PHAP LUAT THE G l d l
SO SANH CAC PHUONG THUTC GIAI QUYET TRANH CHAP G I Q A NHA DAU Jir NUdC NGOAI VA CHINH PHU N l / d C TIEP NHAN
DAU TU TRONG HIEP DINH CPTPP VA EVIPA - MOT SO KHUYEN NGHj CHO VIET NAM
Trdn Thu Yen' Tdm tSt: Trong thdi gian gdn day. Vief Nam dg ky kit hai Hiep dinh thirang mgi tir do thi he mai (FTAs) dien hinh la Hiep dinh Ddi tdc Todn dien vd Tien hg xuyen Thdi Binh Duang (CPTPP) vd Hiep dinh bdo hg ddu tu giira I lei Nam vd Lien minh Chdu Au fEVIPA). Trong do, vi^c tham gia ca che gidi quyet tranh chdp tranh chdp giira nhd ddu tu nude ngodi vd chinh phu nuac tiep nhgn ddu tu man^ lgi khdng it nhiing ihdch thuc Trong khuon khd bdi viit ndy. tdc gid phdn tich tranh chdp ddu tu qudc te vd ca che gidi quyet tranh chdp giira nhd ddu tu nude ngodi vd chinh phii nude tiep nhgn ddu lu (ISDS) tren co sd so sdnh cdc phuang thirc trong ca che ISDS cua Hiep djnh CPTPP vd EVIPA, tir do dua ra mdt sd khuyen nghi.
Tir khda: CPTPP, EVIPA, ISDS. tranh chdp
Nhgn bdi: 14/04/2020. Hodn thdnh bien tap: 24/04/2020: Duyet ddng: 13/5/2020.
Abstract: Currently, Vietnam has concluded two typical free trade agreements (FTAs) typically are the comprehensive and progressive partnership agreements (CPTPP) and the investment protection agreements between Vietnam and the European Union (EVIPA). The dispute settlement between ihe foreign investors and the government are challenging. In the framework of this article, the author analyzes three aspects of the following: (i) An overview;
(ii) Compare between the methods in the ISDS mechanism oflhe CPTPP and EVIPA agreements, and (Hi) Recommendations.
Key words: CPTPP. EVIPA. ISDS. Dispute .settlement.
Date of receipt- 14/04/2020: Date of revision. 24/04/2020. Dale of Approval: 13/5/2020.
I, Khai quat chung
Ke lir sau Chien tranh the gidi thur 2, cac quoc gia tren the gidi da ciing tham gia xay dung mpi CO che loan cdu cho hoat dgng dau tu thong qua ddm phan cac dieu udc quoc le ve dau tu.
thudng dugc ^gi la cdc dieu udc quoc te ve dau tu^. Cdc dieu udc quoc te ve dau tu (International Investment Agreements - IIAs) co the phan chia thdnh hai loai, cu the bao gom:
Hiep djnh khuyen khich vd bao hg ddu tu song phuong (Bilateral Investment Treaties - BITs) Id nhimg hiep djnh song phuang quy djnh ve nghia
vu khuyen khich vd bdo hg ddu tu cua qudc gia tiep nhdn dau tu vdi nhd dau tu tir nude ky ket vd nhom cdc quy djnh ve ddu tu uong cac hiep djnh thuang mai ty do va cac hiep djnh khac (Treaties with Investment Provisions - TIPs). Theo thong ke cua UNCTAEP. tinh din thdng 04/2020, tren ihl gidi CO long so 2902 BITs, Uong do co 2342 BITs CO hieu lyc va tong so 390 TIPs, trong do CO 319 BITs CO hieu l y c \ Hien tai, Viet Nam ciing da ky ket Hiep djnh khuyen khich va bao hg ddu tu vdi 67 qudc gia vd vimg lanh tho tir nam 1990 den nay. Cimg vdi do, Viet Nam da
' Th?c sy, Giang vien Trucrng Dai hpc Luat Ha Ngi.
• Jeswald W. Salacuse, "The Law of investment Treaties", Oxford International Lau Library. Tai ban l^n thii 2, tr. 1.
' Hpi nghj ve Thucmg mai va Phat triln Lien hcrp quIc - UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on trade and Development) la To chirc da quIc gia dupe thanh lap nSm 1965 de dai dien cho lai ich kinh te ciia cdc nu6c dang phdt trien vfi thuc day vi?c thg-c hien nhting y luong ve mpt trai lu the giai mdi.
• L'NCTAD, Inlemaiional Investment Agreements Navigator,
hnps: invesmientpolicy.unctad.org/inlemational-investment-agreemenls. truy cap lan cuoi ngay 05/04/2020.
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tham gia 26 hiep djnh cd nhdm cac quv djnh v e dauiuTiPs'.
Cac hiep djnh ddu lu hudng loi myc lieu khuyen khich cdc nhd ddu lu cam ket lau ddi v e tdi chinh iren ca sd cdc ddi xu ma nirdc chii nha cam kii irtmg cac hiep djnh n.iv Mac du. cac hiep djnh dau lu dugc ki kci giira cai: nude, nhung muc dich chinh ciia cac hicp djnh nay la dem lai lgi ich cho cdng dan v a cdng iv ciia cac nude kv ket thong qua v iec ddnh cho hp su doi xir va bdo hp nhdt djnh theo phdp ludl qudc le Tren thyc ic. hdu hel cdc vy tranh chdp dau tu phdt sinh theo cac hiep dinh ddu tu la do nha ddu lu lin rang nude chii nhd khong thyc hien sy doi xii hodc bao ho ma hp da cam ket trong Hicp dinh. Nhu vav. trong Unh vyc ddu tu.
