau TrUdng Phong. Cum chQ H a n t r e n dieh ehinh xac phai la cac chau Dudng Lam, Trudng (chau), Phong (ehau).
Theo Tdn Dudng thU, Dia li chi thi TrQdng chau la t e n chau d a t r a vao thdi DQdng, de'n n a m Thien Bao nguyen nien (742) dQdc dd'i ten t h a n h Van DQdng quan, sau dd de'n n a m Can Nguyen nguyen nien (758) lai dd'i t h a n h ten eu la TrUdng Chau.
Le T r i e trong An Nam chi lUdc ghi TrUdng Chau vao p h i n "Co' ehau danh", nhd dd ehung ta bie't dUdc r a n g de'n thdi T r i n , ten Trudng Chau khdng cdn dUdc sQ dung. Vi?c VDUL n h i c de'n dia d a n h cd' TrUdng ehau la mgt minh chQng eho thay nd da can cQ vao mgt ngudn tai lieu cd', ma nhieu kha n a n g la Trieu cong Giao chdu ky.
Tdm lai, Do Anh H a n la ngudi cd cdng ra't ldn trong cugc khdi nghTa ciia Phiing HQng. Nhd ke sach cua Do Anh Han, iQe iQdng ciia nghia q u a n khdng cdn bd hep trong p h a m vi cua mgt ehau - chau Dudng Lara, ma da dQdc md rdng ra mdt k h u vQc
V& m$t s g thii linh fin R a m . . 57
r d n g ldn b a o g d m c a c vQng P h o n g c h a u ( P h u T h g , VTnh P h i i c ) v a T r Q d n g c h a u (Ninh B i n h ) .
Cuol Cling, edn m d t v i n d e n Q a l a m d t t h u l i n h dQgc cae n g u d n t a i lieu T r u n g Qud'c n h a ' n m a n h n h U D o A n h H a n t a i s a o lai b i & ma't d o t n g g t n h U v a y . D e giai t h i c h v i n d l n a y , c h u n g t d i m u d n l u u y d e n g h i eh6p "An N a m t h u ITnh Dd A n h H a n p h a n , phuc t r u " e u a Tdn Dudng thU (sQ l i e u 6). I t
nha't l a t h e o Tdn Dudng thu, t h u l i n h Do A n h H a n d a hi g i e t ("phue t r u " ) . D i e u n a y d u d n g n h u t U d n g Qng vdi m g t sQ k i e n ghi c h d p t r o n g VDUL. VDUL cho bie't: k h i P h u n g H U n g d i n h b a o v a y p h i i t h a n h dd hd, C a o C h i n h B i n h d a d e m q u a n dUdi t r u d n g ta'n e d n g liie lUdng k h d i n g h i a n h U n g k h d n g t h a n h cdng. Cd le Dd A n h H a n d a bi g i e t t r o n g cugc chie'n da'u n a y .
(Cbn nOa)
CHU THICH
(1). Ph&n Xuflc (so^n), Hu6ng Dat (hi|u chii), Man thd, Nxb. Trung Hoa thu cijc, 1962, tr. 227.
(2). Tdn Dudng thd, Li$t truydn, Q.129 vi^t
"Anh Sach cap Ph^m Dinh Chi gia gidi khe dpng hko gia". Au DUdng Tu, Tong Ky (soan), Tdn Bddng thd, Nxb. Trung Hoa thu cue, tr. 4475.
(3). Tdn Ddtmg thd, sdd, tr. 1308.
(4). Ngo&i ghi ch^p vd" Do Anh Sach, "nhftp vi$n phan an" dcli Du&ng ciing duijc nhfic d6'n trong hki minh m0 Ta th^p di L5 quo'c Khdng phu quan, ch^p trong Todn Dddng van, Q.812. Ban anh a'n Todn Diidng vdn, Nxb. Trung hoa t h a cvc, tr.
8544.
(5). Khang Hy td diin, Nxb. ThUiJng Hai cd tich, 1996, tr. 1424.
(6). Tu Ma Quang (bien so?n), Hd Tam Tinh (chii tWch), Td tri thdng gidm, Nxb. Trung Hoa thu eye, 1976, tr. 8352.
(7). Td tri thong gidm, Q.220, Tiic Tong, sdd, tr.
7066.
(8). Trucing Ton V6 Ky (bien soan), Luu Tu4'n VSn (di^m hi^u), Dddng ludt sd nghi, Nxb. Trung Hoa thu eye, tr. 290-291.
(9). Liiu Hd Dong tap, Q.IO. Liiu Tong Nguyen (sofin). Lieu Hd Ddng tap, Nxb. The gidi thu c\ic, t r 101-103.
(10). Nhu da trinh bky h trgn, tU gifla th^ ky VIII, An Nam Kinh luijc sil ciing trS t h i n h mgt Tiet dp svl, mk theo Tdn Dudng thd, Chi, Q.49 h?, Bach quan chi (Sdd, tr.l309) thi dudi quyen Tie't dp sil c6 1 vien tu^n quan.
(11). Cdu Dddng thd, Q.14, Ban ky, Tuyen T6ng thuijng (sdd, tr.416).
(12). Vudng Phd (so^n), Bddng hgi yeu, Nxb.
Trung Hoa thu cue, 1955, tr. 1321.
(13). Tdn Bddng thd, sdd, tr. 4475.
(14). Chiing tdi sii di,ing vSn ban chii Han ciia Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viit Nam Tap 1: Td Bae thudc den thdi Ly, cd so sanh vdi ban dap No.30270 ciia Vi^n Nghien cilu Han Nom.
