Tap chi Khoa hoc TruangDai hpc Cdn Tha Tap 54 So 6C (2018): I4S-W
Tap chi Khoa hpc Tri/dng Dai hoc Can Thd
Ph^n C: Khoa hQC xa hpi, NhSn vSn vd Gido dvc
website: sj.ctu.edu.vn
IT
DOL 10.22144/clu.jvn 2018.107 P H A T T R I E N D U L I C H N O N G T H O N D U A V A O C O N G D O N G NGlfCfl Khmer 6 H U Y E N T I N H B i f i N , T I N H A N G I A N G
D a o N g o c Canh'* va N g o Thi Ai Thi^
'Khoa Khoa hgc Xa hgi vd Nhdn vdn, Tru&ng Dgi hgc Cdn Tho -Sinh viin ngdnh Viet Nam hgc, Trudmg Dgi hgc Cdn TJio
*Nguoi chiu trdch nhiem ve bdi viel: Ddo Nggc Cdnh (email. dncanh(a),ctu.edu.vn) Thong tin chung:
Ngdy nhdn bdi- 10/11/2017 Ngdy nhdn bdi sira • 24/12/2017 Ngdy duyet ddng- 31/08/2018 Title:
Rural tourism development based on Khmer community at Tinh Bien district. An Giang province
Tie khoa:
Cong dong ngiroi Khmer, du lich cgng ddng, du lich nong thon, huyin Tinh Bien Keywords:
Community-based tourism, Khmer community, rural tourism, Tinh Bien district
ABSTRACT
Dramatically increasing trend of urbanization and industrialization promotes visitors to look for simple beauty, fresh air and traditional cultural values in the countryside. Therefore, rural tourism has become a development trend in many countries all over the world. Tinh Bien district, An Giang province has great potential for developing rural tourism based on Khmer community. However, most ofthe tourism resources in this area have existed in the form of potential, and tourism activities are spontaneous, ineffective, and without generating income for the people.
This paper is to analyze the tourism potentials and propose solutions for rural tourism development based on Khmer community which contribute to improving people's living conditions and boosting construction of new rural areas.
TOM T A T
Ngdy nay, qud trinh do thi hoa vd cong nghiep hoa tdng len mgnh me dang thuc day du khach lim vi ve dep binh di, khong khi trong lanh vd nhung gid tri vdn hoa truyin^ thong CT nong thon. Vi vdy, du l\ch nong thon da tra thdnh xu thi phdt trien a nhieu nu&c tren the gioi. Huyen Tinh Biin, linli An Giang co nhiiu tiim ndng phdt triin du lich nong thon dua vdo cong dong nguoi Khmer. Tuy nhiin, hau hit cdc tdi nguyen du lich a day cm ton tgi du&i dang tiem ndng, cdc hoat dgng du lich con tuphdt, kem hi?u qua. chua tgo duoc nguon thu cho nguoi ddn Bdi viit ndy phdn lich nhibig tiim ndng vd de xudt gidi phdp phat triin du lich nong thon dua vdo cong dong ngu&i Khmer nhdm gop phan phdt triin du lich, cdi ihiin doi sSng ngiroi ddn. ddy manh xdy dung nong thon moi
Trich din: Dao Ngpc Canh va Ngo Thi Ai Thi, 2018 Phat triln du lich nong thon dua vao cong ding nguoi Khmer o huyen Tinh Bien, tinh An Giang. Tap chi Khoa hpc Truang Dai hpc C k Tho. 54(6C);
1 GIOITHIEU
Du lich nong thon (rural tourism) la khai mem dimg de chi c;ac boat dpng du iich di&n ra a viing nong thon, gSn voi hoat dpng nong nghiep, canh quan nong thon, dai s i n g cpng d i n g cung voi nhimg dl san van hoa tmyin thing ciia dia phucmg.
Khai niem du lich nong thon da manh nha ciing vai su hinb thanh ciia nganh duong sk a chau Au.
