TAP CHI SINH HOC. 2012, 34(2) 207-212 ITNG DUNG P H l / O N G PHAP QUAN TRAC SlTC KHOE SINH THAI
DANH GIA CHAT L L T O N G MOI TRU^OfNG NU'OC KHU VU^C XA THAI CUA KENH NHIEU LOC - THI NGHE RA SONG SAI GON
Do Thj Bich Loc*, Doan Canh, Phan Doan Dang, Pham Thanh Luu, Le Van Tho, Thai Thi Minh Trang
Vien Sinh hgc nhiet ddi, *''biehlocdo@gmail,com
TOM TAT: Hien nay giam sat chat lugng moi trudng nude bang phuang phap quan trSc siic khoe sinh thai (EHM) cho phep cac chuyen gia ve moi trudng co dugc cac thong so ve muc dp 6 nhiem nirdc va da dang sinh hoc tai vi tri va thoi diem cu the. Ket qua ling dung phuong phap quan trSc siic khoe sinh thai (EHM) de danh gia chat lugng moi trudng nude cOa kenh Nhieu Lgc - Thj Nghe cho bi^t dien biin chSt lirong moi truong nude tai khu vuc nghien ciru hien d hai gia trj t6t (B) va trung binh (C). Kgt qua nghien ciiu da chi ra rang, sue khoe sinh thai kem nhat la ngay tai ciia xa ciia kenh Nhieu Lgc - Thi Nghe, khi nude kenh van hoan loan chua dugc xii ly va d6 true tiep vao song Sai Con. Kk qua nghien ciiu nay c6 the dugc xem nhu la dong gop mdi cho linh vuc nghien ciru giam sat chat lugng moi trudng nude thong qua danh gia he sinh thai ciia song Sai Gon noi rieng va cho cac song rach khac cua thanh pho Ho Chi Minh noi chung trong tuong lai,
Tir khoa. quan trac siic khoe sinh thai, kenh Nhicu Lgc - Thi Nghe, song Sai Gon, MO DAU
De cai thien ben vung y te cdng ddng va siic khoe ngudi dan thanh phd, du an Ve sinh - Mdi trudng luu vye kenli Nhieu Lgc - Thj Nghe da diroc thyc hien Viec danli gia chat lugng moi trudng nude sdng Sai Gdn d khu vye kenh Nhieu Lgc - Thi Nghe la viec lam rat can thiet, nham gop phan danh gia dugc tinh hieu qua cua du an Ve Sinh - Mdi trudng trong giai doan van hanh.
De hieu dugc sy thay ddi mdi trudng cua mgt doan song trong khu vuc nghien citu, ngoai nhiing do dac cac thdng so hda ly, quan trac ragt so chi ticu sinli hgc da dugc thuc hien. Neu co dugc nhdng quan trae sinh hoc di cung de ghi nhan nhung bien ddng sut giam cua cac quan xa sinh vat sdng trong thiiy vuc cimg nhirng mdi quan he sinli thai va cac thdng sd hda ly ed the anh hudng tdi ddi sdng sinh vat, thi ket qua quan trae hda ly se dugc trgn ven hon bdi nhung thdng tm tir quan trac sinh hgc.
Viec ung dung phuong phap danh gia sue khoe sinh thai sdng do Oy ban sdng Me Cdng (MRC) de xudng trong viec danh gia chat lugng mdi trudng nude sdng Sai Gdn la mpt thir nghiem mdi nhung rat kha quan.
PHUOTVG PHAP NGHIfiN CUtJ Dia diem
Chgn 5 diem va I diera ddi chung (tham chieu) tai kenh Nhieu Lgc - Thi Nghe tren song Sai Gdn,
Thu mau hoa ly
Cac thdng sd: nhiet dp, pH, DO, TDS, EC, do due dugc do nhanh tai diera thu raau. Cac thdng sd nay cung cap nhihig dir lieu radi trudng lien quan den viec lua chgn diera thara chieu.