tranh chdp ddu lu qudc le con gpi Id tranh chap giira cac nhd ddu lu nude ngoai vdi Chinh phu cdc nuiic ticp tihdn dau lu. tranh chdp giira cac nhd ddu lu nude ngoai vi- nhiing van de lien quan den thyc thi cdc cam ket ddu lu qudc le.
ngoai ra con co tranh chdp giini cac Chinh phii thanh vien vc vice giai thich va dp dung cdc Hiep djnh ddu tu quoc ic song phuang vd da phuong. Ddy Id mgt loai iranh chdp rat dac thii phdt sinh trong quan he hgp lac giira cdc quoc gia V c dau lu vd dang ngav cang gia ting ve so lugng Cling nhu tinh chdt phirc lap ciia cac vy kien do su biing no ve cac hicp dinh cam ket bdo hg ddu lu sonu phuang v a da phuang hodc nhiing hiep djnh ty do thuong mai co chiia dyng nhimg cam ket bdo hg ddu tu giira cac quoc gia tren the gidi*. Trong pham v i bai viel nav. chiing toi chi bdn den uanh chdp giira nha ddu tu nude ngodi vd chinh phii nude tiep nhdn ddu tu (Investor-Stale Dispute Seulemenl -
ISDS), C u i h l . I S D S c o m g i s o dac dicm diic l a n h a d a u . u n u o c n . 0 , . , h ^ ^ ^ , . . niRic'coquan nha nucK, V" ^. ' « . •, diiu uoc quIc tl vl ddu lu ma mgl quoc gi d k v k l l ( c 6 l h l b a o g l m c . Q u > M c g i . i q u > e ^ tranh chdp quv djnh tai Dieu irac quoc te luong img vd phdp ludl. Ihong le. tap quan quoc le co lien quan). hgp ddng giCra Nha nuoc- co quan nha nude kv vdi nha ddu tu, quv dinh phap luat quIc gia ddu lu; (iii) noi dung khdi kien - Lien quan din boat dong ddu tu. khoan dau tu dugc bdo ho nhu vin. khoan ng. lai san va quyen tai sdn, hoai dong kinh doanh... hodc lien quan din vi pham vl nghTa vu theo quv djnh cua hop ding, diiu udc quIc ic hoac v i pham phdp ludt
\'ici Nam'. _ . . . . Trong cdc diiu udc quoc le ve ddu tu luon CO mgt CO chi de gidi quyel tranh chap. Co che ndy CO hai y nghTa quan trgng, mgl la no Id ca chi gidi quylt uanh chap va dam bdo khoan boi thudng cho nha ddu lu bj thiet hai. Hai la co che nay giiip ngan chdn cac hanh vi doi xir khong phii hgp ciia mgt chinh phu tiep nhdn dau tu doi vdi nha dau tu nude ngoai. Mpt bdo cdo nghien ciiu ciia UNCTAD da chi ra rang viec quy djnh cac bien phap giai quyet Iranh chdp dau lu hieu qua la "su bao dam cuoi ciing de bao ve nha ddu tu nude ngodi"^ Cu the, gidi quyet tranh chdp giira nha ddu tu nude ngodi vd chinh ^hii nude liep nhdn ddu tu dugc cdc hiep djnh dau tu quy djnh vdi cdc phuang thirc nhu sau'': dam phdn tham vdn, hod giai. Toa an trong nude va trpng tai.
2. So sanh cac phuxmg thirc co che ISDS trong Hiep dinh Doi tac toan dien va tien bg
' https: invesnnempol icy, unclad o r i iniemaiiona!-investment-agreemenls/countries/229/viet-nam, iruy cap iin culi ngav 05 04 2020
" Phan Thi Thanh Thuv (2017), "Ciai quy et iranh chdp ddu tir qudc le nhirng ihdch thuc doi vai Chinh Phu Vi^l Sam", tap chi Dan chu \a Phap Luat. so 4. tr. 37-40
• Dinh .-Xnh Tuyei. Co che ISDS theo cac Hiep dinh dau tu ma Viet Nam da ky kei. Khoa dao lao Luai dau tu quIc IC \a giai qu>ei iranh chap giua nha dau tunuoc nsoai va chinh phii nuoc tiep nhan dau tu. t U M I J T R A P - VIAC- Iruong Dai Moc Luat Ha Ngi. Ha Noi. ngav 07-iT'l 1/2016.
' L^ii Thi \'dn -Vnh. Phap luai quoc te va ihuc ticn ap dung trong giai quyet tranh chap dau lu quoc le. Tai lieu kiln ihuc. k\ namiph-ip lual qutSc leve siai quvei iranh chap dau luquoc te cho cong chuc. vien chiic thuoc Bo Tu phip llaNoi, rhangO~2U17
Irjnh liai \cn. Giaoirinh Luai dau tu quoc ic. Nha \LiJi ban Chinh Iri quoc gia su that. Ha N6i. 2017
o
\u>en Thai Binh Duong'" (CPTTP) va Hiep djnh bao hg dau t u giira Viet Nam va Lien minh chau Chau .Au (EVIPA)"
Nhu da phdn tich. linh din thdng 04/2020. Viet Nam dd iham gia 26 hiep djnh co nhom cdc quy djnh ve ddu tu TIPs. Bdi viet so sdnh cac phuang thuc gidi quyet tranh chap giuB nha ddu tu nude ngoai vd chinh phii nirdc tiep nhan ddu nr Uong hai hi?p djnh thuong mai tu do dien hinh trong thcri gian gdn day ma Viet Nam la thanh v ien la Hi?p djnh CPTPP va EVIPA. Cu ihl nhu sau:
Thu nhdi, quy djnh ve thuang lirgng, tham vdiL Vc thuang lugng. trong ca hai hiep djnh EVIPA'- vd CPTPP'-' thuong lugng dugc khuyin khich sir dyng nhung khong phdi la phuang thirc bdt bupc, lien de ciia viec giai quyet Uanh chap bdng cac phuong thuc to lung sau do.
