Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn A. Khoa hgc Tv nhiin, Cdng nghe vd Mdi trudng: 34 (2014): 119-127 '
Tap chi Khoa hpc Tru'dng Dai hoc Can Thtf website: sj.ctu.edu.vn
PHAN TICH HIEN TRANG QUY HO^CH, QUAN LY BAI RAC KHU Vy^C DONG BANG SONG CUtJ LONG
Nguyen Xuan Hoang', Nguyin Huu Sang' va Nguyen Hieu Trung' ' Khoa Mdi trudng c& Tdi nguyen Thien nhiin, Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha
Thong tin chung:
Ngdy nhgn: 05/09/2014 NgcQ> chdp nhgn: 30/10/2014 Title:
Analysis of actually municipal land/ill planning and management in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta Tit khda:
Bdi rdc do thi, Dong bang song Cuu Long, quy hogch bdi rdc, qudn ly bai rdc Keywords:
Municipal landfill, Vietnamese Mekong Delta, landfill planning, landfill management
ABSTRACT
The planning and management of landfill are now becoming more complicated problematic and difficult by the scarcity of land resource and environmental emissions arsingfrom municipal landfiH, which has created a lot of pressure for municipal managersmanagment. In the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, most of the collected waste is transferred and transported to the landfills which are mostly simple disposal site and low quality in comparison to the national standard for sanitary landftli The collection, transfer and transport, pretreatment and disposal activities usually cause urban environmental problems such as landscape, bad odour, traffic transportation, leachate and greenhouse emissions. Suitable planning and treatment of landfill are not only reducing environmental impacts directly but also eliminating greenhouse gases emission. Therefore, this article describes a panorama view of lanfill management in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta in order to support to further management and planning activities.
TOM TAT
Viic quy hogch vd qudn ly bdi rdc hien nay dang ngdy cdng tro nin kho khdn, phuc tgp do quy ddt cdng khan hiem va cdc vdn de moi trudng do thf phdt sinh tir bai rdc dd lao nen nhiiu dp luc cho cdc nhd qudn ly. Tgi_khi^
vuc Dong bang song Ciru Long (DBSCL), hdu nhu todn bg rdc thu~gom duac tap trung, trung chuyin vd van chuyin din bdi rdc vdi cdc hinh thuc chon lap dan gidn vd chua dgt tiiu^ chudn mgt bdi chon ldp hgp ve sinh.
Cdc^ hogt d0ng thu gom, van chuyin, xu ly vd chon ldp rdc luon gdy ra nhiiu vdn di moi Irudng nhu mdt my quan do thi, gdy cdn trd giao thong, tgo miii hoi, nude ri, vd cd phdt thdi nhd kinh... Viic quy hogch hgp ly cdc bdi rdc cung vdi cdc gidi phdp xu ly rdc thich hgp khong chi gidm tdc dgng true tiep cua bdi rdc din mdi trudng md cdn gidm thieu phdt thdi khi nhd kinh. Tren ca sd do, bdi viit ndy xdy d\mg mgt buc tranh todn cdnh vi qudn ly cdc bdi rdc a DBSCL nham vu lot cho cong tdc qudn ly vd quy hogch.
1 T 6 N G Q U A N
Vdi tflc d$ gia tang din sd hiln nay cimg vdi qud ttinh dd thj hda va cdng nghiep hda nhanh d khu vyc keo theo cie van di mfli trudng vd eic vin dikinh te, an ninh xi hpi, luong thyc,... ngdy cang
phftc tap. Trong dd, cdc tdc dflng tilu eye din mfli trudng, dgc biet la ric tiidi dang id mdt ttong nhftng mdi quan tam hdng diu cfta eic cip quin IJ v i cie nhi chuyin mfln. Lupng rac trung binh phat sinh mpt ngay Uen ddu ngudi khodng
Tgp chi Khoa hgc TrudngDgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn A: Khoa hgc Tu nhiin. Cdng nghi vd Mdi trudng- 34 (2014): 119-127 0,75 kg/ngirdi/ngiy (Bfl TNMT, 2011); tuy nbiln,
theo bao cao cho viing, ty 11 nay d khu wc Ddng bang sdng Cuu Long (BBSCL) khoing 0,61 l^ngudi/ngiy (Cyc BVMT, 2008) va phy tiiudc rit ldn vio logi dd thi, va dilu kiln dia IJ, khu vyc din cu (dd tiii, nflng thdn, khu cdng nghiep,...).
Hipn nay, hiu hit ric d khu vyc DBSCL diu do cic cflng ty cflng trmh dd thi quin IJ tryc tiip v i thyc ^hipn mpi boat d^ng tft khau thu gom, van chuyin, Uung chuyin vd chdn lip cho ric smh boat dfl thi, binh viln v i e i khu cdng nghiip.