Phuong ph^p nghicn cihi thiiy sinh vat Phuong phap thu, phan tieh mau va tinh toan ket qua dugc ap dung theo phuong phap cua Uy ban sdng Me Cdng (MRC), 2009, Bon nhom thuy sinh vat: tao silie day (Benihic diatoms), ddng vat ndi (Zooplankton), dpng vat day cd Idn ven bd (Littoral macroinvertebrates) va dpng vat day (DVD) cd Idn (Benthic macroinvertebrates) dugc lua chgn vao chuong trinh quan trac [5].
Phirong phap tinh diem so nhieu dong tai vi tri quan trSc (Site Disturbance Score - SDS)
Cling vdi viec thu mau tai cac diem khao sat, quan sat ky cac yeu td tac ddng do eon ngudi va ty nhien tdi he sinh thai tai vi tri thu mau de cho diem nhieu ddng tai khu vye do. Cd 12 tieu ehi dugc lira chgn de danh gia va cho diem nhilu ddng tai mgt khu vye thu mau bao
Do Thi Bich Loc et al.
gdm: yeu td dong chay, tinh chat bdi lang hoac Id cua bd, tham thuc vat hai ben bd sdng, hoat ddng cua eon ngudi tai vj tri thu mau va viing lan can,,, Thang diem de danh gia muc do nhieu dong dao dong tir I (it hoac klidng bj tac dpng) den 3 (bi tac ddng manh). Diem sd danh gia nhilu dpng tai mfli vi tri (SDS) dugc tinh bang each lay gia tri trung binh cua cac diem so danh gia tir mdi chuyen gia dgc lap [5].
Phaong phap danh gia chi so chju dung trung binh (Average Tolerance Score Per Taxon - ATSPT)
Diera sd chju dyng (TS) cua mdi loai dugc tinh dua tren gia tri cua diem sd nhieu dpng (SDS) va tan xuat xuat hien ciia mdi loai tai vi tri thu mau [5],
Diem sd chju dung trung binh mdi nhdm loai (ATSPT) tai mdi diera khao sat the hien klia nang chju dung hoac nhay cam vdi cac loai tac dpng ciia cac loin va nhdm loai tai thdi diem khao sat, Gia tri ATSPT cao cho thay tac dpng ciia con ngudi cag se gay hai tdi loai (nhom loai) dd va ngugc lai.
Phu-ong phap xac dinh diem tham chieu Diem tham chieu la nhung diem cd trang thai gan nhu ty nhien, it bi anh hudng bdi tac ddng cua cac hoat ddng do con ngudi. Diem khao sat do phai dap img cae yeu eau mgt sd yeu Id CO ban: pH dao ddng tir 6,5-8,5; do dan
dien (EC) thip hon 70 mS/m); ham lupng oxy boa tan (DO) Idn hon 5 mg/l va chi sd nhieu ddng trung binh (SDS) dao dgng tir 1-1,67 [5].
Cac diem tham chieu la co' sd so sanh, danh gia mdi trudng t£d nhiing diera khao sat kliac tren ciing luu vye.
Phirong phap danh gia
Chgn ba gia trj sinh hgc quan trgng nhat (so lugng loai, sd lugng ca the, diem sd chiu dung ciia loai) cua bon nhdra thuy sinh vat (tao silic day, ddng vat phii du, DVDCL day va DVDCL ven bd) de danh gia sire khoe he sinh thai sdng.
Nhu vay, tai radi diera khao sat se cd 12 gia tri cac sd do ciia bdn nhdm sinh vat, dugc chap nhan "Y" (YES) hoac khdng dugc chap nlian
"N" (NO) khi dugc so sanli vdi cac gia trj sinh hgc tai diem tham chieu, Cu the, tai cac diem khao sat, cac ket qua ve sd lugng loai va so lugng ca the ed gia tri Idn hon diem tham chieu, gia tri sinh thai tai do dugc chap nhan la "Y", ngugc lai thap hon se la "N". Diem sd cua sue chju dung trung binh (ATSPT) cua cac loai thap hon ATSPT tai diem tham cbieu, gia tri sinh thai tai diem dd dugc chap nhan la "Y", ngugc lai se la "N".