Ve tham vdn, ca Hiep djnh CPTPP va Hiep djnh EVIPA deu quy djnh la thu tuc bdt budc.
Theo do, Hiep djnh CPTPP quy djnh. nguyen don vabj dcm trudc het phai tim giai phap giai quyet tranh chdp thong qua: (i) tham van, thuang lugng imc tiep ho^e (ii) qua cac chii the uung gian hoa gidi tren co sd yeu cau tham van chinh thuc bang vdn ban ciia nguyen dcm giri bj don. Thdi gian thyc hi?n la 6 thdng'*. Hiep djnh EVIPA'^ quy djnh neu khong the giai quyet uanh chap theo tinh thdn ihi^n chi, ben nguyen dcm thuc hien to cdo hdnh vi vi pham cdc quy djnh tai Dieu 1 (Pham vi ap dung) phai giii cho ben kia vdn ban yeu eau lien hdnh tham van de giai quyet tranh chap. Doi
vin Hiep djnh EVIP.A.. ben yeu cdu tham vdn cd the khdi dgng thO tuc ugng tdi trong trudng hop;
Ben kia khong trd Idi yeu cdu tham van uong vdng 15 ngay ke hi ngav' nhan v eu cdu tham vdn;
tham van khong dugc tien hanh trong vong 30 ngay ke lir ngav' nhan dugc >'eu cau tham van hodc uong Uudng hgp khdn cap. tham vdn khong dugc tien hdnh trong vonj: 15 ngav ke tir ngd)- nhdn dugc yeu cau tham van; cdc ben thoa thuan khong to chiic tham vdn; hoac tham vdn da kit ihiic ma cdc Ben khong dat dugc gidi phap dong thudn giiia cdc ben'*. Nhu vdy, quy djnh vl npi dung ciia tham van Id giong nhau. song d mpt khia canh ndo do. ro rang Hiep dinh EVI PA da co nhimg quy djnh cu the hem ve trinh ty thu tuc, cdc mdc thdi gian tien hanh tham van.
Thirhai, quy djnh ve hoa gidi.
Trudc khi sir dung phucmg thiic tham vdn de gidi quyet ti-anh chdp ddu tu, Hiep djnh EVIPA khuyen nghj cdc ben nen thien chi ly gidi quyet tranh chdp bdng dam phan hoac hoa gidi va viec ty giai quyet Uanh chap ndy dugc khuyen khich dp dung d bat ky thcri diem nao. ke cd khi dang gidi quyet tranh chdp theo cdc thii tuc khac. Quy djnh nay tao co hpi toi da cho viec cd dugc phuang an giai quyel tranh chap tren co sd dong thuan ciia hai ben. tir do tao thudn lgi cho viec thyc thi". Them vdo do. Hiep djnh EVIPA con quy djnh cu the co che trung gian hoa gidi de cac ben luan theo khi giai quyet tranh chap ddu tu'^
Tucmg tu nhu vdy. Hiep djnh CPTPP cung
'" Hi^p djnh Dii tac Toan dien va Tidn bp .Xu\ en Thai Binh Duong'" (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership - CPTTP) da chinh thirc co hieujuc dii voi VietNam tir ngay 14/01/2019.
" Hiep dinh bao ho dSu tu giCfa Viel Nam va Lien minh chau Au (EU-Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement- EVIPA) vira dupe ky k^t vao ngay 30/06/2019 vira qua va s5 chinh Ihuc co hieu lyc sau khi trai qua qua trinh phe chu^nnOi bp o EU \ a Viet Nam.
'•Dieu 3.29 Chuang 11 EVIPA: "Moi tranh chdp Inrac hel nen dugc gidi quyet ihdng qua thirang hrang hogc hoa giai vd trudc khi d? Irinh yeu call iham vdn theo Biiu S.}0 (Tham vdn). neu duac"._
"D\ka 9.18 Chuong 9 Hiep djnh CPTPP: "Trong inrang hgp phdt smh iranh chdp irong qud irinh ddu tu. ben npiyen dan vd bi dan iru&c hit phdi lim cdch gidi quy-it ihong qua iham vdn vd ihirang hrang vai nhau. Irong do bao gdm vifc dp dyng cdc ihii luc khdng rdng buoc ihtrc hien vdi cdc ben vd cd su tham gia cua hen thd ba ihdng 1111 Irung gian hoa giai
"Khoan I Di^u 9 18 Muc B Chuang 9 Hiep dinh CPTPP.
"Dieu 3.30 Chuang II EVIPA.
" O i k j . j Chuong III EVIPA
"TgpchiNguyIn Mai Linh & Trdn Thu Yin (2017), Ca chigiai quyil tranh chdp giQ-a nhd ddu lu vd mrac iiep
"htfn ddu tu Irong EVFTA vd iir chudn hi cua Viei V(7/w,Tapchi Nghien cim Lap phap s i 14 7 . Ha Npi. tr, ! 1 .
" Phu lyc 9. 10 EVIPA vk Ca ch^ trung gian hoa giai trong cac truong hpp tranh chap dau tu.
o
khu>-en khich cac ben g j ^ qu> et uanh chdp hdng tham van Va thuong lin?t^ bao gwn ca tnmg gian vd hoa gi.u '.
Thir ba, quv dinh ve Toa an trong nuoc.
Ve phuang ihirc giai quyet tranh chdp trong CO chi ISDS cd hai hiep djiih CPTPP va F\'1PA vd da khdng lya chgn phuang thiic loa an trong nucic de gidi quvel tianh chap giiia nha ddu tu nude ngoai va chinh phii nude tiep nhan ddu tu.
