Tap chi khoa hoc IrUdng Dgi hgc Quy Nhctn - Sd2, Tqp VI nam 2012
M O T SO D A C DIEIM S I N H H Q C C U A C A Y M A I D l J d N G (Mimosapigra L,) M Q C H O A N G D A I d T H A N H P H O Q U Y NHOtN VA C A C VIING PHIJ C ^ N
TRAN THANH AN", PHAN P H U 6 C MINH H1EP\ SOl HONG HAF 1. DAT VAN D ^
Cdc nghien cffu d nffdc ta deu thd'ng nha't Mai dffdng (Mimosa pigra L.) la loai thffc vat ngoai lai gay hai Idn nhat d Viet Nam. Tdc hai ciia cay Mai dffdng Id Ian chiem dat, canh tranh vdi cdc lodi cay khdc lam suy giam da dang sinh hpc, gay can trd di lai,...
TrSn dia ban tinh Binh Dinh, trong vdi ndm gan day da xuat hien cay Mai dffdng mpc hoang dai pho bien d h^u khap cdc vffng daL bat gdp nhieu nha't d bd sdng, bd mffdng thiiy Idi, cdc khu dat hoang hda dpng nffdc,... Nguy cd xdm la'n gay hai cua cay Mai dffdng dang hien hffu, vi vay chiing toi dat van de nghien cffu dd'i tffdng nay trong de tai
"Mpt so'ddc diem sinh hpc ciia cay Mai dffdng (Mimosapigra L.) mpc hoang dai d thanh phoQuy Nhdn va cac vungphu can". Muc dich cua de tdi nay nham xac dinh mpt so ddc diem sinh hpc cd ban nhff dac diem hinh thdi-giai phau, phan loai, kha ndng sinh trffdng, kha ndng chdng chiu, phat tan, sinh san,... cua cay Mai dffdng tren mot so' sinh canh ddt trong Ilia nffdc, dat bai ven sdng, dat doi; tim hieu each diet trff cay Mai dffdng, de xud't mpt so phffdng phap hd trd cong tac diet trff; bd sung tff lieu ve sinh hpc-sinh thai thffc vat cho bai giang sinh thai hpc, mdi trffdng.
2. DOI TLfdNG, NOI DUNG VA P H U d N G PHAP NGHIEN CLfU 2.1. Dd'i tvt0ng nghiSn citu
- Cay Mai dffdng mpc hoang dai tren dat rupng Ida, da't cat pha, dat doi.
- Cay Mai dffdng trong trong chau trdn da't rupng lua, da't cdt pha, da't doi.
- Thdi gian: 12 thang, tff 01/01/2011-31/12/2011.
2.2. Ndi dung va phUfftig phap nghien cii'u 2.2.1. Trong thtlc nghiem
Tien hanh trong cay trong chau: sff dung 3 loai da't rupng trong Ida, da't cdt pha, da't doi. Mdi loai da't trong 10 chau, mdi chau tr6ng 1 cay tff hat gieo trong chau.
2.2.2. Xdc dinh cdc chi tieu sinh trU&ng-phdt triin d cay mgc tU nhien vd gieo trong - Xac dinh thdi gian nay mam (ngay) va ty le nay m a m (%) cua hat tren dd't
TRAN THANH AN". PHAN PHV6C MINH HIEP". BUI H 6 N G HAF rupng lua, dat cdt pha, dat doi. da't nhiem mdn (0,5%). Gieo 100 hat/chau, moi loai da't gieo 3 chSu.
- Chieu cao cay trong trong chau qua cdc thdng nghien cffu.
- Theo ddi qud trtnh mpc Id cua cay tr6ng trong chau: thdi gian xua't hien cdc loai la chet; xac dinh tong so' la/cay.
- So Iffdng chiim hoa/cay. chDm qud dau/cay, so' Iffdng qua dau/cay, s^ Iffdng hat/cay mpc tren cdc loai da't d cdc loai dffdng kinh than khdc nhau (xdc dinh d mpt ddt khao sdt).
