TAP CHI KHOA HQC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 01 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 K H A N A N G SEVH S A N V A P H A N H U Y R A C T H A I C U A GIUN
Q U E 6 Q U Y M O H O G I A D I N H
ThS. Lg Thdng Lgi' TS. Trdn Van Giang' T6MTAT
Giun que dd duac xem Id sinh vdt quan trong di chuyen doi ngudn chdt thdi hiru ca vd tgo sinh khdi. Ddnh gid sinh sdn cua giun que trin cdc mdi truang khde nhau cd y nghta to l&n trong viec sdn xudt giun Pen quy md l&n cdng nhu sir dung chung di phdn huy rdc thdi sinh hogt Chung sinh sdn tdt nhdt Pen moi tru&ng 50%
heo lgc binh vd 50% ddt; 50% phdn gia sue vd 50% ddt; 50% Po trdu vd 50% ddt Ngugfc lgi, chung sinh sdn kem & moi Pu&ng 50% tro Pdu vd 50% miin cua hogc mdi tru&ng hodn todn ddt Giun qui phdn huy chdt thdi hOu ca khd nhanh (gdn hit sau 30 ngdy), trong cdc logi chdt thdi hieu ca duac nghien cuu thi phdn gia sue (NT2) vd Id edy khd (NT3) duac giun phdn huy nhanh nhdt
Tw khoa: giun qui, sinh sdn, rdc thdi huu ca, phdn huy.
1. Mo^ dau
Giun qufi (Perionyx exeavalus Perrier. 1872) sinh truang va phat trifin kha phfl bifin a vimg nMet doi chau A.
Loai giun nay tMch sflng trong mfli truong CO bfi mat am ufit va chiing phan giai cac loai chdt thai hiiu ca khac nhau, trong dfi phan gia siic la Ihiic an cMnh va mfli trufing song ua tMch nhat cita chiing (xem them [1, 2]). Kich thufic cua giun tucmg dfli nhfi, mau dfi dfin man chin, co thfi cfi Mnh try thufin dai gfim nMeu dflt nfli vfii nhau (xem thfim [3]). Giun qufi co kha nang phan giai chdt thai huu co ciing nhu cfi ham lugng protein cao nen chiing dugc nufii dfi sir dung cho cfing ngM?p thiic an va xii ly rac thai nflng ngMep voi myc dich tao cho ddt cfi do mau mo cao va san xudt smh khfii protein cho tinic an chan nufli. Chan nufii dong vai tro rat quan trgng trong nfing ngMep. Nam 2014, nganh chan nufii cMfim ty lfi 31,5 - 32%
tflng gia tri cua nganh nflng ngMep (Nifin giam tiiflng ke nam 2014), dong thfii cM phi thiic an trong chan nuoi
ciing rat Ifin. Hifin nay, xu huong nufii giun que de sir dyng Iam thiic an cho vat nuoi dang phat tri^n boi giun qu^
chiia nMfiu yfiu tfl dinh duflng can tMet dfli voi sy sinh trufing, sinh san ciia gia siic va gia cam. Ngoai ra, phan giun que la loai phan hGu ca giau chat dinh duoT^, nfi cfi tac dyng Idn trong cai tao va lam tang d^ pM nMfiu cho dat dfing thfii Cling la bifin phap de thyc Men chu trinh khep kin trong san xudt nflng ngMep (xem thfim [3]). Viec tan dyng cac ngufln thiic an tai ehfi de giam cM pM thiic an trong chan nufli la van de lufln dugc quan tam. Do vay, viec xac dinh dugc siic sinh san cua giun que Cling nhu kha nang phan buy cac ngufin chdt thai hiiu co khac nhau gfip phan quan trpng trong chan nufli ciing nhu xir ly rac thai nfing ngMfip.
2. Nguyen lieu va phuong phap 2.1. Nguyen U^u
Giun qufi dugc mua tir trung tam bao tfln gifing Huang Thuy thufic Dai hgc Nfing Lam Hufi. Nguyen lieu nufli
TAP CHI KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 01 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 giun la phan gia siic (trau, bfi), beo luc
binh, tro trau, rac, la cSy khfl, mim cua va ddt. Nguyfin lifiu kM thu ve dugc xu ly sa bp truac kM cho vao thimg nuoi giun.