Thurtu. quy djnh ve Ugng tai.
Theo quv djnh ciia Hiep djnh CPTPP, trpng tai boat dcing song song ddc lap vdi he thing tu phap trong nuoc, cac nhd ddu tu cd the su dung co che ISDS ma khong can phai uu Uen lim den den loa an uong nude™. Hiep djnh CPTPP ciing cho phep cdc nhd ddu tu khdi kien md khong cdn su tham gia ho^c cho phep ciia nhd nude ma nhd dau tu mang qudc tich. v a cho phep hp lya chgn Uong so cac quy tdc trgng lai khdc nhau, bao gom ca trpng tdi theo Cong utic ve Gidi quyet tranh chap dau tu giiia quoc gia \ a cdng ddn qudc gia khac (Cong udc ICSID), theo Quy chi phu trg ICSID (ICSl D AF) hodc (?uy tic ugng tdi (JNCITRAL='.
Theo cd hai quy tdc ciia ICSID va UNCiTRAL, moi ben tranh c h ^ cd quyen chi djnh mgt Upng lai vien. Chii tjch hgi dong trpng tdi dugc chi djnh theo thoa thudn ciia cdc ben hoac cua trgng tdi vien do cac ben chi djnh, sau khi tham khao y kien cua cdc ben. Cy the, sau khi hel thoi ban 06 thang tham v an ma khong dat dugc thod thuan, ben yeu cau co the nop ho so khdi kien lai;
- Trar^ tdi ICSID (neu ca hai nude deu la thdnh vien ICSID hodc cd thod thudn lua chpn ICSID AF).
- Trpng tdi theo quy che eiia UNCITRAL.
- Co quan gidi quyet tranh chap khdc do hai ben thod thudn (neu co).
TTtdi han khdi kien Id 03 nam 06 diang U tu n.dv nhan bill dugc hanhviviphantvahcoquy tdc dp dyng cho timg co quan g.a. qmei tranh ' ' ' ' c o n theo quv djnh cua. Hicp djnh EVIPA, trong trudng hop tranh chap ve dau tu khong ihl giai quvli thong qua viec dam phan. hoa giai duoc, sau mot khoang thdi gian 6 ihaiig ke lir ngdy giri v cu cdu liln hdnh tham van thi ben nguyen don'co quvln nop ho so khoi kien len hoi d i n g tdi phdn-- dugc thanh lap theoquy djnh cua EVIPA. ho so nay dugc gui cho ben bi don la Lien minh Chdu Au hodc Viet Nam vd mgt ban dugc giii cho Uy ban thuong mai".
Luu y trudc khi nop h i so khdi kien len hpi ding tdi phdn thi ben nguyen don phai giii vdn bdn thong bdo dy djnh nop h i so khdi kien de gidi quyet tranh chap den cho ben cdn lai, vd thdi gian tii tliilu ke tic ngay giri van ban thong bao vl du djnh nop ho so khdi kien cho den ngdy nop h i so khdi kien la 3 thang-*. Dieu ddc biel Id Hiep dinh EVIPA da dua ra mo hinh giai quyet tranh chdp dau tu mdi ma theo do, tranh chdp ddu tu theo EVIPA dugc gidi quyet tai co quan xet xir thudng tryc gom hai cap xet xii:
cdp xet xir so thdm gom 9 thdnh vien, cap xet xir phuc tham gom 6 thanh vien". Nhu vdy, khac vdi Hiep djnh CPTPP, trong khuon kho Hiep djnh EVIPA co che giai quyet tranh chap dac thii vdi Toa an thudng true do Ben ky ket thanh lap va dong gdp duy tri hoat dgng. Them vao do, Viet Nam va EU da thoa thudn trong trudng hgp phdt hien co loi trong qua trinh xet xir so tham, cdc ben tranh chap co quyen yeu cau xem xet lai vu viec ciia minh theo quy trinh phiic thdm.
"Khoan I Dieu 9.18 CPTPP.
-Khoan I Diiu 9,19 CPTPP.
='Khoan 5 Dieu 9 19 CPTPP.
" D l l u 3 33 Chuang II EVIPA,
"' Cy han ihirang mai: la CO quan do cac ben thanh \zp\khaogdm cdc dgi dien cua EL \a i-'iet Nam. cn ihdm aiiyin lan vd chung nhdt trong ihirc thi EVIPA. dac biet la dua ra cac quyet dinh lien quan den viec ihuc ihi vd 'iua ddi E\ IP.A. gidm sdt vd dieu phdi idt ca cdc coquan duac thanh lap theo Hiep dinh, bao gom hoat dons chi dmh vd ihay ddi so lugng cac ihdnh vien cua ca quan idi phdn giai quyet khieu kien vk cua Tda phuc iham theo ihu tuc ISDS, thong tin cac van de thuoc pham \ i Hiep dmh voi tat ca cic ben lien quan.
-'Diiu 3-32 Chuong 11 EVIPA
-"Khoan 2 Dieu 12 va Khoan 2 Dieu 13 Muc 3 Chuang 11 - phan Thuang mai djch vu, dau tu va thuon" mai rf'pn n j ( F \ ! P A ) "^ '-
Nhu vay, co the thdy phuong thiic giai quyel tranh chap ddu tu quoc te bang trgng tai da ddt ra sy khdc biet 1cm giira mgt ben la Hiep djnh EVIPA vdi phuong thiic toa trgng tai rieng \ d i hai cap xet xu so thdm va phuc thdm vd ben con lai bao gom hai Hiep djnh CPTPP vdi sy uu tien ty do lya chpn trgng tai phii hgp va theo quan diem trujjen thong Id phdn quyet cua trgng tdi la chung iMm. Cu the. Hiep djnh CPTPP cho phep cdc b^n tranh chap thoa thuan lya chpn trong so cdc quy tac trgng tai khac nhau, bao gom cd ugng tdi theo Cong udc ICSID, dieo Quy tdc to tung cho thu tuc to tung trgng tdi ICSID hoac Quy tdc Upng tai UNCITRAL hodc bat ki to chirc trgng tai vdi bat ki quy tdc trgng tai nao khac'^. Con doi vdi quy trinh giai quyet tranh chdp qua hai buoc so thdm va phiic thdm nhu d toa trgng lai trong Hiep djnh EVIPA, day la mgt loai hinh thirc loa ugng tai thudng tryc rieng dugc thanh lap trong khuon kho ciia EVIPA nham gidi quyet cac tranh chap ve dau tu quoc te trong pham vi ciia Hi?p djnh de ra ma khong dugc gjaj quyet bdng cac hinh thiic trpng tai thong thudng khac.