Hien nay, hiu hit eic bai ric deu chua dupe thiit ki dgt tieu chuin cQa bdi chfln lip hpp vl sinh. _Rac dupe thu gom tft noi phit sinb vd van chuyin tryc tiip din cac bdi rdc. Tai diy, mui phat sinh dupe xft IJ chft yeu bing cac logi chi phim EM, biochem freshen plus,... nhim hgn ehi mui hfli thdi vi mfli, dgc bilt l i Uong miia mua. Hem nfta, phan ldn cic bai rdc dfl thi da dupe dua vio su dyng ttong nhieu ndm di giy nln tinh tt^g qua tdi d m^t sd bii ric v i ldm nghiem ttpng cdc tdc dflng mfli trudng, nhit Id nude ri rdc vi mfti hdi. Cdn ndi thim ring, tgi hdu hit eic bai rdc ttong khu vyc diu dien ra cdc boat dOng ddt rdc ngoii ttdi vao mua khd (ban ngay ldn ban dim) nhdm gidm thi tich rac va lim ting klia nang chfta ric d cic bai rdc nay. Ddy la hogt dpng khdng hop phip d nhiiu nude, nhung tgi Vilt Nam diiu ndy chua cd quy
NCXTON PHATSINH:
TJNH C H A T
dinh cy thi. Hien tupng ddt rac vin thudng xiy ra vi nhflng ngudi lam cdng tdc quin IJ mfli trudng khdng quan tim. Do dd, mac du bai rdc ed diln tich va the ti'ch chfta ban che nhung vdn cd thi su dung Uong nhilu nam.
^c cd mflt cai nhin tdng quan vl quan IJ cac bai rac Uong khu vyc, de theo ddi khfli lupng rac, lim CO sd tinh toin ting lupng rdc phit sinh, tinh lupng CH4 hogc phat thai nhi kinh qua CO2 tuong duong, thi nhit thiit phai cd tiiflng tm cap nhit diy dft cdc thflng sfl vin hanh cua cie bai ric ttong khu vye. Bai viet nay nham phdn tich hiln ttgng quy hogch vi quan IJ bii rac khu vyc DBSCL lam co sd cho cac nghiin cuu khdc.
2 QUY HOACH VA QUAN L ^ RAC 6 KHU v y c DONG BANG SONG ClJtJ LONG
2.1 Khoi lupng vi logi chit thai rin Theo bao cdo mdi trudng qufle gia nam 2011 cua Bd Tdi nguyin va Mfli ttudng thi lupng chdt thai ran dd thi vi ndng thdn ed thi bao gdm chit thdi rin thdng thudng vd chdt thai rin nguy hgi (Bp TNMT, 2011). Ngoai ra, cdn mpt lupng ldn chit thii ran cdng nghiep va chdt thii rin y te. Cdc ngudn phat sinli, tinh chat va loai chit thii tucmg ftng dupe tdm tit nhu Hinh I.
LO.^ CHAT TH.4I
CTRdo thi
•^ - >
CTR nong than
-
CTR cong nghiep
CTR y te
Thong thuo'ng Nguy h3i
RActhyc iJJiSn), giSy, vai, da, rjc vu<m, g§,Ihflv ^"li. Ion, kim lOfii, l i cay._
VLKD thai tir xdy sdra niia.ctiraiiggiaolliang, viitligu thdi tir cdiig tnrcmg...
f O3ffi|n,fli$iia>huh6rig,tt'iliiilon, pin, sSmffipjie.iO'n tiiirc. der neon [jl6ng,liaobiti™dcdi$tchu0t/ru6i/in«Si-..
Thong thudrng Nguy hpi
RiSctliij'c|ih^,gifiy vai, da, rScvirirn, go, thdy tinh, Ion, l(iiii lo^l, la c^, rffm r^, c^iih la c^y, dial tiiii diannii6i
Dd^i^i), i1i|h ttVliirl^^iig, iiliir^, liimilon, |}jii, I^ID l^i>xe, wn thira, <T«ii neon lioiig, bao bi tiiudc cli^tctiiigt/rtitii/riiiSi.bao bi thiioc b^o v^ lliirc'^t
"Hidng thusmg Nguy hgi
Rac^nii ho^tdja cong nhdt) trong qua Ir'iih san lui^tv^ sinli hoat...
Klin loai nang, gie Uu may, caosti. bao bi dvfwg hoa diat Abe UM...
Thflng thuo'ng Nguy h^i
ChSt ttiii nhabf p, chat thii ti^ ho^t d6ng hinh chinli, bao goi th6n^
thirtmg...
Phe tiiii p l i i i thujt, b6ngg^c,cli3t thai b|nh nliSn, chatphongxa, hoa chat Sfyc hai, thuoc qua han .
Hinh 1: Cdc nguon pliit sinh CTR (nguon: BTNMT, 2011)
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Tnrdng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha PhSn A. Khoa hgc Tv nhiin, Cdng nghi vd Moi Irudng: 34 (2014): 119-127*
Cung theo bdo cdo nay, so vdi eic vung ldnh tl khac, \y bong ric thii do thi, rac cdng nghiip va rac y tl phdt sinh chu y^u d vftng Ddng Nam Bd vd DBSH, edn chit thdi rdn ndng thdn phit sinh chft yiu d d DBSCL, Duyin Hdi Tmng Bd vd ddng bing sdng Hdng. DBSCL hiln cd I dd thj loai 1 (Cdn Tho), 3 do thj loai 2 (Long XuyIn, MJ The, Cd Mau), hdng chuc dd thj loai 3 din loai 5... vdi m^t dp dan sd trung binh 426 ngudi/km^ cao han mftc trung bmh cua cd nude 263 ngudl/km^. Theo thdng kl cfta Tdng cyc Mdi trudng, lupng chit thdi rin phat sinh Uin diu ngudi li 0,75 kg/nguoi/ngay, tinh trung binh cho ede dd thi Uong ca nude. Trong dd, chi s6 chdt thdi rdn sinh boat bmh quin Uen diu ngudi eho dd thj loai 1 Id 0,84 kg/ngudi/ngay. Hon nfta, lupng chit thii rdn d khu vuc DBSCL cd him lupng ch^t hftu CO rat cao, chiim tft 53 - 87% so vdi tdng lupng chit thii rin Q^Jguyen Xuan Hoang vi Le Hoang Viet, 2011), dieu niy sS gay bit lpi eho vile thu gom vi chdn lip do chung Id nguyen nhdn chinh tao nln eic phan ung sinh hpc phdt tdn mfti va nude ri.