(15). Td tri thdng gidm, Q.236, Dudng ky, Diic Tdng. Sdd, tr. 7600.
(16). D&ng Kim Ngoc doc ten ngUdi niy t h i n h Do Anh Han. Tuy nhien, nhin chung, ban phiSn am cua Ding Kim Ngoc cd nhieu nhSm Iln. V( dy nhu "til til kim ngU dai" doc thieu chil "tff'. Ngoii ra, khi nghien cHu thac ban chuong Thanh Mai t ^ Vi$n Nghien cHu Han Nom, chiing tdi nhan tha'y, chii tren ban d i p da b} md khdng t h i dijc ro, gdc phai dudi cdn mpt n^t chdo ( \ ) . Bii viSt cila Ding Kim Ngoc khdng in p h i n cha Han nen khdng ro dng doc t h i n h chii H i n nio, cd le l i chil Hin ( ^ ) , nhung ngupc lai hoin toin c6 the doc thinh chil
58 Rghien curu Lich sii. sg 9.2009
Sach (fSi )• Xem them Dang Kim Ngoc, Ve qud chudng dong co nien dgi "thuoc Bddng" (the ky VUI), Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd (252), 1990.
(17). Xin chii f tren chudng Thanh Mai ciing xu&'t hien ddn vi "hUdng doin", vdi Tran Tich l i m Do Thap nhi hUdng doin dSu.
(18). Ngoai ra, qua bai minh chiing ta ciing biet dU(;ic r i n g vio thdi diem nay, nhan vat sd hai trong chinh quyen dd hd sau Tri$u Xuong l i mpt ngudi ho Do: Phd Dd hd sii, tri tiet Q u i n chau chu quan sU, thii Quin chau Thii sil, sung ban chau Du sii, Thupng tru quoc, thudng til kim ngil dai Do Hoii Bich.
(19). Ly Cat Phil (soan), Nguyen hba quan huyen chi, Nxb. Trung Hoa thu cue, 1963, tr. 958.
(20). Nien hipu Nguyen Hda b i t d i u vao n i m 806. Nguyen Hba quan huyen chi dupe h o i n t h i n h vio khoang n i m Nguyen Hda 8 (813).
(21). Tdng D i o (soan), Tuc tU tri thong gidm trudng bien, Nxb. Trung Hoa thu cue, 1995, tr.
698.
(22). D i n g Xuan Bang, Sd hoc bi khao, Nxb.
Vin hda Thong tin H i Ndi, 1997, tr. 351; Dao Duy Anh, Bd't nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi, Nxb. T h u i n Hda, Hud, 2006, tr. 45.
(23). Theo Man thu, trong quang thai gian trudc v i sau n i m Trinh Nguyen thii 10, Trieu Xudng tie'n h i n h nhieu hoat dpng ngoai giao n h i m hda hoan vdi vua Nam Chieu l i Mdng Di Mau Tam.
(24). Tii ddi Han, cac quan vio tiic trUc trong cung cil 10 ngiy dUdc nghi 1 n g i y de di t i m goi l i huu muc ("Han chd tu tam thii lang di thupng, n h i p true ca'm trung gia, t h i p n h a t nhi't xua't hUu muc", Td tri thong gidm, Q.28, Han ky). Nghi hUu mijc l i theo tyc Ip do, cd nghia l i xin nghi mpt thdi gian ngin.
(25). Tham khao Tdn Bddng thd, Lipt truypn, Q.129. Tdn Bddng thd, sdd, tr. 4475.
(26). Cdu Dudng thd, sdd, tr. 3641.
(27). Tdn Dddng thd, sdd, tr. 3583.
(28). Van ban truyen Bd Cai dai vUdng trong cac ban VDUL n g i y nay dUpc luu t r a tai Vipn Nghien ciiu Han Ndm hau nhU khdng khac nhau, ngoai tril mpt sd chii viet n h i m , viet sai, viet thfta, viet thieu trong qua trinh sao ch^p.
(29). Ngoii truypn Bd Cai dai vUdng, Ly Te Xuyen cung sii dung Trieu cdng Giao chdu ky de viet truyen Trung diic uy hien dai vUdng.
(30). Mpt sd ban An Nam chi chiing tdi xem dupe 6 Vipn Han Ndm. Vi du nhU ban A.1733 ghi l i Phu ky.
(31). Xem Le Hiiu Muc, ViM dien U linh, Nxb.
Khai Tri, 1961.
(32). Ve cac sach Giao chau ky, cd the tham khao them b i i viet ciia TrSn V i n Giap: Mgt sd td liiu mdi vi cd sd Viet Nam, Sdch "Vinh Lgc dgi dien bdn Giao Chdu ky" mdi bi phdt hien Id mgt nguy thd (sdch gid tgo). Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd (84), 1966.
(33). Cdu Dudng thd. Ban ky, Quyen 13, sdd, tr. 372.
(34). Cdu Dddng thd, Ban ky, Quyen 13, sdd, tr. 197.
(35). Cdu Dddng thd, Ban ky, Quyin 13, sdd, tr. 5175.
(36). Cdu Dudng thd. Ban ky, Quyen 13, sdd, tr. 7524.
(37). Le HQu Muc, sdd, tr. 26. Dinh Gia Khanh, Trinh Dinh Ru (dich v i chii thich), Viet dien U linh, Nxb. V i n hpc, 2001, tr. 44.