3. Mpt so khuyen nghi
Trudc khi cac vong dam phan cudi cimg uong khuon khi Hipp djnh CPTPP va EVIPA dien ra, da co rat nhieu cac chuyen gia. cdc cugc hpi thdo dugc to chiic de ban ve viec phdp ludt Vi$t Nam nen thay doi nhu the nao de tuan thii cdc cam ket ve dau tu quoc te co hieu lyc. Co hai de xuat dugc dua ra: mot Id, de xudt dp dung tryc liep cac cam ket hoac xay dyng van ban rieng de Ihyc thi Hiep djnh CPTPP hoac EVIPA; hai Id.
de xuat sita doi phap luat Viet Nam de dp dung chung^'. C^uan diem cua tac gid cho rang, se la hpp ly hon khi xay dung va ban hanh mot van ban phdp luat rieng dieu chinh cdc van de lien quan din ddu tu Uong CPTPP, EVIPA thay vi sua doi chung cdc van ban phap luat hien hanh. Song.
doi vdi cdc phuang thiic giai quyet tranh chap giua nhd dau tu nude ngoai va chinh phu nude tiep nhdn ddu tu trong Hiep djnh CPTPP va EVIPA, trong cac vdn ban dieu chinh Viet Nam
CO the khong cdn thiet xem xet sira doi phdp lual Uong nude v d ^ dung tryc tiep cdc thiel che nav do cac cmn ket Uong cac chuang dau hi Uong cac FTAs the he mdi la kha chi tiet va cu thi. Tuv nhien. de dam bdo thyc thi co hieu qud cdn luu v mgl so vdn de sau:
Thu nhdt, cdn khuyen khich viec sii dung cac bien phap nhu dam phdn va hoa giai trong gidi quyet tranh chap ddu tu noi chung va gidi quv-et tranh chdp giiia nha ddu lu nude ngoai va chinh phu nude tiep nhdn ddu tu noi rieng.
Nhu dd phdn tich, ca Hiep dinh CPTPP vd EVIPA deu khuyen khich cdc ben gidi quylt Uanh chdp bdng tham van vd thuong lugng bao gom ca trung gian va hod giai. Nhu vay, Viet Nam can tham khdo kinh nghiem quoc te, dao tao boi dudng chuyen gia va co cac bien phap thich hgp khdc nham khuyen khich cdc phuang thirc gidi quyet tranh chdp thay the, triet de the che hoa Nghj quyet so 49-NQ/TW ngdy 02/06/2005 ciia Bg Chinh trj ve Chien luge cdi each nganh tu phdp den ndm 2020, trong do nhan manh "khuyen khich viec gidi quyet mot sd tranh chdp thdng qua thucmg lugng. hda gidi, Irong tdi: tda dn hd trg bdng quyet dinh cdng nhgn viec gidi quyel dd".
Thu hai, cdn tiep tuc nghien cim viec Viet Nam gia nhap Cong udc ICSID va tich cue ban vdo cac thdo ludn sira doi ISDS tren dien dan quoc te, trong do co cupc hpp Nhom Cong tac thir III cua UNCITRAL.'
Nhu da phan tich, Hiep djnh CPTPP cho phep cac ben uanh chdp thoa thudn lua chpn Uong sd cac qu>' tac Ugng tdi khdc nhau, bao gom ca trpng tai theo Cong udc ICSID, theo Quy tac to tung cho thii tuc to tung trpng tai ICSID hoac Quy tdc Ugng tdi UNCITRAL hoac bat ki to chiic trpng tdi vdi bat ki quy tac trpng tai ndo khdc.
Bdi vay, de thyc thi bao dam thuc thi hieu qua CO che nay Viet Nam can tiep tuc nghien ciiu viec Viet Nam gia nhap Cong udc ICSID. Bdi ddy la chi djnh hdng ddu, dugc thdnh lap de theo doi vd xir Iy cac uanh chdp dau tu quoc te chiem 70%
;'Khoan 3 Diiu "Submission of a Claim to Arbitration" Chuang Dau tu Ban du thao RCEP ASEAN-^6, ir, 49
•'Phdng Thuong mai va cong nghiep VietNam. Ra soat phap lual VietNam vai cac cam kei cua Hiep dinh thuang m^i tu do Viet Nam - EU vld^u tu. N\b cong thuong. 2016.
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cdc vu tranh chdp loan cau^' Hien nay. Met Nam luy chira la ihanh vien ciia Cdng udc R slO nhung trong bdi cdnh liep nhdn dau tu qudc tc ngav cang sau rgng ddi hdi Viei N.ini can hiv hoi kinh nghiem tu cac qudc gia de co sy chudn hi kv ludng ve mdt phdp lv Khi gia nhap Cong udc ICSID. Viet Nam co the sudung cdc chuven gia va ugng tdi ciia ICMD. dugc ho iig kv diudl vd nang lyc ve qud trinh gidi quvet tranh chdp cua ISCID. cung nhu dcm gian hoa vice thyc hicn phan quvel troni: lai.