Theo s6 lieu thdng ke (Bo TNMT, 2011) vi cac ngudn chdt thii d DBSCL cho thdy chdt Uiii rin sinh boat phit sinh khodng ban 1,3 Uieu tin/nam,
Bing 1: Sh lupng vi loai dd thi hi^n t^i, din nam 2015 vi din nam 2020
chat thdi rin cdng nghiip nguy bai khoang 128.000 tan/nam, rdc thii y tl nguy hai k h o ^ 2.409 tan/nam. Hdu hit lirpng chdt thdi nguy hai va chit thai cdng nghifp chua dupe phin loai, xft ly vd kilm sodt Ui?t dl nln mot pbin chftng duoc chdn lip hoac thai ra mdi trudng. Trong thdi gian tdi, lupng chat thai rin dd thi, ki e i chdt thii nguy b^i vd chit thai cdng n ^ l p diu cd xu hudng ting manh Uong khu vvrc do ho?it d^ng cdng nghi?p ngiy cang phat triin md rdng.
Theo danh muc phan loai do thj todn qudc giai doan 2012 - 2015 v i 2016 - 2020 (QD 1659/QD- TTg) thi sd lupng vd loai dd thi khu vuc DBSCL cd the dupe thdng kl nhu Uong Bdng 1. Trong dd, hien tai cdc dd thi lo^ I, II, 111, IV, V lin lupt la 1, 3, 10, 6, 57 do thi; trong giai do^tn 2012-2015 sd do thi tang lin lupt la 1, 6, 8, 26, 77 dd thi; vi din giai doan 2016 - 2020 la 4,9, 7, 56,53 do thi. Nhu vdy, xet Uin tong sd lupng dd thj thi hien nay cd 77 do thi, din 2015 cd 118 dd thj va din 2020 thi s6 lupng do thi li 129; uong do, so dd thi \oaS. 3 trd lln Men nay cd 14 dd thi, din 2015 cd 15 dd dii vi din 2020 li 20 do thi. Diiu ndy cho thiy vdi tdc dp dd thj hda nhanh nhu the, lupng chit thai rdn chdc chin se ting lln ding ke.
Long An TiSn Giang Bin Tre Tra Vinh VTnli Long Dong Thap An Giang Kien Giang Can Tha H|u Giang Soc Trang Bge Lieu CaMau T6ng cgng
Nim 2011
I II III 1 1
I 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 10
rv
2 1
1 1 1 6
V 5 3 4 3 3 3 4 5 4 5 6 4 8 57
2012 I II
1
1 1 1
1 1 I 1 6
-2015 III
I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8
rv
4
3 2 2 3 2 2 3 26
V 5 6 9 2 5 3 5 5 3 8 12 3 11 77
2016 I II
1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 I
1 1 1 1 4 9
-2020 III
2 1 1 1 1 1 7
rv
5 3 4 3 3 3 4 5 4 5 5 4 8 56
V 6
-
7 3
-
1 3 3 1 6 12 5 6 53 Ngudn: QD I659/QD-TTg
2.2 Hiln trang quan ly va xu ly rdc Hiln nay, bin hit lupng rac d eic do thi vimg DBSCL dupe thu gom vd van chuyin din cic bai rdc de chdn lap. Cho den nay, chua cd bdo cao ndo vi bdi chdn lip hpp vl sinh nao Uong khu vuc.
Thim vao do, mpt sd giii p h ^ xft l;f u compost gia dinh, ft compost thi diem quy md nhd dd dupe thue
hiln tai Ben Tre, An Giang, Kiln Giang, Long An nhung cdng suit ft khdng ding ki va ehua cd gidi p h ^ duy Ui vd phat triin md rOng. Tai Ci Mau, nha may u compost dupe xay dung vi vdn hdnh bdi Cdng ty Trdch nhiem huu ban - Thuong mai - Du Ijch Cdng L^ diu tu vdi cdng suit thiit ki 200 lin/ngay- Vdi lupng rdc binh quin diu ngudi thyc ti tft 0,53 - 0,9 cho khu vyc dd thi, ^ 11 thu gom
?(¥> chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Can Tha Phan A: Khoa hgc Tu nhien, Cdng nghi vd Mdi Irudng: 34 (2014): 119-127 dao dpng Idn tft 37 - 90%, trong do thdp nhit la d
An Giang v i Ddng Thap (xera Bing 2). Cic tinh cdn lai cd ty II thu gom eao ban 70%. Ben c ^ d6, rac phdt smh khdng dupe phdn lo^ tai ngudn, mOt phdn chdt thii nguy h ^ gia dinh ciii^ ldn ldn vao trong r ^ sinh boat va tap tmng tai bii rac.