2.2. Phwffngpkdp nghiin ciru - B 6 tri thi nghifim: TM ngMfim dugc tifin hanh tir 15/1/2015 dfin 14/5/2015 tai cac nong hp thufic huyfin Phli Vang - Thira TMen Hufi. Cac lfi tM nghifim dugc bfi tri ngSu nMfin va phan lam hai nhfim de theo doi va danh gia hai cM tifiu sinh san va kha nSng phan buy rac thai cua giun que. Cac tM ngMem sinh san dugc bfi tri trong thimg xflp CO kich thuoc 50x30x25cm, bfl sung mfii trufing den 2/3 thimg, pMa trfin thimg cfi che bdng luoi mdt cao dfi bao ve giun. Cac tM ngMem dfi ngMen ciiu kha nang phan hiiy rac thai dugc bfl tri trong cac chau xi mang cfi kich thufic 10x20x30cm, (so di chiing toi bfi tri tM nghiem nay trong chau nhfi hem dfi dfi dang trong vific tinh toan lupng rac cfin lai sau thfii gian phan hiy). Tat ca cac chau deu co Io nhfi vira du de thoat nufic kM can tMet nhung khfing de giun thoat ra ngoai. Cac nghifim thiic dupc bfi tri thanh 7 16 co thanh phdn nhu sau:
NTI (50% beo Iuc bmh; 50% ddt); NT2 (50% phan gia siic; 50% ddt); NT3 (50% tro trdu; 50% mim cua, cM dfli voi tM ngMem ngMen ciiu kha nang sinh san); NT4 (50% tro trdu; 50% ddt);
NT5 (50% mim cua; 50% ddt); dfli chimg am (DC-) (100% ddt); dfii chiing duong (DC+) (75% phan bfi; 25 rac%, tiieo Bill Van Lgi, 2008 (xem tiifim [4]).
Cac tM ngMem ngMfin ciiu kha nang sinh san, chiing tfii tha 10 cap giun da
thanh thyc vfi smh san. Cac tM ngMfim ngMen ciiu vfi kha nang phan huy rac thai, chiing tfli tha 60 con giun con cfi kich thuoc va trpng lugng tuong dfli dfing dfiu (19 - 21mg, 15 - 15,5mm).
- Nuoi dirong, chSm s6c va theo dSi: Vific tufii nuoc va duy tri dp dm chat nfin cho giun la vfi cung quan trgng. Do am chat nen dupc kiem tra bdng each diing mpt que khfl chpc xufing chat nen trong thung, sau dfi nit len nfiu thay que ufit tM chua cdn tuoi, nhung nfiu que khflng ufit chiing to tiong dat dp dm va nufic it liic dfi cdn phai tufii, hoac dimg tay lay mot it chdt nfin vo nhe, thay cfi nuac uot tM khfing tuoi, nhung khfi tM phai bfl sung nuoc ngay lap tiic. Bfii ^n giun qufi rdt nhay cam vfii dp dm, nfiu thdy qua khfi hoac ufit chiing sfi bo di, hoac cfi thi chfit.
Thfing thufing, nufic dugc tufii 3 ngayll ldn. Dfii vai nhung ngay ndng nong tM trung binh ngay tufii nufic khoang 1-2 idn. Tufii nuoc tiii diing binh vfii sen dfi tufii vi nfi tao ra tia nuac nhfi, deu.