Ddng thdi. Uong thdi gian qua. mdc dii chua Id ihanh vien chinh thirc. Viet Nam da limg budc lich cyc tham gia I NCITR^M v^Vi lucdcb quan sal vicn. tham dy vd dong gop tich cue tai cac phien hpp. thao ludn trong mdl so nhom lam v li-c ciia UNCn R \ l . ddc biel Id uong cdc hoai dgng ciia nhom 2. nhom .^> vd nhom 5 ve trgng iai. giai quylt tranh chap giiia nha ddu nr. Nhd nude, vd Ludl pha san. Viec Viet Nam Idn ddu lien trd thanh thdnh vien \ NCITRAL-" ^c Id mot ca hgi ldn de Viet N.un co the tham gia sau hon vdo qud trinh thao lu$n. xem xei cac van de ma cdc qudc gia, doanh nghiep. cd nhan dat ra ffong bdi cdnh thucmg mai quoc te mdi. \ict ^am ciing co ihe CO tieng noi sdm hon. sau hon doi vdi cac v ^ ban. vdn kien phdp ly dugc .xem xei. thain chi ngay lir qua trinh djnh hinh cdc quy lac qudc le;
nhd dti khong chi co the ddng gop vdo cong viec chung ciia thuang mai quoc le ma con co the bao ddm nhirng lgi ich chinh ddng ciia minh. Qua trinh tham gia hoat dpng tai L'NCITRAL se giup Viet Nam U'ch luy them kien thiic vd kinh nghiem dc thuc thi lot hem qua trinh ngi ludt hoa cdc hiep djnh va cong irdc qudc te. Ddc biet. Viet Nam can diam gia tich cue hon vao cac thao luan sua doi ISDS tren diln dan qudc te. trong do co cupc hgp NTioni Cone tac thir 111 ciia INCITR^AL. bdi
. • • i,.,n\honi neu tren nhiing thao luan tai cac cugc hgp
la kenh thong tin quy gu. J^ ^hun^ . ^,,^.
cac V tucmg ve 'loa dau tu ihco uuc . 1 N-lPA B6n cpnh do. phan t'ch cua cac . I n . n e i . hpc gia hang dau uong Imh vV M^^ ^ | n
hi gidi se giiip Met N:im ^^^'"^'^ ^^.^ '^^
thilt khi thyc thi CO che ISDS uong EV 1 A va CPTPR cfmg nhu Km y cae gia, phap dieu chinh khi thdv cdn thiet'". • •• ,u-
Thirba, \'iet Nam phdi doi mat vai vice thi hanh cdc phan quvet trgng IT tai nude ngoai nhu the do Id phdn quyet ciia l< an Vict Nam.
Theo EVIPA. nuuven Idc thi hanh mpt each tryc lilp cac phan quvit trgng tai nude ngoai ve iSDS. Mdc dii Viet Nam v ;i EU da thda thuan ve MCC Viet Nam dugc bdo luu diiu khoan ve viec cain kit cong nhdn va cho thi hanh phan quyet culi ciing tren ianh tho ciia minh nhu bdii an ciia toa an quIc gia trong thdi han 05 ndm ke tir khi Hiep djnh EVIPA co hieu luc. nghTa la hieu lyc phap ly ciia cac phan quyet trgng lai ISDS c6 the bj hiiy bd hoac tir choi trong thdi han 05 ndm nay, tuy rihien linh lir nam thir sau trd di hoac thdi diem do Uy ban thucmg mai xac dinh thi Viet Nam phdi sdn sang doi mat vdi viee thi hdnh cac phan quyet trpng tdi nude ngoai nhu the do la phdn quyet ciia toa an Viel Nam.
Song, trong giai doan 05 nam viec cong nhdn va thuc thi phdn quyet trpng lai dugc dieu chinh theo Cong udc New York 1958. cac loa an Viet Nam van dugc quyen xem xet va tir choi phdn quyet ciia Irpng tdi nude ngoai. Vi vdy, trudc mat cac diem hien dang bdt cap so vcri quy djnh ciia Cong udc New York can phai dugc dieu chinh lai, cac van ban hudng dan thuc hien Bp luat To lung dan sy 2015 can quy djnh ve viec ap dung chat che cdc quy dinh ciia Cong udc. bao gom can cir tir choi phan quyet bang cdc nguyen tdc ca ban -* Theo ba ML-;: Kinnear. Tong thu k\ Trung tam quoc te ve giai quyet uanh chap dau tu (ICSID) thupc Ngan hdng Th^ giai tWB). N'lei Nam da ihu hut duac tren 3 ty USD, https''''moit.gov.vn/CmsView-EcolT- portlethlmrprml_cms.jsp''anicle!d=l084U. Iruy cap lan cuoi ngay 05/04/2020.
"• Ni:,i> 18 12 2018, Vici N.im lan dau lien tning cir thanh vien Uy ban Luat ihucmg mai quoc i | i UNCITRAL) iihicm k\ 2019 - 2025 M.II -.O phieu 157 193 trong cuoc bau cu lai Dai hpi dong Lien hop quoc khoa 73 tai New
>"ork, \ K
\ u u \ c n rhi Nhung. Co che giai quvel iranh chap giiia chinh phii va nha dau lu trong hiep dmh ihuirn" mai lu do \ a hicp dinh bao ho dau lu giua viet nam - lien minh chau au. nhiing diem lien bp va ihach thut, khi i|,Lrc thi TjpChi KhoalKK Phap L> Viei Nam S 6 o 3 l i : 4 i 2 0 l 9 . U 115
cua phdp ludl va n ^ a vu chiing minh. Cu the.