Bang 2: Luang r i c phat sinh d cic dd thi vi ty II thu gom tuong irng Tin tinh/thanh Lirpng ra<
ph^
Long An Tiin Giang Ben Tre Tri Vinh Vinh Long Ddng Thap An Giang Kiln Giang cin Tha Hau Giang Sdc TrSng Bac Liiu CaMau
Dilu do cd thi thiy rang, chat thii nguy hai co thi inh hudng din cic chat thii hiiu co vi chung cd the gay uc chl hoic giy ddc ddi vdi boat ddng ciia vi sinh vdt Uong vile phdn giii cie hpp chit huu co Uong rdc.
sinh say) 897
942 956 876 99,8
Luong rac do thi Tan/ngay 455 180 193 65 137 176 562f>
364 876 105 252 126 180
Ty le phit sinh
^kg/nguM/ngay) 0,53 0,61 0,63 0,9 0,7 0,9 0,6 0,9 0,58
Ty le thu gom
(%)
70,8 95 76-82 73 79,5 37-45 34-74 70-85 90 70 80 72,5 75-80Ghi chii
Ghi chu: sd lieu long hgp tir bdo cdo hien trang mdi trudng (*): sd Uiu lit TCMT (Bg TNMT, 2011)
Vdi lupng chit thii phit sinh toin vftng khoing han 1,3 tri^u tin/nim si cdn mot diln tich chdn ldp rit ldn. Qua khdo sit va thu thap so lieu ve bai rdc chu yiu ciia cac dd thi trong vftng, bing tdng hap ehi tiit vi ten, diln tich, cdng suit va lupng rac tiep n h ^ hing ngiy duge uinh bdy Uong Bang 3.
Phin ldn eic bii rac thi trdn, thi tft cd diln u'ch khdng ldn va nim rdi ric nhung khdng cd sd lieu thing ke diy dft. Theo s6 Iilu Umli biy d Bdng 3, ta thiy phdn ldn eic bii chdn l ^ rac ^ i n h ^ diu cd cdng suit boat ddng ldn ban cdng suit thilt kl ban diu. Hdu hit cdc bai ric diu ed tft trudc vdi diln tich khdng ldn nln cd thdi gian boat ddng tuong doi ngan. Mdt sd bii ric da ddng cfta, mot sd khic dS qua tii nhung cdn tan dung lai do chua cd bai rdc hoic gidi phip xft li- thay thi. Hdu hit, eae bai ric ndy chua cd xdy d\mg hi thdng thu gom, xft ly va thu hdi khi bii rac; m^t sd bai rdc cd hi thing xft ly nude ri nhung hdu hit diu khdng boat ddng
cua tinh, ihdnhphd nam 2012
tdt va diu gap Ud ngai, s\f cd (xem Bing 3). Ric tft diim thu gom dupe tip tmng vin ehuyin ve bai rdc nhu quy Uinh Hinli 2.
Tuy nliiln, vile ghi nh|n, tbdng kl lupng ric chd tft cdc xe ra - vao eae bii ric, cung nhu lupng rac phdt sinh d cic dd thi hiln nay chua dupe thyc hiln thudng xuyen vd thong nhiL Cic sd lieu ve rie thu thdp dupe ehua thiy ghi ddy du diiu ki^n khao sat, die bilt Id vi Ui lay miu rac (tai ngudn, tai xe hay tai cac bai rac). Tuong tu, phucmg phip khdo sat khdi lupngpthanh-phan-ric^cimg chua thdng nhit giua cac tinh. Diiu niy lim cho viic so sinh, thing ke bo^c phin tich danh ^ii thinh phdn, khdi lupng ric phit sinh cung cd phin khap khieng vd chua thuyit phuc. Dilu dd ciing ndi lln rang cdng tdc qudn ly ric d eae dia phuong mang tinh cue bd vd chira cd su phdi hpp quin ly rac thdi cap viing.