- Xdc dinh so' Iffdng re, chieu ddi re, so' Iffdng not san cua cay trong trong chau, cay mpc hoang dai tren cdc loai dd't khdc nhau.
- Xdc dinh kha ndng tdi sinh cua cay sau khi chdt vd dot gd'c.
Sijf dung cdc phffdng phdp can, do, dem thdng thffdng trong nghien cffu thffc vat.
2.2.3. Xdc dinh cdc chi tiiu sinh hoa cda Id cay mgc tit nhien
Xdc dinh ham Iffdng cha't khd cua Id bang each sa'y kho tuyet dd'i; Xac dinh nitd tdng so' theo phffdng phdp Micro Kjeldahl; Xdc dinh ham Iffdng xd thd theo phffdng phap Geneber va Stoman; Xdc dinh hdm Iffdng phd't pho bSng phffdng phdp dot ffdt.
2.2.4. Philcfngphdp xu! ly sdlifu
So' lieu thd dffdc xff ly tren phan mem Microsoft Excel 2003.
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Kha ndng n^y mam cua hat
Gieo 100 hat/chau, moi loai da't gieo 3 chau. Ket qua dffdc the hi?n trong Bang 1.
Bdng 1. TI le vd thdi gian nay mam cua hat Mai duang tren cdc loai ddt trong lua, ddt cdt pha, ddt doi, ddt nhiem man
Loai dd't Da't rupng lua
Da't cat pha Da't ddi Da't nhiem man
Thdi gian nay m^m (ngay) 11,67 13,33 11,67 8,67
Ty 1$ nay m^m (%) 20,33 21,33 18,67 1,33
Ti le va thdi gian nay m a m cua hat trSn cdc loai dat khdc nhau thi khdc nhau.Dieu nay chac chan cd U&n quan den tinh chd't li, hda hpc cua da't.
MQTSODACBIEM SINH HOC CUA CAY MAI DUONG
Ti le nay m^m cua hat tren da't cdt pha la cao nha't (21.33%) sau dd Id tren da't ruong lua, dd'n dat ddi va tha'p nha't la tren da't nhilm man (chi c6 1,33%).
Thdi gian nay m^m cung bien ddng tffdng tff nhff ti ie nay mam.
3.2. Chieu cao cSy qua cac thang tu^i tr6ng trong chSu
Chieu cao cua cay trong trong chau dffdc xdc dinh qua cdc thang (Bdng 2).
Bdng 2. Chieu cao cay trong trong chau quo 7 thdng ludi Thang tuoi
1 thang 2 thang 3 thdng 4 thdng 5 thdng 6 thang 7 thang Td'c dp tang chieu cao
trung binh/thang Td'c dp tdng chieu cao
trung binh/ngay
Chi^u cao cua c3y mpc tren 3 loai da't qua cac thang tu^i (cm); n = 10 c^y/m6i loai dat DS't ru$ng lua
9.5±0.052 53,4±0,31 132,5±1,77
155+2,07 239±3,81 276,5±2,96 330,9±4,26 47,27cm/lhdng
1.58cm/ngay
DS't pha cat 9.22+0,05 52.5±0,38 132,4+1,84 154.5±1,75 229,4+4,12 258,6±2,23 306,3±3,88 43,76cm/thdng
l,46cm/ngdy
D3't do!
9,33+0,06 52.3±0,48 133,6+1,72 155,6±2,37 239,9+4,04 272,8±2,87 325,3±3,12 46,47cm/thang
l,55cm/ngay Chieu cao d 7 thdng tudi ciia cay trong tren cdc loai da't deu dat tren 3m, trong dd da't rupng, da't ddi tirong dirpng (330,9 vd 325,3cm); dd't cdt pha tha'p hdn (306,3cm).
Tirang tiT nhir vay Ichi nhdn xet ve td'c dd tdng chieu cao theo thang vd theo ngay.
3.3. Qua trinh mpc la va s6' liTi^ng Id hinh thanh qua 150 ngdy tuoi
Quan sat stf xud't hien Id kep d 9 cay vdi mdi loai dd't la 3 cay (3x3). Ke't qua dirpc trinh bdy d Bang 3.