quv djnh ro rang trach nhiem chimg minh thudc v e ben phai thuc hien phan quyel Ugng tai neu ben do phan doi viec thuc thi phan quyet do; ben veu cau thuc thi phan quyet chi co nghia vu cung cap phdn quyet hgp le cho Toa dn ciing thod thudn trpng tdi cd hieu lyc va cimg vdi don yeu cdu thuc thi phdn quyet; va Toa an Viet Nam chi bac bd dan dl nghi cong nhdn vd thyc thi phdn quyet khi cd CO sd phii hgp vdi Cong udc New York vd Bg ludt to lung ddn su. nghiem cdm Toa dn xet lai tinh tiet vu viec''. Tuy nhien, phdn quyet trgng tai van co thi dugc thi hanh d bat ky qudc gia thanh vien nao khdc doi vcri Cdng udc New York noi ma Chinh phii Viet Nam co tai san''.
Nhu vay, thii tuc cong nhdn va thi hanh phdn quj'et cua trpng tdi nude ngodi tai Viet Nam co the khong con Id bien phap bao ve cho Chinh phii Viet Nam uong viec Iron trdnh cdc nghia v u ma phdn quyet trgng tai dua ra niia. Trudc nhung dieu khong the trdnh khoi, Chinh phii Viet Nam can phai doi mat vdi viec thi hdnh cdc phan quyet trpng tdi nude ngoai nhu the do la phdn quyet ciia loa dn Viet Nam.
Tbirtu, Viet Nam can co su chuan bj va nang cao chat lugng dpi ngu nhdn luc tham gia gidi quyet tranh chdp dau tu noi chung va giai quyet tranh chap giiia nha ddu tu nude ngodi vd chinh phii nude tiep nhdn dau tu noi rieng .
Theo CO che gidi quyet Uanh chdp 1SDS Uong Hiep djnh EVIPA, he thong Toa ddu lu se co voi 3 thdnh vien mang quoc tich Viet Nam. va Toa phiic ihdm co 2 thanh vien mang quoc lich Viet Nam. Nhiing thdnh vien ndy cdn ddp img yeu cdu vi- ndng luc ciia thanh vien Toa ddu lu Id dat tieu chudn bo nhiem vao cac chuc vu tu phdp tai nude do hoac la luat gia co uy tin da dugc cone nhan va phdi CO chuyen mon ve cong phap quoc t e ' \ Hi?p djnh CPTPP c6 dieu khodn thaiih phan ciia Hpi dong trpng tai phai bao gom ba trpng tai vien, trong do mpt trgng tai vien do moi ben chi
djnh \ a trgng tai vien thii ba ddng vai ttd chii tjch Hgi ddng upng tai dugc chi djnh theo tiioa thuan cua cdc ben uanh chdp. Thanh vien cua Hgi ding trgng tai theo dieu khoan ISDS phdi Id nhiing ngudi CO kien thuc chuyen mon. kinh nghiem vd 1dm viec dpc lap vd cong minh, dong thdi, phan quyet ma trgng tai dua ra khong dugc tliien vj cho mgt trong hai ben tranh chdp. (j Viet Nam. s6 lugng trpng lai vien vd luat su dap iing dugc lieu chuan nav con han che. viec lya chgn cdc thanh V ien dugc bd nhiem chirc danh tu phdp cd du trinh do chuyen mon sau \ e ISDS con gdp nhieu kho khan. Do vav. viec xdy dyng nang lyc ciia cdc hgc vien nhu trgng tai va ludt su Id \d cimg quan trgng. Hien nay phap ludl ve trpng tai va hoa giai ngdv cang dugc hoan thien vcri chu truong khuyen khich phdt trien trpng lai vd co nhieu chinh sdch de nang cao hieu qua hoat dpng cim phuong thirc trpng lai. Trong do. phdi ke den De dn ciia Bp Tu phdp ve "Ndng cao ndng lut' dc)i ngii trgng tdi vien, trung tdm trong tdi vd dinh huang mgt hogc mgl sd tnmg tdm Irong tdi diem cd khd ndng canh tranh quc')c te giai docin 2018-2023''. De dn ciing nhdm muc dich gop phdn nang cao chat lugng vd ho trg phat trien phuang thirc giai quyet uanh chdp bdng trpng tdi, thiic day nhu cau sii dung djch vu trpng lai trong viec gidi quyet cdc tranh chdp thuong mai nhdm gidm tdi cong tdc xet xir ciia Toa an qua do gop phdn cdi thien moi trudng dau tu. kinh doanh, hgi nhdp qudc te. Them v do do. thyc hien theo Quyet djnh s i 123/QD-TTg ngay 18 01/2010 ciia Thu tudng Chinh phu phe duyet De dn "Phdt trien dgi ngii lugt suphuc vu hdi nhdp kinh te qudc te iir ndm 2010 den ndm 202(T' Hpc vien Tu phap Viet Nam da to chirc khai gidng Idp dao tao Luat su phuc vu hpi nhap quoc te khoa ddu tien nam 2017 va hien dang trien khai den khoa 3. Song, de bo nhiem cac thanh vien vdo Hpi dong tai phdn vd Hgi dong tai phan phiic iham ciia EVFTA. quy djnh phap luat trong nude cdn dugc
'I Sach trang 20!7-Cac vin d l thuong mai & dau tu v a k i l n nghj, Eurocharm. an ban thir 9, u 57 '• Le Nguyin Gia Thien, Phan quylt trgng tai nuoc ngoai theo Cong uoc Neu York 1958. thuc liln ap dung tai mpt so quoc gia va d^ vuit ap dyng tai Viet Nam. hups lapchitoaan.vn/bai-viet/phap-lual-lhe-gioi/phan-quyel-lrong- lai-nuoc-ngoai-lheo-cong-uoc-neu -\ ork-1958-ihuc-tien-ap-dung-iai-moE-so-quoc-gia-va-de-xuaI-ap-dung-tai-vieI- nam. iruy cap lan culi ngay 05''04^2020
Khoan 4 Di^u 3.38 Chuang III EVIPA. EVIPA,
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hoan thien de xav dung bp lieu chi danh gid bdng viec sdm chuven doi cac tieu chi khung tror^ cac Hiep dinh thanh cdc dieu kien. tieu chuan cu thi hon nhdm tao thuan lgi cho viec lya chgn v-a xdv dung thii tyc lya chgn va b l nhiem.