Trong qua trinh nufli, cac thiing nufii dugc che chdn cdn than, tranh anh sang nang qua manh, hoac mua trye tifip Ifin thimg nufii dfi dam bao cho sy sinh trufing va sinh san cua giun. Trfin mfii thimg nufii, dfiu dugc dat mfit tdm vai luoi, hoac la la cay to, nhu la chufii dfi bao vfi giun, gift do dm ti-ong thimg, dong thoi tgo bfing tfii cho giun cfi tiifi hogt dgng len tang gan be mat chat nfin va kfit dfii sinh san. Giun qufi rdt nhgy cam vai anh sang va nM?t do nfiu khflng che chan chiing cM hoat dgng pMa bfin dufii nhu vay se anh hufing dfin kfit qua
TAP CHI KHOA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 01 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 tiii ngMem. Ngoai ra, kM nufli giun phai
xoi luflng, xoi chdt nfin ben trong tiiung dfi iam thfing thoang va tranh cho giun khfii tinh trang ngfi dfic kM (bfii vi tiong qua trinh phan buy rac thai hiiu ca, se sinh ra cac logi kM dfic cho giun nhu kM metan).
Qua trinh tiieo doi giun phai thufing xuyfin dfi danh gia chinh xac su phat trifin giiia cac ngMfim thiic dfing thfii kiem tra dugc cac tinh huflng xay ra kM nufii giun nhu kM bi benh, bi cac con vat an giun tdn cfing... Ben canh dfi, thiic an hay chdt nfin cdn dugc bfi sung theo dinh kjf (Itudn/lldn).
- Nghien cihi kha nang sinh sSn:
Tufii thanh thyc sinh san cua giun dugc xac dinh kM quan sat hinh thai ciia dai sinh dye. Dong thoi so lupng con non dugc sinh ra va song sfit dugc tinh theo cflng thiic:
Sfl lugng giun con dugc sinh ra (N)
= (Nl + N2 + Nn). Trong dfi Ni, N2 va Nti la sfl lugng giun con dugc dem qua cac mflc thai gian ngMfin cuu.
- Nghifin cuu kha nang phSn giai chat huu Ctf: cong thtrc tfnh chat thai hfiu CO* phan huy
% Sii dung tiiiic an = (A - B)/A x 100.
Trong dfi A: la khfii lugng chdt huu ca ban ddu (dan vi tinh bdng gam trgng lugng khfi). B la khfli lugng chdt huu co con Iai sau thai gian nghien ciiu (dan vi tinh bdng gam). Thfing tiiufing trong ngMen ciiu cua chiing tfii, B con lai la
gan nhu bdng 0 vi chiing tfli dgi hfit chdt hiiu CO moi bfi sung mfii lai. Dfli vfii tM ngMfim ve ngMen ciru kha nang phan hiiy cac chdt thai hiiu ca tiii fi NT3 chiing tfli bfl tri 50% la cay cac logi (khfi, chufli, fli) va 50% ddt.
- Fhvorng phap xu* 1^ s6 lifiu: sfl lieu dugc gM chep, thu thap, tinh toan va xir Iy thflng kfi trfin phdn mfim Excel 2010.
3. Ket qua nghifin cnn va thao
3.1. Kha nang sink sdn cua giun que
Giun qufi la loai mdn de va sinh san nhanh quanh nam, thfii gian thanh thyc tM Iai ngdn. Vi vay, nku nufli tfit, trong thai gian ngdn co thfi tgo ra sfi lugng ca the rat nMfiu. Sfl lupng giun con dugc dfim sau thoi gian ngMfin cim la 10 ngay/1 ldn. Kfit qua cho thay, giun que sinh san tflt tren cac ngufin dinh duong a NTI (120 con), NT4 (125 con) va cao nhat a NT2 vfii tong sfi lugng giun con la 179. Ngugc lgi, chiing sinh san kfim trfin nguon dinh duang a NT3 (47 con), a NTS (66 con) va tren moi trufing hoan toan ddt (DC-, 52 con) (Bang 1). Nhu vay, fi NT4 giun van sinh san tot trong kM kha nang phan hiiy rac thai ciia giun khflng phai ia nhanh nhdt (Bang 3).
Difiu nay thuan lpi kM bfi tri cac moi trufing nhan nufii tgo giun con ciing nhu cfi ca sfi de sir dung giun trong phan buy rac thai sinh boat.
TAP CHI KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 01 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 Bang 1. Sfi giun con dugc sinh ra trfin cac ngufln dinh duong khac nhau sau 60 ngay nufii.