Dua vao sd gia trj dugc chap nhan va khong chap nhan de xep hang sue khde sinh thai cua sdng thanh 4 muc: Hang A (rat tot), hang B (tot), bangC (trung binh) va hang D (xau) [1,2, 5].
Bdng I. Bang xep loai sire khde sinh thai song STT
1 2 3 4
Thii hang A B C D
So gia tri "Y"
10- 12 0 7 - 0 9 0 4 - 0 6 0 - 0 3
Sue khoe sinh thai Rat tot
Tot Trung binh
Xau Ngudn: MRC. 2009
KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
Diem so nhieu dong tai vi tri quan trac (SDS) Ket qua nghicn cihi cho thay, tai diem khao sat cua kenh Nhicu Lgc - Thi Nghe do ra sdng Sai Gdn (SG4) chju tac ddng rat manh ctia cac hoal ddng xa thai eua dd thi, ven bd khdng cd tham Ihyc vat, tai day diem sd nhieu ddng cd gia tri cao nhat vdi SDS = 3,0, Tai diem khao
sat d trudc nha may nude Tan Hiep (SG5) co diem sd nhieu ddng thap nh^t vdi SDS = 1,6.
Cac diem khao sat cdn tai cd diem sd nhieu dpng (SDS) trung binh tit 2,4 - 2,5, Ket qua khao sat diem tham chieu
Khu vye khao sat chgn diem tham chieu co ngudn nude chua bj tac dpng nhieu bdi nguon nude thai sinh boat va cac boat ddng khac ctia
TAP CHI SINH HOC, 2012, 34(2): 207-212 con nguai,
Cae thdng sd thu dugc tai vi tri SG6 deu dat tieu chuan cua phuong phap EHM.
Xet toan bg cac yeu td, vj tri SG6 da thda man tieu chuan vi tri tham chieu, ket qua chi sd eiia bdn nhdm thiiy sinh vat tai diera tham chieu se la tieu ehi de so sanh vdi cac chi sd cua bdn nhdm sinh vat d eac vj tri khac cung dugc khao sat Ket qua do cac thong so hda ly tai hien triroTig
Oxy hoa tan: Dao ddng 2,0 mg/l - 2,4 mg/l, miia mua cd gia tri DO dat tieu chuan d nude
ngudn loai B (> 2 mg/l) kbi so vdi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT, neng vao miia khd gia trj DO khdng dat tieu chuan vdi ngudn nude loai B.
pH. tuong doi ddng deu trong khoang 6,5- 7,2, rieng SG5 nude bj nhiem acid, trung binh pH khoang 5,4.
Do ddn dien: Nude nggt hoan toan, Gia tri la 93,3 |aS/cm - 129,5 pS/cm, do dSn dien thay ddi rat Idn khi di tu phia thugng luu xuong.
Nhu vay so vdi tieu chuan cua phuong phap EHM, cac thdng sd hda ly do dugc tai 5 diem nghien cim, khong ed diem nao dat dugc tieu chuan so vdi diem tham chieu.