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Can Tho Phdn A: Khoa hgc Tv nhiin, Cdng nghi vd Mdi truimg: 34 (2014): 119-12^*
Bang 3: Thong tm bai ric va cong trinh xir Iy rac chinh d cac tinh DBSCL Tinh/thinh
pho Long An
BSn Tre Tra Vinh VTnh Long
D6ng Thap
An Giang
Kien Giang can Tho Hdu Giang Soc Tring Bac Ligu CaMau
Ten bii rac (BR) /nha may xir I^
BR L9i Binh Nhon Nha may XLCTR Tan Dong, huvSn Thanh Hoa BR Tan Lap BR Phii Hung (& Phu Hung mo rong) BR H. Mo Cay Nam Bai rac TX. Tra Vinh Hoa Phu
BR Dap Da, H.Cao Lanh BRSaDec, TX. SaDec BR H. Tam Nong BR H. Tan H6ng BR H. Lai Vung BR H. Thap Muoi Bai rac Binh Dire, Long Xuyen
Bii rac Chau Doc Bai rac Chau Phu Bai rac huyen Thoai Son Bai rac huyen Tinh Bien Bai rac huy?n Tri T6n Bai rac huy&i Chau Thanh Bai rac TP Rach Gia Bai rac Tan Long Bai rac Hoa Tien Bai rac Long My Bai rac phudng 7 Bai rac-Ap Tin Tao, xa^-_„
•' ChSii Himg, Huyen VTnh' Lai, tinh Bac Lieu Bai rac TP. Ca Mau Nha may xij ly rac Ca Mau
Dieu tich Cdng suit ha T/ngay 1,8
33 6 2,7 (4,2) 1,2 6,5 2 1,2 12 5,6 6,4 5 4,2 5,5 1 1 2,65 3,4 5,5 1,1 2 20,2 1,2 1,3 6,3 8,2 52
49,7 400 54 (62) 80
450 - 600 22 12 100
200 Tiep nh$n
T/ngay 70,9 180
65 100 80,5 38,5 5 8,17 3 5,5 120-130 80-88 15 7 12 10 8-10 70 420 17 100 92 8 0 - 9 0
Hf thong rirl^
n m ^ r i Co
Co Cd Co
Co
CO
Ghi chii NimXD, tinh tr^ng Chuin bi dua
vao %ii dimg 1999 Dong cila 2010
Tir 2002 TCr 1997 C6 diing EM Co dung EM
3,5 ha (tir 2000)
Tir 2005 Dong cua 2001, 9/2005 Dong 12/2013
2010 2010 1997, con 5%
di^n tich Tit 2000 2004 Ghi chu: sd Uiu tdng hgp lit cdc bdo cdo hiin trgng mdi Irudng ciia tinh, thdnh phd ndm 2012
II Tap chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dai hgc Can Tha Phdn A: Khoa hgc Tu nhiin. Cdng ngh$ vd Mdi trudng: 34 (2014): 119-127
Rac ho gia dinh — •
Thung chua tam thoi
— >
Diem Hen
Xe Keo tay
"
—• Xe
Co
CHON LAP
Hinh 2: Quy trinh thu gom va van chuyen rac d^n bai ric Gid su rang, chieu eao Uung binh ciia bii rac
toan viing lay khodng H = 5 - 10 m, ty Upng ric
nen d bai rdc D= 0,5 tin/m^. Vdi lupng rdc khodng 1,3 Uilu tin/nam, edn mdt diln tich dat chdn lap S:
M \,3*10\T I nam) H*D 5(m)*0,5(r/mO _ M _ 1,3* 10^(7/nam)
~ H*D~ \Oim)*Q,S(Ttm^)
= 520000 m^ 1 nam = 52 ha/ndm
— 260000m' I nam = 26 ha/ndm
Nhu viy, moi nim DBSCL cdn mdt diln tich tir 26 - 52 ha ddt cho viec chdn ldp rac. Tuy nhien, do lupng rdc huu co phan hiiy theo thdi gian, mua rua udi chat rdn tir bai ric chdn bd, boat dpng ddt rie da It nhilu lim giim thi tich rie li nhung ylu td lam eho diln tich can thilt phdi chdn ldp giam di ding kl. Do dd, viec su diing keo ddi bai ric Uong nhiiu nim so vdi thilt ki la dilu dk bilu. Ddy cd thi Id cdu Ud ldi cho su chinh lich gifla lupng rdc phit sinh va khi ning chda rac d cdc bai chdn lip ric cho mOt khu vuc do thi ndo dd.
2.3 Quy bo^ch v i Quin ly bii ric Theo Quyit dinh sd 1873/QD-TTg ciia Thu tudng chinh fihii, Phi duylt Quy hoach xiy dung khu xii ly chat thii ran Viing kinh ti trpng dilm viing DBSCL din nam 2020. Theo dd, ed 2 giai do^n chinh se dupe thue hiln gdm giai doan 2010- 2015 (ri sodt, xdy dyng Id Uinh ddng cua cic bii ric hi$n hiiu khdng ddm bdo vl mat mdi trudng theo quy trinh; l|p du in thu gom, phin loai chat thdi rdn tai nguin...); giai doan 2 tCr 2015-2020 tdp tnmg dau tu xiy dimg cdc khu xii ly chit thai ran cip tinh v i lien tinh Uong vung. Ddy la cdc khu Quy hogch xd l;? chat thdi rin sinh boat, cdng nghiip vd y ti thdng thudng. Pham vi ]|ip quy hoach xiy dung khu xu ly chit thii rin Viing kmh te Upng dilm vung DBSCL bao gdm ranh gidi hdnli chinli ciia 4 tinb, thinh phd: Tbinh pho Cdn Tho, cie tinh: An Giang, Kiln Giang vd Ci Mau vdi tdng diln tich tu nhien la 16.617 km^
Bin canh quy hoach vung, cic du in quy hoach vd md rdng bai rdc nhd, ddc bilt la du an bai rac cho cae thi trdn, thi td vi cae khu dd thi mdi rit nhilu lam eho su phin bd cae bai rac rdi rac va khd kilm sodt (tham khdo Bdng 4). Day Id cac ngudn cd tilm ning phit sinh d nliilm rdt ldn. Mat khic, vile quy hoach vd chpn vi tri bai rac cho khu vuc ddng bdng rdt khd klian do vin dk dia hinh thip vd thiiu dit. Trong dilu kiln dd, dnh hudng ciia bien ddi khi hiu vd nude biin ding eo tbi si lim nghiem Upng hda vdn dl.