ThM gian nghien
cun (ngay)
10 20 30 40 50 60 T8ng(N)
NTI 0 14,0 13,0 20±1 32±1 41±1 120
S6 liTQUg ca the con NT2
0 17,0 2 2 t l 43±1 48±2 49±1 179
NT3 0 0 3,0 5,0 22,0 17,0 47
dirg^c sinh r a (Nn) NT4
0 16,0 15,0 21±1 32±2 41±1 125
NT5 0 0 5,0 15,0 20±1 26±1 66
BC(-) 0 0 3,0 9,0 17,0 23±1 52
3.2. Khd ndng phdn k&y rdc tkdi
3.2.1. Thdnh phdn cdc logi chdt thdi him ca & nong ho
Bdt ki m^t hoat dflng nao ciia con i^iioi tai nha, cflng so, trfin duong di, tai noi cflng cgng... dfiu sinh mpt Iugng rac tiiai dang ke trong do dang chii y la cac logi rac thai huu ca (Bang 2).
Bang 2. Phan loai chat thai hiiu ca a cac nong hp.
stt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Cac logi chat thai hiru cff Rau, thuc pham thira La cay, canh, than cay cac loai Giay, bao bi co nguon gfie tir giay Phan gia siic, phan gia cdm Mim cua
Tro trdu
Vai sgi, vat lifiu sgi cfi ngufin gfie tir bfing
Trang thai Kho, tuoi, thfii r&a Khfl, tuoi Khfi
Khfi, tuoi, hoai myc Khfi
Khfi, chay Khfi
Thanh phan chii yfiu la chdt hiiu ca, dfi phan buy, mflt sfi it la cac chdt vfl CO khfi phan buy (tiii m Ion, dfl nhya, do thuy tinh...). Vi vay, fif tdt ca cac nong
hg, vific nufli giun que dfi xir ly rac thii hiiu ca va sii dung giun trong chan nufii la cdn tMfit. Cac chat thai huu ca la logi nguyfin lieu thfi cfi gia tri cfi thfi chl
TAP CHi KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 01-2016 bien thanh phan ii cfi chdt lugng tfit, vira
dem Iai pM nMfiu cho ddt vira xir ly dugc 6 nMem mfli truang.
3.2.2. Toe do phdn gidi rdc thdi cua giun qui
Cac chat thai hihi ca la loai nguyfin Ueu thfl cfi gia tri cfi thfi ehfi bifin thanh
Bang 3. Kha nang phan buy cac logi chat thai hun co cua giun qufi sau thfii gian nufii.
ISSN 2354-1482 phan il cfi chat lugng tflt, vira dem lgi pM nMfiu cho ddt vita xir ly dupc fi nMfim mfii trufing. Do giun. que cfi siic tieu hfia Ifin nhfi hfi vi sinh vat cflng sinh trong rugt (xem them [5]). Vi vgy, kha nang phan hiiy cac loai chdt thai hiiu CO Clia giun kha nhanh.
ThM gian nudi (ngiy) D o t l
0 10 20 30
% Su dung thuc an Sfft2
0 10 20 30
% Sii dung thiic ia
Trong luong cac lo^i chat thai hjhi co c5n lai sau thM gian nuoi (g)
NTI NT2 NT3 NT4 NT5
500 405±3 274±5 52±2 89,6
500 298±2 125±2 10,2±4 97,9
500 410±4 315±6 16,5±4 96,7
500 389±6 287±4 I65±5 67,0
500 378±3 247±5 112±3 77,6 B6 tri lai thi nghiem va bo sung lai thiic an n h u ban dau
500 398±4 215±3 38±2 92,4
500 312±6 143±3 9,6±3 98,0
500 401±3 298±5 19,5±5 96,1
500 412±5 292±6 143±2 71,4
500 386±6 236±4 86±2 82,8 Qua 2 dot nghien cuu, cac loai rdc
thai dirng trong thi nghiem duoc ph3n huy trfin 67% sau thai gian 30 ng^y nuoi. Trong d6, k h i nSng giun phto huy gfci triSt dS chi hon 20 ngay ddi v6i phto gia s i c (dgrt 1; 97,9%; dot 2:
98,0%) va cac loai la cay (dot 1: 96,7%;
dot 2: 96,1%), giun pMn huy tuong dai tet d5i voi beo luc binh (NTI: dgt 1:
89,6%; dqrt 2: 92,4%). Nguyc lai, kha nang phan hily cua giun que kha cham d6i voi NT4 (dot 1: 67%; dot 2: 71,4%)