Bdng 2. Mpt sd thdr Thdng sd
pH DO EC SDS
g so hoa ly moi truong nuoc Don vi
mg/l
-
^S/cm
Miia mua 7,9 5,1 20 1,4
Miia kho 7,3 5,6 38 1,4
Tieu chuan 6,5-8,5
> 5
<70 1,0-1,67 Bang 3. Sire khde sinh thai khu vye nghien cihi tren sdng Sai Gdn thang 3/2009
Diem thu mau
SGI SG2 SG3 SG4 SG5 SG6/TC
SGI SG2 SG3 SG4 SG5
Tao silic n 19 19 18 26 17
n
Y Y Y Y Y
TB 671 3026 1680 3108 342 465 Y Y Y Y N
day SCD
66 65 67 69 50 40 N N N N N
Dong vat noi n 8 5 5 6 6 3 Y Y Y Y Y
TB 97 26 55 61 26 10 Y Y Y Y Y
SCD 63 67 64 74 54 38 N N N N N
DVD ven ba n 2 4 4 2 4 6 N N N N N
TB 12 23 258 13 12 48 N N Y N N
SCD 61 64 69 76 49 31 N N N N N
D V D CO n 3 2 3 2 3 2,3
Y N Y N Y
TB 102 53 88 3 6 6 Y Y Y N Y
Ion SCD
66 65 64 70 47 25 N N N N N
SL.Y 6Y 5Y 7Y 4Y 5Y
XH C C B C C n. S6 lugng loai; TB, Sd lugng ta bao; SCD. Siie chju dung; DVD, Dgng vSt d
Ket qua danh gia sue khde sinh thai tai khu viic nghien cihi
Cac sd lieu ve da dang loai (sd lugng loai/di§m), do phong phii (sd lugng ea the/diem) digm so chju dung trung binh (ATSPT) ciia bdn nhdm thiiy sinh vat (tao silic day, dgng vat phieu sinh, ddng vat day ven bd, ddng vat day cd Idn) tai cac vj tri dugc khao sat dugc so sanh
vdi cac sd do sinh hpc tai diem tham chieu, ddng thdi dua tren nhimg tieu chuan cua cac thu hang sinh thai ma Uy ban sdng Me Cdng de xudng, cac thu hang ve sire khde sinh thai tai khu vye nghien cuu trong hai miia khd (thang 3/2009) va mua (thang 10/2009) dugc the hien d cac bang 3 va 4.
Miia khd (thang 3): Khi so sanh vdi cac so do
Do Thi Bich Loc et al.
ciia diem thara chieu, chi sd cua bdn nhdm sinh vat cd gia tri dat (Y) rat thap, dac biet la diem sd sue chiu dyng ciia bdn nhdm hau nhu khdng dat gia tri Y nao, Trong bdn nlidm sinh vat dugc thu thap CO nhdm ddng vat day vcn bd cd cac gia trj sinh hpc thap nhat Ket qua cho thay, cd 4/5 diem khao sat tren sdng Sai Gdn xung quanh khu vuc xa ra ciia kenh Nhieu Lgc - Thi Nghe deu cd siic klioe sinh thai d thir hang C (trung binh), vdi sd gia trj dugc chap nhan "Y" dao ddng tii 4 - 6/diem, Rieng tai diem kliao sal SG3 (ben Bach Dang) sire khde sinh thai xep loai B (tot), vdi 7 gia tri "Y" dugc chap nhan (bang 3)
Miia mua (thang 10): tai cac diem khao sat SGI (ciu Sai Gdn), SG2 (chi Thii Thiem), SG3 (ben Bach DSng) va SG4 (ciia kenh Nhicu Loc - Thj Nghe) cd sire khde sinh thai d muc "C"
(bang 4). Thanh phan loai ghi nhan duoc trong cac nhdm thiiy sinh vat tuong ddi ddng nhat, hau het la nhiing Ioai ua ban vdi mdi trudng nliiem ban huu co cao. Rieng diem SG5 (khu vuc lay nude ciia nha may nude Tan Hiep), ed sire klioc sinh thai dat loai "B" (tot). Tai khu vuc nay, vao mua mua, sinh canli ven bd cdn kha tdt, thanli phan loai thuy sinh vat chii yeu la nhihig loai nhay cam ve phan bd.
Bdng 4.