Tuy nhien, cho mai d i n diu thap ky 80 ciia thi ky XX, du lich nong thon mai duac xem la mpt loai hinh du lich va dan tro thanh ph6 biln 6 hau hit cac quoc gia chau Au nhu' Phap, Hungary, Bungaria, Ha Lan, Dan iviach, Thuy Diln, v.v... (Biii Xuan Nhan, 2009).
Tgp chi Khoa hoc Truang Dgi hpc C&n Tha Nghien ciiu nhiing van dt du lich nong thon, Stephen and Getz (1997) da phan tich cbiln lupc tai chinh, marketing cho du lich nong thon. George el al. (2009) da phan tich vai tro cita van hoa ban dia trong boat dpng du lich nong thon, su thay d i i vimg nong thon do tac dpng ciia su phat triln du lich va vai tro cua cong dong dia phuong trong qua trinh phat trien du lich nong thon tai mpt s6 dia ban nhu:
Port Stanley (Ontario), Vulcan (Alberta), Canso (Nova Scotia).
Theo Vo Van Sen ya Ngo Thanh Loan (2017), cac dieu kien co ban de hinh thanh va phat triln du lich nong thon gom c6: (1) Tinh dpc dao cua tai nguyen du lich nong thon, (2) Vi tri dia ly va kha nang tiep can, (3) Tinh canh tranh tren tbi truong ciia san pham du lich.
Theo Pham Tmng Luong (2015), tmh canh tranh ciia du lich the bien a nhiing loai san pham du lich dac thu, tuc la san pham c6 tinh dpc dao/duy nhdt, nguyen ban va dai dien ve tai nguyen du lich (ty nhien va nhan van), khong chi thoa man mong dpi cua du khach raa con tao duac an tuong bai tinh dpc
Ngay nay, du lich nong thon phat trien manh do qua trinh do thi hoa va cong nghiep boa tang len nhanh chong da thiic day du khach tim ve nong thon de duoc boa minh vao cupc song dong que, tan hucmg khong khi trong lanh va nhiing gia tri van boa tmyen thong a nong thon. Du Ijch nong thon tao dieu kien cho du khach tiep xiic, trai nghiem doi song nong thon thong qua nhiing boat dpng gan voi nong nghiep, lang nghe tmyen thong, canh quan nong thon, phong tuc tap quan va cac di san van hoa ban dia.
Sir phat trien cua du lich nong thon luon gan vai du lich cong dong, con gpi la du lich dua vao cpng dong (community-based tourism - CBT) Du lich cpng dong la hinh thitc du lich ma cpng dong dan cu dia phuang diing ra to chiic boat dpng du lich de gioi thieu voi du khach ve nhimg ve dep cua thien nhien va cac gia tri van hoa dac sac ciia cpng dong, tir do tao nguon thu cho cpng dong tii boat dpng kinh doanh du lich. Theo Dieu 3 Luat Du iich 2017 (Quoc hpi, 2017), "Du lich cpng dong la loai binh du lich duoc phat tnen tren ca sa cac gia tri van boa cua cpng dong, do cong dong dan cu quan ly, to chiic khai thac va huong loi".
Nhu vay, phat trien du lich nong thon thuc chat la phat triln du lich cong dong, boi vi day la hinh thiic boat dpng du Hch do chinh cpng dong dan cu dia phucmg dirng ra to chirc de dap ling nhu can cua du khach va thu v l nhirng lpi ich hi ho^t dpng kmh doanh du lich cua minh. Du Ijch cong dong mang lai nhung tac dpng fit tich cue doi voi cpng dong dan
Tgp 54 So 6C (2018): 148-157 CU dia phucmg tren nhieu phuang dien nhu: (1) Gop phin giai quylt cong an viec lam, tang them thu nhap cho ngucti dan thong qua viec ban cac san phdm du lich cho du khach; (2) Lam thay doi bp mat dja phuong thong qua nguon quy thu dupe tir hoat dpng du lich de dau tu phat trien cac cong trinh ket cau ha tang va co so vat chat - ky thuat tai dia phuong; (3) Lien ket cac nganh kinh te, m o rpng thi truong, day manh tieu thu bang hoa va dich vu ciia dia phuang; (4) Danh thiic nhiing gia tri ciia cong dong, gop phan bao ton va phat huy nhiing gia tri van boa tot dep ciia dia phuong.