Sau 150 ngdy tudi, so'Id kep/cay dat 29,9 Id kep/cay, td'c dp ra Id trung binh/thdng
dat gan 6 Id/thdng. Sir xua't hien Id kep mpt de'n id kep mirdi Id co quy luat khd ro, td'c
id sir xua't hien loai Id kep tir thd'p de'n cao; so' lirpng mdi loai id kep/cay tifdng tvf nhif
nhau d cdc Wa tud'i tiTdng u'ng, d cdc cay nghien ciJu khdc nhau.
TRAN THANH AW, PHAN PHLftjC MINH H1EP>. Btjl HONG HAI-
ThiJ tiT m§u
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Trung
binh
Bdng: . Khdi qudt sii hinh thanh td va so 'luting Id qua cdc Ilia uoi
Sd' liTi^ng Id kep/cdy qua cdc khoang thdi gian tir khi nay m i m d6'n 150 n g i y tu^i 15
ngdy Ld that
dSu tiSn
1 6 - 3 0 ngdy Ld kdp
1 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 3,67±0,05
3 1 - 6 0 ngdy L d k d p
2-4 8 5 6 6 7 8 6 7 7 6,67±0,1
6 1 - 9 0 ngdy L d k d p
5-6 10 10 8 9 8 9 10 9 9 9,11 ±0,07
9 1 - 120 ngdy Ld kdp
7-8 5 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 4 4,11+0,06
1 2 1 - 1 5 0 ngdy L d k d p
9-10 7 6 7 5 6 7 7 6 6 6,33+0,07
Tdng so' Id kep/cay
d l 5 0 ngdy tudi
33 29 28 27 29 33 31 30 29 29,90+0,2
3.4. So Iffdng hoa, qua cua c3y mpc hoang d^i
Lay mlu nhffng cay cd hoa, qud; tren moi sinh canh lay mau d 5 cay (n = 5) tffdng ffng vdi 3 nhdm dffdng kinh than cay: l-2cm; 2-3cm; tren 3cm. Cac cay lay mau hoa vd qua dong thdi d mpt thdi diem nhat dinh. Mdi qua dau cd trung binh 10 hat (Bang 4).
Bdng 4. So lucfng chUrn hoa/cdy, chdm qud dgu/cdy, sdlu^ng qud d4u/cdy, sd lu^ng hat/cdy mpc tren cdc loai ddt khdc nhau
d cdc loai dudng kinh thdn khdc nhau DiTcfng
kinh than cdy
1 - 2cm
2 - 3cm
Tr6n 3cm
Lo^i dd't Da't rupng lua
Da't cdt pha Dat ddi Da't mdng lua
Da't cdt pha Da't ddi Dd't rupng Ilia
Dd't cdt pha Da't doi
S6' \iii/ng chdm hoa/cdy 3.80±0,19 4,60±0,17 2,40+0.09 12,2+0,22 10,6+0.08 11,0+0,11 18,8+0,33 19,8+0,39 9,20+0,30
S6' liTffng chiim qua ddu/cdy 1.80+0,06 3,20+0,03 1,40+0,08 9,60+0,35 10,2+0,21 9,20+0,30 15,0+0,45 16,6+0,24 17,6+0,39
S&' liTtyng qua d^u/cdy 9,60+0,30 19,4+0,56 6,80+0,36 54.0+2,30 54.2+1,54 61,8+2,75 107,4+3,55 84,40+1,54 116,2+2,53
S6' llT^g hat/cdy
(xlO) 96,0+3,00
194+5,60 68,0+3,60 540+23,00 542+15,40 618+27,50 1074+35,5 844+15,4 1162+25,3
MOT SO BAC BIEM SINH HOC CljA CAY MAI DUONG
Ke't qua cud'i ciing cua qud trinh sinh san d thifc vdt cd hoa dd la tao hat. Theo mdt sd tdc gia, mdi cay cd the ra hoa 12 dpt/nam.
- Sd Itrong hoa, qud tdng theo sir tdng len ciia dUdng kinh than cay.