Diem thu mau SGI SG2 SG3 SG4 SG5 SG6/
TC
Sire khoe sinh thai kliu vuc nghien ciru trcn song Sa Tao silic day
n 18 20 19 17 19 14
TB 1706 10370 556 12241 7450
432 SCD
60 61 61 62 56 40
Dpng vat noi n 8 4 7 10 6 5
TB 18 7 14 14 7 113
SCD 69 72 70 73 38 45
Gon thang DVD ven bo n 7 6 4 6 11 11
TB 88 79 166 69 81 108
SCD 68 69 70 73 38 35
0/2009 DVD CO n 3 4 3 3 4 3,3
TB 270 125 102 285 40 5
Ion SCD
70 71 68 74 35 27
SGI SG2 SG3 SG4 SG5
Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y
N N N N N
Y N Y Y Y
N N N N N
N N N N Y
N N N N Y
N N Y N N
N N N N N
N Y N N Y
Y Y Y Y Y
N N N N N
SL.Y 4Y 4Y 5Y 4Y 7Y
XH C C C C li n. S6 lugng loai; TB, So lugng te bao, SCD. Siic chju dung; DVD, Dong vat day; TC, tham chieu; XH, xep hang
Cae ket qua ve gia trj sinh hgc da cho thay, tai khu vuc nghien ciiu tdn tai nhieu loai cd sue chju dyng vdi ndng do d nhiem cao, rd rang nhat la tai 4 diera dugc nghicn cuu xung quanh ciia xa ciia kenh Nhieu Lgc - Thi Nghe, rieng cac nhdm loai thupc tao silic day ed sd loai chiu dung 6 nhiem cao nhat, tai SG4 mau nude den, ngudn dinh dudng hiru co cao (tdng N > 3), DO luon bang 0, nhung tai day ca hai miia deu ed sd loai cao nhat trong bdn nhdm sinh vat dugc khao sat. Cac nhdm loai thiiy sinh vat cd sd loai nhay cam vdi tinh chat mdi truong tap trung nhieu d diera SG5, cae loai nay ed diem sd chju
dyng thap, Ket qua trcn cho thay, kliu he thiiy sinh vat phan bo phy thudc vao chat lugng nude noi chiing sdng rat nhieu.
Cae ket qua nghien ciiu cdn cho thay, cac thit hang ve sire khdc sinh thai tai khu vuc nghien ciiu trong hai miia mua va khd tuong ddi phii hgp vdi cac ket qua nghicn cuu truoc day ve chat lugng nude cua cac de tai kliac dugc thuc hien tren sdng Sai Gdn [4], vi vay, cd the xem cac thii hang danh gia sue khde sinh thai sdng d cac trang thai: rat tdt, tot, trung binh va kem la cac thit hang danh gia chat lupng moi trudng nude tuong duong vdi eac muc dp ve
210
TAP CHI SINH HQC, 20! 2, 34(2): 207-212 chat lugng sinh hgc nude: sach (Oligosaprobe),
hoi d nhiem (a Mesosaprobe), d nhiem (p Mesosaprobe) va rat d nhiem (Polysaprobe).
Nhung gia trj nay dugc xay dung dya tren cac sd dc sinh hgc va cac thdng sd hda ly thdng qua gia trj ciia cac sd do cua he thdng diem tham chieu.
KET LUAN
Ket qua nghicn cim cho thay, sire khde sinh thai cua khu vye nghien ciru Ihudc sdng Sai Gdn d cac mire do tir tdt (B) den trung binh (C), trong dd tai diem nhan nude xa ciia kenh Nhieu Lpc - Thi Nghe cd chat lugng nude kem nhat (trung binh); vao mita mua nude thai tir cita kenh cd xu hudng lan truyen d nhiem xudng den khu vuc ben Bach Dang. 6 khu vye nha may nude Tan Hiep, noi cap nude sinh boat cho toan thanh phd, siic khde sinh thai tdt hon, tai day tap trung nhieu loai man cam vdi moi trudng d nhiem, song ciing da cd hien tugng bj nhiem ban, sy nhiem bSn nay chu yeu bj anh hudng tir hai ben bd luu vye do xudng vao miia khd.