Huygn Tinh Bien la dia ban co nhieu tiem nang phat trien du lich nong thon dua vao cpng d6ng bai canh quan thien nhien viing niii That Son hiing vT ciing voi gia tri van hoa truyen thong cua nguin Khmer rat dac sac Day chinh la nguon tai nguyen quy gia de phat trien du hch, tao nen siic hap dan doi voi khach du lich trong va ngoai nuoc. Tuy nhien, tren thuc te cac nguon tai nguyen du lich nong thon a huyen Tinh Bien noi chung va a vung dong bao dan tpc Khmer noi rieng, con ton tai dudi dang tiem nang. Hoat dpng du lich nong thon d dia ban nay con mang tinh tu phat, kem hieu qua, chua tao duoc nguon thu tir du lich de cai thien dai song ngudi dan.
Vi vay, phat trien du lich nong thon theo mo hinh du Ijch cpng dong o huyen Tinh Bien se gop phan khai thac cac tai nguyen du hch dac sac ciia dia phuang, bao ton va phat huy nhiing gia tri van hoa truyen thong, gop phan cai thien ddi song ngudi dan, day manh cong cuoc xay dung nong thon mdi d huyen Tinh Bien, tinh An Giang
2 P H U O N G PHAP N G H I E N CUtJ 2.1 Phirong p h a p khao sat thirc dja Nhieu dot khao sat thuc dia dupe tien hanh tai cac dia ban trong huyen Tinh Bien nhu: khu du lich Nui Cam, rimg tram Tra Su, mieu Ba Chiia Xii Bau Muop, cac vudn cay an trai. vudn su su, vudn dupe lieu, vudn hoa lan, lang nghe det tho cam Van Giao, cac lang nghe lam dudng thot not, chiia Khmer va cac hp nong dan dia phucmg. Cach thu thap thong tin qua thu'c dia nhu quan sat canh quan va cac boat dpng nong nghiep, quay phim chup hinh de lay tu lieu thuc te va phong van ngudi dan dia phuang ve cac van de lien quan den du hch. Cac dot khao sat deu CO can bp dia phuong dan dudng, ho tro tham van va cung cap thong tin phuc vu nghien cim tai thuc dia.
2.2 Phu'ong p h a p thu t h a p va p h a n tich dir lieu t h u ' c a p
Cac dii lieu tbii cap dupe thu thap tir nhieu nguon nhu: cac cong trinh nghien cim, so lieu thong ke, bao cao tong ket cua cac ca quan ban nganh dja phucmg
Tap clii Khoa hpc Tnrdng Dai lioc Cdn Tha va cac nguIn thong tin tu lieu khac dudi dang van ban, ban d l , hinh anh, phun video, v.v... Cac dii lieu nay dupe he thing hoa, phan tich, ting hop nham phuc vu cho de tai nghien cim
2.3 P h u o n g p h a p dieu tra va x u ly d u lieu so cap
Phuong phap dilu tra bang bang hoi duoc sir dung d l thu thS.p dii lieu so cap hen quan den tiem nang va thuc trang phat triln du lich nong thon theo rao hinb du lich cpng d i n g ngudi Khmer d huyen Tinh Bien, tinh An Giang. Do du hch nong thon trong cpng dong ngudi Khmer chua thuc sir hinh thanh nen d i i tuong khao sat chi tap trung vao cac hp dan nong thon. So lupng ngudi dan dupe khao sat la 50 ngudi tai bai xa co tiem nang du lich noi bat la xa An Hao va xa Van Giao. Thai gian tien hanh khao sat tit thang 7 din thang 9 nam 2017. Dii heu khao sat tir bang hoi duoc xii ly bang phan mem SPSS for Window 20.0 dudi dang thing ke mo ta.