- Loai dtrdng kinh l-2cm: d da't cdt pha cd sd lirpng hat cao nha't dat 194 hat/cay, ti^p de'n la da't rupng lua dat 96 hat/cay, tha'p nha't Id da't ddi dat 68 hat/cdy.
- Loai dirdng kinh 2-3cm: d da't d.di c6 sd lu'png hat cao nha't dat 618 hat/cdy, tie'p dd'n la da't cdt pha 542 hat/cdy va dd't rudng lua dat 540 hat/cay.
- Loai dirdng kinh tren 3cm: d dd't ddi cd sd lupng hat cao nha't dat 1.162 hat/cay, tidp de'n Id dd't nidng lua dat 1.074 hat/cdy, tha'p nha't d da't cdt pha dat 844 hat/cdy.
3.5. S6'liA;rng r l , chieu ddi r l , sd'liTgtng nd't sin
Tren mdi loai dd't. chpn cdy cd dudng kinh than l,7-2,0cm. Quan sat bd rl cua 3 cdy/ld. Dem so' lirpng re. do chieu ddi re, dem so lu'png nd't san (Bang 5).
Bdng 5. So luong ri, chieu dai re, so luong not sdn cua cdy trong trong chau vd cdy moc hoang dai tren 3 loai ddt khdc nhau
Lofi dd'tDa't ruong lua Dat cat pha
Bit ddi
SO' liTgTng rS/cdy Cdy trong trong chau 121,3+1,25 139,3+1,30 91,0+0,84
Cay mpc hoang dai 86,0+4,74 113,3+6,34 79,0+4,36
Chilu dai rS cdy (cm) Cay trong trong chdu 16,33+5,99 24,52+7,91 17,06+4,06
Cay mgc hoang dai 23,05+6,44 26,97+8,61 23,31+6,40
So' liTtfng not sdn/cdy Cay trong trong chdu 112,7+2,22 123,0+1,47 77,67+0,62
Cdy mpc hoang dai 96,00+5,44 112,3+6,28 79,00+4,58
- sd luong ri:
Doi vdi cdy trong chau: d da't cdt pha cd bd rl phdt tri^n nhilu rl phu nhdt dat 139,3 rl/cdy, ti&'p den la dd't rupng Iffa Id 121,3 re/cay vd cuoi cung da't doi la 91,0 re/cay.
Doi vdi cdy hoang dai: d dat cat pha cd bp re phdt trien nhieu rl phu nhdt, dat 113,3 re/cay, tie'p den la dat rupng lua la 86,0 re/cay vd cuoi cClng dd't d6i Id 79,0 rl/cdy.
- Chieu dai re:
Dd'i vdi cdy trong chdu: d cac loai da't khdc nhau, sff phdt tri^n bp rl cd sff khac nhau th^ hi6n qua chilu dai trung binh cua rl. Cay mpc tren da't cdt pha cd bd re phdt tii^n manh nhd't dat 24,52cm/re, da't rupng lua va dat d6i tffdng dffdng nhau dat 16,33cm va 17,06cm.
Doi vdi cay hoang dai: d daft cat pha cd bp rl phdt tri^n manh nh^t dat 26,97cm,
da't ru^ng lua va d^t d6i tffdng dffdng nhau dat 23,05cm va 23,31cm.
TRAN THANH AN^ PHAN P H U ^ C MINH HIfeP^ BUI HONG HAI-
- So' Iffdng not san:
Quan sal bd re tha'y chu yeu la cdc nd't san nhd, kich thffdc khodng l-2mm, mpt so' nd't kich thffdc idn khoang 4-5mm.
Dd'i vdi cay trong chdu; d da't cdt pha c6 ,sd' Iffdng not san nhieu nhat (123 not san/bp re), tiep de'n la da't rupng lua (112,67 nd't san/bp re), thap nha't d dat doi (77.67 nd't san/bp rl).
Dd'i vdi cdy hoang dai: Trong 3 loai da't thi d da't cdt pha cd so' Iffdng n6^t san nhieu nha't (112.33 nd't san/bp re), tiep de'n la dat rupng lua (96,0 nd't san/bp re), tha'p nha't d da't doi (79,0 nd't san/bp re).