Cdng tdc quy hoach bdi chdn ldp rdc hien nay cdn thi hiln nhiing ban chl nhat dinh. Can cOr theo thdng tu'oi/2001/fTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD (Bp KHCNMT-BXD, 2001), vi Quy chuin ky thuit qudc gia cic cdng trinli ha ting kj thuit do thi (QCVN 07:2010/BXD), vi^e md rpng cac khu xii ly ric hiln cd hau hit diu khdng tuan theo quy trinh quy hoach vi chpn lua dja diem. Cic vi Ui quy hoach radi, cdc yeu td dia hinh dia chit, giao thdng, hiln Uang su dung dit, he thdng cdp thoat nude va diln va khodng cich tu vi Ui xdy dimg din cac khu ddn cu hoac cdng Uinh din dung ludn la vdn dk khd khan v i giy tranh cai nhilu nhat. Chi phi di ddi ddn cu ra khdi khu vuc inh hudng, viec chuyin ddi muc dich sii dung ddt (thudng la dit ndng nghiip) thudng lam ting chi phi len rat nhilu.
Ben cgnh do, dia chit, dia hinh thip triing, mue nude ngim cao ludn Ii ylu td bat lpi trong cdng tic chpn lua vi ui cac bai chdn lap ric.
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Tnrdng Dgi bge Cdn Tho Phdn A: Khoa hgc Tv nhien, Cong nghi vd Mdi trudng: 34(2014): 119-127^
Bang 4: Cic du dn Quy hoach bii r i c vdng DBSCL
Long An
Tien Giang
Ben Tre
Ddng Thdp
VTnh Long
TP. Can Tho(«) H|u Giang An Giang (*) Kien Giang (*) Tri Vinh Sdc Trang CaMau (•)
Ten bai rac
IChu xii l^ chat thai ran huyen Can Duoc tai 3p 3, xS Long Hoa
Khu xil ly CTR huyen Diic Hda Khu xir ly CTR huyen Diic Hu«
Khu xut ly CTR huyin Ben LiJc Khu xir ly CTR H. Cto Giuoc Khu li6n hop xil ly CTR xa Tta Thanh, huyen Thii Thiia
(Nmon: Sa TNMT Long An, 2011) Nha may x i ly rdc H. Tan Phudc Nha may xu ly rdc thi xa Gd Cdng
Di^n tich (ha) 2,3 (gd 1)
6(gd2) 28 5 2,5 24,6
30 15 (NsU quyel 64/2013/NO-HBND tinh Tien Giang, 201S) Khu lien hgp Chau Thanh
Khu xii ly Ba Tri (lien huySn Gidng Trdm-Ba Tri) Khu xii ly Chg Ldch Khu xii ly Thanh Phii
(Nguon: QB 1537/QB-UBND Bin Tre, 2013) BR Dap Da - Cao Lanh
BR Hda Thanh - Lai Vung BR Tdn MJ - Thanh Binh BR Binh Thanh - Hdng Ngu (Nguon: SaXdy Dung Bong Tljdp, 2012) Khu XL CTR Hda Phii (md rdng) Chdn lap HVSH Bmh Tan Chdn lap HVS H Trd 6n Chdn lap HVS H Vung Liem
(Nguon: QB 1205/QB-UBND linh Vinh Long. 2013) - Khu XL CTR 0 Mon
-Khu XL CTR Thdi Lai Nha may xii ly CTR Hda An
(Nguon: QB 1022/QB-VBND linh Hdu Giang, 2013) Khu XL CTR H. Chau Thanh
Khu XL CTR Huyen Hdn Ddt Khu chi bien phan vi sinh
(nguon: QB 1609/QB-UBND Tra Vinh, 2012) Nha may xu ly rac TP Sdc Trang vd Vimg phu can (H. MJ XuySn, MJ Tii) Khu XL CTR Bdc Ca Mau
20-30 10 5 - 1 0 5 - 1 0 31,7 36,99 10,3 14,1 22 20 19 14 47 120 48,5 50' 50 20,9 27,3 100
Cong suHt dv kiin TMaSy Khdng di cdp
Kit hgp xii ly rdc ciia TP.HCM 200-600 ( h i ^ nay 500 tan/ngay) 800-1000 200 - 300 150-200 150-200 Khdng di cdp Khdng di cdp Khdng de cap Khdng de cap Khdng di cap Khdng &^ c$p Khdng de c$p Khdng de c§p 1100(2015) 1900(2020) 180-330 7_L400(2015)S^
2100(2020) 1100(2015) 2150(2020) Khdng di cdp Dang xay d\mg 1000(2015) 1400(2020) (*} nam irong guy hogch vimg (1873/QD-TTg, 2010)
Vdi tinh hinh hien nay, quy ho^cb mdi da cd nhung phan ldn chua kjp thuc hi?n; bii rdc hi§n hihi vl ly thuylt dS khdng cdn khi nang tiep nhdn ric. Tuy nbiln, cdng tdc quy hogch, chpn lira cdng nghe xii ly rie va xiy dyng bii chdn lip thudng cham hon so vdi ke hoach. Do dd, dl gidi quylt
vin dl thieu diln tich chiia ric, nbOng ngudi quin I}? bai rie dS thyc bien ddt rdc tryc tilp d bai rdc vio miia khd. Dilu dd di lam cho the tich rac gidm xudng ding ki; nhu vay ddng nghia vai kha ning chiia rdc eua cdc b ^ rdc ting lln ddng ki. Dilu niy ly gidi tai sao, thi U'ch chiia ric ciia cie bii rdc
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tho Phdn A: Khoa hgc Tu nhien, Cdng nghi vd Mdi trudng: 34(2014): 119-127 thudng nhd hon rat nhilu so vdi tdng lupi^ rdc
dem di chdn, nhung khi nang tiip nhdn rie ting v i tudi thp cua bii rac cd the keo dii.