Mal khdc. Met Nam cung can chii trgng nang cao ndng lyc can bp uong | : ^ n g ngira ximg dot mgl each hieu qua. Hien nav, Bd Tu phap va co quan Idnh d ^ thudng tryc cho ISDS dmx v eu cdu hop tac vdi Bd Ke hoach vd E>du nr de gidm sdi v a ban hanh hirdng dan cho chinh quven cac cdp cac chinh phii lien quan din cdc vdn de FTA va ISDS.
Nhin chung. \"iei Nam d3 co nhung buw; chudn bj ban ddu ve dgi ngu chuyen gia, lual su ndm dugc quv djnh ciia cac to chirc trgng tdi quoc te V c ihii tuc vd quy trinh giai quyet tranh chdp tai trgng tai. Song thuc lien giai quvel tranh chdp ye ddu quoc le bdng trgng tdi cho didy rdng viec thieu sy hieu biel dan din nbOng sai sdt khong dang co vl ihii lyc trgng tdi co the day Chinh phii vao riii ro do thua kien. Bdi vdv. cdn ddc biet chii ugng viec ndng cao chdt lugng dpi ngii nhdn lyc de co die Uanh chap ddu tu noi chung va gidi qi^ll ttanh chdp giira nha dau lu nutic ngodi vd Chinh phii nude liep nhdn ddu tu noi rieng./.
TAI uii] THAM KHAO
1. Gido dinh Ludl Ddu tu Qudc te, Trudng
.. -,rt,-r^ vxh Thanh nien.
Dai hgc Ludt Hd Noi (2017). \Nb ma.
HdNoi he
D6 Thanh Ha (2016). '^'T "l"^^^.
hi, rL.n,odiv,n chmh phu nuoc li.p nhgn ddu lirnmrL ngoai vm
2016.
.thi nr" \ohc Luat. so 0_- , ; ...
3Ng^;inThuHang(20l7). ••a.c;..^.ar qlr^^ittranhchdpgiinlnhdctdutunlrlrcngoalval Ihd nirdc theo uic Hiep dinh thuong rngt tudo Hiep dinh kinh ti the he mdi . Bg Tu Phap, Tap chi Ddn chuv a Phap Luat ,
4 Nizuvln Mai Linh, Trdn Thu Yen (2017),
"i •(/ chigiai quyit tranh chdp gii^a nha dau tu vd mrac'tiip nhdn ddu tu trong EVIPA va sif chudn bi cua I let .\am ". Nghien ciiu lap phap, so
14(342)07/2017.
5. Nguyen Minh Hang (10/1012), "Gidi quyil tranh chdp giiia nhd ddu tu nude ngodi vd Chinh phu nude tiip nhgn ddu tu -Mot vdi suy nghT ddi vai Viet Nam", Tap chi Luat hgc, Dac san gidi quyet tranh chap qudc te.
6. Phan Thi Thanh Thiiy (2017), "G/a/ qio'it tranh chdp ddu tu quoc te nhirng thdch thuc doi vdi Chinh Phii Viet Nam", tap chi Dan chii va Phap Lual, so 04.
7. TrLnh Hdi Yin (2017), Giao Uinh Luat ddu tu qudc tl, Nxb Chinh hi quoc gia su that. Ha N^i.
BINH LUAN AN LE v l NGUYEN TAC BAO HO OAU TU CHONG LAI VIEC Ttr CHOI CONG LY (PHAN 2)
(Tiep theo trang 82)
chua cd sy phdt trien vugt bac so vdi cac lieu Thirba, khieu kien hinh thdnh dya tren loai
thii tu ciia tir choi tiep can cong ly Uong tap qudn quoc le. do Id dp dung sai ludt. c6 tieu chudn nghiem ngat va rdt il thanh cong. Thay vdo do. cdc trudng hgp xem xet lai kei qua ciia
chudn xem xet dugc xdc lap tir thdi diem vu kien Mondew va Loewen.
Thii- nam, dya vdo mgt so dac diem neu tren, chien luge tranh tyng ciia cdc nha ddu tu cdc phdn quyet ciia Toa an quoc gia ihucmg lien nude ngoai doi vdi khieu kien v | tir chii tilp quan den thien vi. loi co v. khong trung thyc. can cong ly can phdi luu y: tnrdc hit tan dung hodc thieu cong ly. hoac khong khdch quan vd het cac budc va bien phap co sdn theo phap luat ro rang nhdt chinh la su vi pham ve quy trinh quoc gia, hoac can can nhdc giiia viec tir bd theo thii luc. dnh hudng den quyen tu phap. quyen duoi khieu kien trong nude vd chon khdi kien dugc xei xu cong bdng ciia nhd ddu lu nude tryc tiep ra HDTT qudc le theo cdc hiep dinh ngodi.. ddu tu. Day dugc coi la luu y hiru ich doi vdi trgng Thu tir, cdc vu kien ddu tu co ket luan ciia ca cdc Toa dn dja phuong va cdc luat !i HDTT gdn day (nam 2015-2017) deu cho thdy tdi tham gia gidi quyel tranh chdp qu^c",^ e./.