2.4 Phirong p h a p tham van
Phuang phap tham van dupe ap dung bang hinh thirc lay y kien true tiep doi vdi cac can bp lanh dao, quan ly d cac phdng chuyen mon va cac to chiic doan the huyen Tinh Bien nhu: Phong Van boa- Thong tin, Phong Dan tpc, Phong Kinh te - Ha tang, Hpi Nong dan, Huyen Doan thanh men. Dong thdi, nhom nghien cim con co dip tham van chuyen gia, cac cap lanh dao va cac doanh nghiep du lich tai Hpi thao khoa hpc ve "Lua chon mo hinb du lich cpng dong tinh An Giang" do Sd Khoa hpc va Cong nghe tinh An Giang phoi hop vdi Khoa KHXH&NV, Tmdng Dai hpc Can Tho to chiic tai thanh pho Long Xuyen ngay 27/8/2017 vdi sir tham du ciia cac nha khoa hoc, cac co quan quan ly du hch, cac doanh nghiep du lich tren dia ban tinh An Giang.
3 K E T QUA VA T H A O LUAN 3.1 Tiem nang du lich nong thon dira vao cong dong ngirdi K h m e r d huyfn Tinh Bien
3.1.1 Khdi qudt ve huyen Tinh Bien Tinh Bien la mot trong bon huyen bien gidi ciia tinh An Giang. co dien tich 354.9 km', bao g i m 3 thi tran va 11 xa. Huyen Tinh Bien c6 dudng bien gidi chung vdi Campuchia (chiiu dai 21,5 km), c6 cua khau quIc t l Tinh Bien; he thing giao thong kha tot, tao dieu kien thuan loi cho hoat dpng giao thuong va thu hut khach du lich trong, ngoai nude.
Huyen Tinh Bien la dia ban du hch trpng dilm ciia tinh An Giang, noi day co nhilu dilm du hch h i p din, noi bat la khu du lich Niii Cdm va rimg tram Tra Su.
Niii Cam la ngpn mii dep nhat va cao nhdt cua day That Son huyen thoai, co dp cao 705 m Tren
Tap 54. Sd 6C (2018): 148-157 dinh mii co nhiing khoi da nho len (goi la vl) cimg vdi h i va suoi nude tao thanh nhiing canh dep thioi nhien nhu: vo Thien Tue, suoi Thanh Long, ho Tfi^
Liem. D6ng thdi, khi hau mat me, he thuc v § t l | dang va xanh tuoi la nhiing dieu kien thuan I p i S thu hut khach du lich den vai niii Cam (UBNp huyen Tmh Bien, 2017).
Niii c d m ciing dupe coi la vung ddt thieng v&
nhilu dilm du lich tam linh thu but khach du Ijch hanh huong nhu chua Van Linh, chua Phat Lon, tuong Phat Di Lac, v.v... Den vdi niii Cam, du khach se co dip kham pha thien nhien tuoi d?p va trong lanh, van canh chua tdn nghiem h'am m§c, chiem nguong ve dep biing vi cua cac danh lam thang canh.
Hinh 1: Ban do h a n h chinh huyen Tinh Bien (Ngudn. UBND huyen Tinh Bien, 2017) Rimg tram Tra Su cung la mot diem du lich hap dan doi vdi khach du lich den Tinh Bien. Vdi dien tich khoang 850 ha, rimg Tra Su la nai tni ngu cua 70 loai chim, II loai thii, 25 loai bo sat va 10 loai ca xuat hien quanh nam, 13 loai ca chi co vao miia lu.