Bai rac dd thi li noi de quy hoach chiira rac thai sinh boat Tuy nhien, thyc te cd nhilu loai chdt thii nguy hai, cdng nghiip ldn l^n thilu kiem soit lim cho thanh phdn nguy hgi hiln dien nhilu hon Id nguyin nhdn giy nhilm nghiem Upng eho bai ric
ciing nhu gay mit on dinh cho qui trinh xu ty nude ri (niu ed). Ngoii ra, hoat ddng ddt rac vdo mua khd, sy ngap luc vdo miia mua la tinh trang khd phd bien cua ede bii ric hiln nay uong khu vuc (Hinh 3). Lupng nude ri ric niy, nlu khdng dupe thu gom va quan ly tdt tbi cluing si chiy vao h$
thdng thoat nude hoac cac aoA'img trung v i li dpng xung quanh bai rac se lam eho vin dl 6 nhilm mdi trudng bii rac cang Ud nen nghiem Upng ban.
Hinh 3: Hi^n tr^ng bai rdc vdi bosit dpng ddt ric vi thai bd bim thai nguy hai MOt ihye Uang khae la cic boat dpng quin ly
vi xii ly rdc hipn nay gin nhu chi gdi gpn Uong ranh gidl mpt tinhAhanh pb6. Gin nhu chua cd nhiing boat dOng phfii hpp Uong quy hoach, qudn ly cung nhu xii ly ric theo cum. Thyc Uang xiy ra tai Thinh phd Cdn tho diu ndm 2014 eho thdy, sau khi bai rac Tan Long (H^u Giang) ddng cua vdo _cu6i.nam2013, vi|c xii ly rdc d Cdn Tho Ud nln
^rdtkhiifcip vi biie thilt. Ap luc quan ly va xii ly de ning len bai rac 6 Mdn (Can Tho) lim eho hien Ugng mdi trudng khu vuc cing bi 6 nhilm nghiem Upng. Kit qui Id sy phin khing ciia tip thi hdng uim h$ din xung quanh bii rdc vl hien trang d nhilm mdi trudng 6 nhiem (Qudc Huy va Hiu Thdnh, 2014) vi sy diu tu v^i v i cho giai phip ddt rac v(5i 10 Id ddt d 3 Qu§n Cii Rang, 6 Mdn vd Huyin Cd Dd. Trudng hpp xiy ra d Cin Tho eho thdy ring ip lyc quin ly va xu ly rdc ting ddn theo tiing nim, nhung cac co quan chiic nang cdn thilu nhihig giai phip ddng bp va kip thdi uong nghien ciiu, quy bogeb v i qudn ly cdc bju ric.
3 KET LUAN VA BE XUAT
Cdng tic qudn ly rdc tgi ede bii chdn lip chit thii cdn chua chit chl vd chua dim bio tbdng kl
chinh xic lupng rdc tilp nhdn hdng ngdy. Cdng tic qudn ly thudng chi gdi gpn cue bd Uong mdt tinh/thinh phd mi ehua cd su phdi hpp quan ly eung nhu thdng nhit phuong phdp phdn tich, quan Uic vi chdt thii vi cliia se dit lieu Uong viing. Bin cgnh do, cdng tdc quy hogch md rpng bii ric phdn ldn khdng tuan thii cic nguyin tic, quy Uinh quy hoach vd chpn lya dja dilm. Cdc bai rie quy hoach mdi cdn thi hiln nhiiu bit cgp v i han chi nhdt dinh, die biet li Uong dilu kiln dia chit, dja binh thip, muc nude ngim cao nhu d khu vuc DBSCL.
Di hd Up cho cdng tac quy hoach vi quan ly cie khu xii 1^ ric, biu ric cho viing, can tfiiit phii xay dyng cic cdng cu ho Up ra quyet dinh bpp ly.
Vipc xiy dyng co sd dii lieu vd iing dung cdng nghi thdng tin (Web-GlS ching han) uong chia se kinh nghiem cung nhu cap nhit cic dii lieu ve chit thii rin, bai rac ciia todn viing li rat can thilt vi hiiu ich cho cdng tdc quy hoach vd qudn \y cic bai chdn lip rac vi cong nghi xii ly rac eua vung.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bp Tai nguyin va Moi trudng, 2011. Bdo cao hiln Uang mdi trudng qudc gia 2011:
Chit thdi rdn. Ha ndi 2011.
p chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn A: Khoa hgc Tv nhien, Cdng ngl« vd Mdi Irudng: 34 (2014): 119-127 2. Cyc Bdo ve mdi trudng, 2008, Dy in "Xiy
dyng md hinh vi Uien khai thi dilm vile phdn loai, thu gom vd xu ly rdc thai sinh boat cho cie khu do thi mdi".