Tren 3 loai dd't thi cdy mpc tren da't cdt pha cd bp rl phat trien hdn, nhieu not san hdn cay mpc tren da't rupng lua vd dd't doi, dieu ndy phu hdp ca vdi cay mpc tff nhien va cay trong thi nghiem.
3.6. Kha nang tai sinh cua cSy
Bdng 6. Khd ndng idi sinh cda cdy sau khi chat goc vd sau do ddt thdn, canh. Id
Loai dd't Da't trong Ilia
Da't cdt pha Da't ddi
Ty 10 mpc ch6i sau khi chdt gd'c (%)
73,3 70,0 60,0
Ty 1^ mpc choi sau khi chdt go'c - do't thdn, canh. Id (%)
37,21 45,83 57,50
Sau 30 ngay ke tff khi chat gd'c cd 60% so' go'c chdt da mpc choi d da't doi, 70% 6 dd't cdt pha, 73,3% dd't rupng lua. Sau khi chdt 3 ngay, tien hdnh dd't than, cdnh. Id.
Trong thdi gian 30 ngay k^ tff khi do't van cd hdn 37,21%-57,50% so'gd'c cd choi mpc len.
3.7. MOt sd'thanh phan hoa hpc cua la
Ld cay Mai dffdng dffdc cdc dpng vat nhai lai sOr dung lam thffc dn, viec xdc dinh thanh phan hda hpc gdp phan ddnh gid gid tri 1dm thffc dn cho gia sue cua Id Mai dffdng.
Bdng 7. Mot sd thdnh phdn hda hgc cua Id
Chi so phdn ti'ch Hdm lirpng cha't khd trong Id Hdm llTdng cha't xd thd trong cha't khd cOa Id
Ham lirpng Phd't pho trong chat khd cua Id Ham lirdng ni td tdng sd trong v^t chd't khd cua Id
Ke't qua phdn tich (%) 36,63+0,21 21,6710,09 0,20+0,003 5,07+0,003
MOT s o BAG DIEM SINH HOC CUA CAY MAI DUONG
Ham Iffdng cha't khd trong la khd cao dat 36,63%, ham Iffdng nay cao hdn nhieu so vdi cdc loai thffc vat thdng dung lam thffc an cho chdn nudi. Ham Iffdng cha't xd dat 21,67%, phd't pho dat 0,2%, ni td td'ng so'dat 5.07% trong chd't kho cua Id. Ham Iffdng nitdtongsd'khacaoso vdi cac loai thffc vat thong dung lam thffc dn cho chdn nudi khi quy doi thanh ham Iffdng protein thd.
4. KET LUAN - D^ NGHI 4.1. Kg't Iu3n
1. Ty le nay m^m cua hat Mai dffdng dat 20%. Dp man la nhan to'gidi han sff phat tan cua cay Mai dffdng, d n6ng dd mud'i 0,5% ndy mam chi dat 1,33% vd cay m^m chi sd'ng dffdc mOt ngay.
2. Chieu cao cay Mai dffdng trong trong chdu d 7 thdng tu^i dat 306,3cm de'n 330,9cm. Td'c dp tang chilu cao trung binh dat l,46cm/ngdy de'n l,58cm/ngay.
3.Tff khi nay mam de'n 150 ngdy tuoi: sff xua't hien cdc loai Id k6p theo quy luat, sau dd khdng theo quy luat. Tong so' Id kep d 150 ngay tudi dat 30 la/cay, toe dd ra Id trung binh dat 6 la/thang.
4. So' Iffdng hoa vd qua cua cay mpc tff nhien: xet d loai cay cd dffdng kinh tren 3cm thi cd so' Iffdng chiim hoa/cay dao ddng tff 9,2 de'n 19,8 chfim hoa/cdy. Sd' Iffdng hat dao dpng tff 844 hat de'n 1.126 hat/cdy (d mot ddt khao nghiem). Tudira hoa dau ti6n cua cdy trong thi nghiem la 210 ngay (7 thdng tuoi).