va NT5 (dqrt 1: 77,6%; dot 2: 82,8%) (Bang 3). Nhu vay, c6 thS fbiy giun phan huy manh phan gia sue va cac chat hGu CO CO nguon g6c tu la, than cay, con cac loai chit nhu tro trdu, mun cua thi piian hiiy cham. Tuy nhien, sau 30 ngay giun cung da ph§n hiiy tren 67%
cac loai chSt thai hiru co, dieu nay co y nghia lon khi dung giun de xu ly rac thai Cling nhu nu6i giun 6 quy mo n6ng hp.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 01 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 4. Ket luan huu co dugc ngMen ciiu tM phan gia Loai giun nay smh san t6t tren cac '^. 0 « ^ ^ l^-^'j ™ 98,0%1 v4 la cay NTI (120 con), N H (179 con) va NT4 ^° (NT3: 96,7% va 96 1%) duoc pun (125 con), Chung sinh san kem o NT3 J ^ ^y . ' ^ . " ^ f • ^ """8 ph=m ,An \ • xT-rc r££ \ > ™--. A™„ huy cua gum kha cham doi tro trau voi (47 con), a NT5 (66 con) va moi tivang . / f i a', ^ 0/ \ • - ll ' * • J"* ^c\ \ i-- •= u- dat (NT4: 67% va 71,4%) va mun cua hoan toan dat (52 con). Giun que phan _^ \^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ;^ ^^ ^^^_^
buy chdt thai hiiu co kha nhanh (gan hfit sau 30 ngay), trong cac logi chat thai
voi dat (NT5: 77,6% va 82,8%).
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Dang Vu Binh, Vu Dinh Tfln, Nguyfin Dinh Linh (2008), "Danh gia kha nSng sinh tmong ciia giun que (Perionyx exccrvatus Pen.) tren cac ngufin thiic an khac nhau". Tgp cM Khoa hoc vd Phdt triin, Dai hgc Nflng ngMfip I Ha Npi, 4 (4), trang 321-325.
2. Edwards C. A., Dommguez J., and Neuhauser E. F., (1998), Growth and reproduction of (Perionyx excavatus) (Megascolecidae) as factors in orgamc waste management, Biol Fertil Soils. 27, trang 155-161.
3. Nguyen Lan Hiii^ (2005), Hu&ng ddn nudi giun ddt. Nxb. Nong ngMep, Ha Npi, trang 12-16.
4. Bui Van Lgi (2008) "NgMen ciiu anh huong cua cac logi moi truong nufii dfin kha nang smh truong cua giun qufi Perionyx excavatus (Perr. 1872) fi Thira Thifin Hue", Tgp cM Khoa hoc va Gido due, trufing Dai hpc Su pham Hufi, 01 (05), trang 29-32.
5. Suthar S., (2009), "Growth and fecundity of earthworms; Perionyx excavatus and Perionyx sansibaricus in cattie waste sohds", The Environmentalist, 29 (1), trang 78 - 84.
FERTILITY AND DECOMPOSITION WASTE OF SCALE IN HOUSEHOLDS
ABSTRACT
Earthworm (Perionyx excavatus (Perr.) 1872) was considered important organisms to convert organic waste and biomass. Evaluating the potential of growth and reproduction of earthworm in different nuPition sources is great important for the production of large-scale worms, as well as using them to decompose waste.
They reproduce best on the environment of 50% water hyacinth and 50% soil; 50%
cattle wasle and 50% soil; 50% husk ash and 50% soil, in conPast, they reproduce very slowly in the environment of 50% husk ash and 50% sawdust or 100% soil Earthworm decompose organic waste very fast (almost 30 days), among the organic wastes are studying, the animal wasle (NT2) and dried leaves (NT3) were the fastest decomposation.
Keywords: earthworm, fertility, organic waste, decompose.