3. Nguyen Xuan Hoang, Le Hoang Viet, 2011.
Solid waste management in Mekong Delta.
J. Viet.Env.2011,Vol. l,No. 1,pp. 29-35.
4. Nghi quyit 64/2013/NCl-HDND tinh Tiin Giang, 2013. Nghj quyit 64/2013/NQ- HDND vi Quy hoach xay dung viing tinh Tiin Giang den nam 2030, tim nhin din nim 2050.
5. QCVN 07:2010/BXD. Quy chuin ky thudt qudc gia cdc cdng trinh ha tdng ky thuit dd thi, ban hdnh theo Thdng tu sd 02n"T-BXD ngay 05 thing 02 nam 2010.
6. Quyit djnh sd 1659/QD-TTg. Quyit dinh phi duylt chuong Uinh phat trien dd thi quic gia giai doan 2012-2020. ky ngdy 7/11/2012 tai HiNdi.
7. Quyit dinh 1537/Qp-UBND Bin Tre, 2013. Quyit dinh vi vile phi duylt dd dn Quy hogch qudn ly chdt thai ran tinh Ben Tre den ndm 2030.
8. Quyit dinh 1205/QD-UBND tinh Vinh Long, 2013. Quylt dinh vl vile phi duylt nhiem vy quy hoach qudn ly chdt thai ran giai dogn 2011 - 2020 Uin dia bdn tinh VTnh Long, ky ngiy 17 thdng 7 nam 2013.
9. Quyit dinh 1022/QD-UBND tinh Hgu Giang, 2013. Quyet dinh vl vile phi duy^t Quy hoach quin ly chit thai ran trin dia bin tinh Hiu Giang din nim 2015 va dinh hudng den ndm 2025.
10. Quyit djnb 1609/QE)-IJBND nim 2012 phi duylt Quy hogch chi tiit xdy dyng Nha mdy xit ly chit thdi rin tinh Tra Vinh,1609/QD- UBND. Ban hdnh ngay 11 thing 9 ndm 2012.
11. Quyit dinh sd 1873/QD-TTg, 2010. Quyit dinh eiia Thii tudng Chinh phii phi duylt Quy hogch xdy dyng khu xir ly chit thai rdn Vung kinh tl Upng diim vung Ddng bdng sdng Ciiu Long din ndm 2020. Ban hdnh ngdy 11 tiling 10 nam 2010.
12. Qude Huy vi Hiu Thdnh, 2014. Hdng Uam ddn biie bdi vi b ^ rie khdng Id d nhilm n|uig (http://viemamnet.vn/vn/xa- hoi/171522/hang-tram-dan-buc-boi-vi-bai- rae-khong-lo--o-nbiem-nang.htnil truy cap ngdy 5/8/2014).
13. Sd TNMT An Giang, 2012. Bio cao hiln trgng mdi trudng Tinh An Giang 2012.
14. Sd TNMT Ca Mau, 2012. Bio cdo bi?n trgng mdi trudng Tinh Ci Mau 2012.
15. SdTNMT Cdn Tho, 2012. Bio cao hi$n tixuig mdi trudng TP. Cin Tho 2012.
16. Sd TNMT Bac Liiu, 2012. Bio cdo hien trang mdi trudng Tinh Bge Lieu 2012.
17. Sd TNMT Bin Tre, 2012. Bdo eao hi?n trang mdi Uudng Tmh Bin Tre 2012.
18. Sd TNMT Tiin Giang, 2012. Bdo eao hiln Uang mdi trudng Tinh Tiin Giang 2012.
19. Sd TNMT Ddng Thap, 2012. Bao cdo hiln trang mdi trudng Tinh Ddng Thdp 2012.
20. Sd Xiy Dyng Ddng Thdp, 2012. Dy in
"Quy hoach he thdi^ bm chdn lap thdi ran trin dia ban tinh den nam 2020 va dinh hudng din nam 2025.
21. Sd TNMT Hiu Giang, 2012. Bao cio hiln Uang mdi trudng Tinh Hdu Giang 2012.
22. Sd TNMT Kiln Giang, 2012. Bio cio hi$n trgng mdi uudng Tinh Kiln Giang 2012.
23. Sd TNMT Long An, 2012. Bio cio hiln Ugng mdi trudng Tinh Long An 2012.
24. Sd TNMT tinh Long An, 2011. Bao cao tdng hpp Quy hoach dia dilm xii ly rdc thdi tinh Long An ^ a i dogn nam 2010 din 2020 va tim nhin din 2025.
25. So TNMT Sdc Tring, 2012. Bao cao hiln Uang mdi trudng Tmh Sdc Trang 2012.
26. Sd TNMT Tri Vinh, 2012. Bio cio hi^n Uang mdi trudng Tinh Tri Vinh 2012.
27. Sd TNMT Vinh Long, 2012. Bio cao hien Uang mdi trudng Tinh VTnh Long 2012.
28. TTLT 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD.
Thdng tu lien tich Hudng din cdc Quy dinh ve bio vl mdi trudng doi vdi vile lya chpn dia diem, xdy dyng va van hdnh bai chdn lip chat thii rin. Ban hinh ngdy 18 thing 1 nam 2001.