5. Tr6n 3 loai dd't: cay Mai dffdng cd bp rl phat trien manh nha't d da't cdt pha ca vesolffdng va chieu dai rl, ddng thdi cd so'Iffdng not san nhieu nha't, ke't qua ndy phu hdp vdi ca cay mpc tff nhien vd cdy trong thi nghiem.
6. Sffc tai sinh gdc cua cay Mai dffdng mpc tff nhien: ty le phdt sinh choi phu sau khi chat goc dat tff 60-73,3%; ty le phdt sinh choi phu sau chat gdc-ddt than, canh. Id dat 37,21-57,5%.
7. Mpt so' thanh phan hda hpc cua Id cay Mai dffdng (% trong chd't khd): chat xd thd dat 21,67%; phd't pho dat 0,20%; ni td tdng sd dat 5,07%.
4.2. Dl nghi
Tie'p tuc tien hanh phdn tich thanh phan hda hpc ciia cdy Mai dffdng. XdC dinh
cac hdp chat gdy ddc mdi trffdng do cdy tao ra. Tiep tuc nghidn cffu ve kha nang tao
ndt san cua bd rl, lim giai phdp t$n dung Idi ich nay cua cay Mai dffdng.
TRAN THANH AN\ PHAN PHU(3C MINH HlfeP". BUI HONG HAI' TAI LHiU THAM KHAO
[1] Nguyen Van Cam. Pham Van Lam, Hodng Cong Dien. Phdng irCf bdng bi^n phdp sinh hgc cdy trinh oi? thdn gd (Tuyen lap cdng trinh nghien ciiu bifn phdp sinh hgc phdng trCf dich hgi ca\ trdng 1990-1995), Nxb Ndng nghi?p, Hd Npi, (1996).
|21 Pham Hoang Ho. Cay co Vi^i Nam - quyen 3, Nxb Tr^, Tp.Ho Chi Minh, (1992).
[31 Pham Van Lam, Pham Binh Quyen, Cdy trinh nS ddm lay (Mimosa pigra L.)-Lodi ngoai lai -xdm Idn rdt khd phong trit. mdi de dga da dgng sinh hgc. (Ngudn: Hpi bdo ve thien nhien va moi tru'dng Vi^i Nam - vacne.org.vn), (2010).
[4] Fomo, I.W., Biological control of Mimosa pisra research undertaken and prospects for effecttive control. In K.L.S. Harley (ed). A guide to the management of Mimosa pigra.
CSIRO Canberra. (1992).
[5] Fomo W., 1. Miller, B. Napompeth et al.. Management of Mimosa pigra in South-East Asia and Australia. Abstracts, 3"'Inter.Conf. on Plant Prot. in Tropics, March 20-23, Malaysia, (1990).
SUMMARY
SOME BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAI D U O N G (MIMOSA PIGRA L.) WILDLY GROWING IN THE CITY OF QUY NHON AND SURROUNDING AREAS
Tran Thanh An. Phan Phuoc Minh Hiep, Bui Hong Hai Mai du'dng (Mimosa pigra L.) is an exotic species that appeared in Quy Nhon-Binh Dinh over 10 years ago and has widely distributed, thus invading agricultural land. It is a leguminous plant, so there are many nodules in the roots. Study of the biological characteristics of Mimosa pigra assists in finding measures to limit its development and to utilize its advantages in agricultural production. This study has identified:
Seed germination rate: 20%
The height of the potted plants at 7 months old: 306,3-330.9cm Growth height: 1,46-1,58cm/day
The number of inflorescences/plant: 9,2-19.8 inflorescences/plant The number of seeds/plant: 844-1.126 seeds/plant
Flowering age: 210 days
The budding rate after the root was cut: 60-73,3%.
The budding rate after the root was cut and the leaves, branches and trunks were burned: 37,21-57,5%.
=•" 'Khoa Sinh-KTNN, TnTOng Dai hpc Quy Nhdn NgSy nhan bdi: 19/02/2011; Ngly nhan dang: 14/02/2012.