Cac gia trj ve siic khde sinh thai dugc xep hang theo B, C tai khu vuc nghien citu la bite tranh ve mdi trudng nude, trong do phan anh mdi tuong quan giii:a cac yeu td mdi trudng vd sinh va hiin sinh, giua cac nhdm sinh vat tieu bieu vdi nhau tren nen tang cua siic chju dung ve mat sinh thai ciia cac nhdm loai dudi tac ddng ciia cgn ngudi. Ket qua nghien cuu nay ciing phii hgp vdi eac dac trung da dang sinh hpc cua doan sdng va kha tuong ddng vol cac nhan xet, danh gia v6 chat lugng mdi trudng nuoc ctia cac cdng trinh nghien cuu trudc day bang eac phuong phap tiep can khac nhau. Vi vay, cd the ap dung phuang phap quan trac siic khde ainh thai (EHM) de danh gia chat lugng moi trudng nude cho eac he thdng song Sai Gdn - Ddng Nai.
Can cd them cac nghien ciru va xay dyng he thdng diem tham chieu lam cdng eu cho danh gia mdi trudng tren toan bd he thong sdng Sai Gdn - Ddng Nai trong thdi gian tdi.
Lffi cam on: Bai bao nay dugc thyc hien va hoan thanh vdi su hd trg ve kinh phi va chi dao ciia Sd Khoa hgc va Cong nghe thanh phd Hd Chi Minh; su hd trg tich cue cua Ban Quan Ly Dy an Ve sinh - Mdi trudng kenh Nhieu Loc - Thj Nghe va su hgp tac chat che ciia Ban quan ly nha may nude Tan Hiep.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Chanda Vongsombath, Phgm Anh Due, Nguyen Thi Mai Linh, Tatpom Kunpradid, Meng Monyrak, 2006. Repori on the 2006 biomonitoringsurvey of the lower Mekong River. MRC: 75pp,
2. Dao Huy Giap, Tatpom Kunpradid, Chanda Vongsombath, Vongsombath, Dd Thj Bich Lgc va Prum Somany, 2008. Report on the 2008 biomonitoring survey of the lower Mekong River. MRC: 69 pp.
3. V. H. Resh, D. H. Giap, 2009, Biomonitoring Methods for the Lower Mekong Basin. 64 pp.
4. Nguyen Vii Thanh, Ta Huy Thjnh, Pham Dinh Trgng, Doan Canh, 2004. Sit dung chi so trung binh ASPT de danh gia nhanh chat lugng nude d he sinh thai dat ngap nude cita vung Ddng Thap Mudi. Tap chi Sinh hgc, 26(1): 11-18.
5. Le Trinh, 2008. Nghien cuu phan viing chat lugng nude theo chi sd chat lupng nude (WQI) va danh gia kha nang su dung cac nguon nude sdng, kenh rach d viing thanh phd Hd Chi Minh. Bao cao tdm tat nghiem thu dS tai Sd Khoa hpc & Cdng nghe tp. Hd Chi Minh.
Do Thi Bich Loc et al.
USE ECOLOGICAL HEALTH MONITORING METHOD (EHM) TO ASSESS WATER ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AT AREA DISMISSING
OF NHIEU LOC - THI NGHE CHANNEL INTO SAI GON
D o T h i Bich Loc, D o a n C a n h , Phan D o a n D a n g , P h a m T h a n h L u u , Le Van T h o , Thai Thi M i n h T r a n g
Institute of Tropical Biology, V A S T SUMMARY
The resuhs obtained from EHM project showed that the water environmental quality of studied area has been put in the ranks " B " and "C", it corresponds with the ecological health categories from average to bad level, Ihc worst level was observed right at discharged throat of Nhieu Loc - Thi Nghe channel, where the water of channel has not been treated completely and having been discharged directly into Sai Gon river.
The results of the classifying for water environmental quality derived from ecological health ranking method provided the understandable informations of water pollution levels at defined sites and lime It is serves as a basic for the authorities as well as the citizens to understand the water quality sources and what kinds and whether the water safe and suitable for intentional uses. This research was the first contribution to reality and theory in the field of ecological quality supervising rcsrearch for the Sai Gon river particularly and for other rivers and canals of Ho Chi Minh city generally in the future
Keywords: EHM method, Nhieu Loc - Thi Nghe channel, Sai Gon river.
Ngdy nluin bdi: 29-11-2011