Trong do, cd co 2 loai chim quy hiem da dupe gbi vao sach Do Viet Nam la giang sen (Mycteria leucocephala) va dieng dieng (Anhin^
melanogasler). Rimg d day co 140 loai thirc v^
thupc 52 hp va 102 chi vdi nhieu loai cay go, eS?
thiiy sinh, day leo va cay bui, trong do co nhieu 1 # cay thuoc va cay canh. Su da dang va phong phiw tai nguyen sinh vat khiln rimg tram Tra Su tra thipB diem den ly tudng doi vdi cac nha nghien ciiu va nhiing ngudi bam me kham pha thien nhien hoang da (UBND huyen Tinh Bien, 2017).
Tgp chi Khoa hoc Trudng Dai hoc Cdn Tha Ben canh nhiing he sinh thai tu nhien, huyen Tjnh Bien cdn co nguon tai nguyen du hch nhan van kha phoiig phii. Tren dia ban huyen TJnh Bien co 01 di tich cSp q u I c gia (Chiia Hda Thanh) va nbilu di tich cap tinh (Can ham bi mat Van phong Huyen iiy, Chot thep Nhom Hung, Chua Phudc Diln, Chiia Thdi Son, Dmh Thdi Son, Tupng dai cbiln thdng D6c Ba Dac, Mieu Ba Chua Xii Bau Mudp, Di chi khao CO Oc Eo d Go Cay Tung) ciing vdi cac l l hpi, lang nghe va nhieu gia tri nhan van khac (UBND huyen Tjnh Bien, 2017).
3.1.2 Khdi qudt vi cgng dong ngu&i Khmer &
huy^n Tinh Bien
Tinh An Giang co dan s6 2.150.000 ngudi (2015), trong do, dan toe Kinh chilm da s6 vdi 1.934.113 ngudi (94,7%), dan tpc Khmer cd dan s6 93.717 ngudi (4,2%), con lai la dan tpc Cham, Hoa va 25 dan tpc khac. Da so ngudi Khmer d tinh An Giang song lien ke chan niii hoac d vung dat giong, go cao trong vung mii That Son, thupc huyen Tri Ton va Tinh Bien (Nguyen Thi Ngoc Tho, 2015).
Ci Tinh Bien, ngudi Khmer c6 dan so diing thii hai trong huyen, sau ngudi Kinh. Theo Nien giam thong ke nam 2013, dan so toan huyen la 121.399 ngudi, trong do ngudi Khmer chiem den 29,4% dan so. Cac xa tap tmng dong dan so Khmer d huyen Tinh Bien (ty le so dan Khmer tren 50% dan so toan xa) la Tan Lpi, An Hao, VTnh Trung, va nhat la hai xa Van Giao va An Cu (tren 75%) (Quach Thi Thu Cue, 2012).
Trong qua trinh sinh song, cpng dong ngudi Khmer co moi quan he giao luu vdi cac dan tpc khac nhirag van giii gm duoc ban sac van boa tmyen thong dan tpc minh, nhat la trong van hoa tin ngudng va le hpi. Cpng dong ngudi Khmer chiu anh hudng sau sac ciia Phat giao tieu thira (con gpi la Phat giao Nam tong) ma ngoi chiia Khmer la trung tam van hoa, tin ngudng ciia cpng dong d cac phura, soc (Pham Van Son, 2014).
3 1.3 Tiem ndng du lich nong thon dua vdo cgng dong nguoi Khmer huyen Tinh Biin
Tiem nang du lich nong thon dua vao cpng dong ngudi Khmer d huyen Tinh Bien rat phong phii.
Ngoai canh quan thien nhien vimg niii That Son va khu bao t i n canh quan rimg tram Tra Su, noi day con CO nguon tai nguyen du lich nhan van rat da dang va hap dan, dac biet la cac gia tri van hoa tmyen thong ciia cpng dong ngudi Khmer d huyen Tinh Bien.
Chua vd le hoi cua nguoi Khmer Chiia Khmer la nai dien ra mpi smh boat van hoa, xa hpi ciia ngudi Khmer. Kien tnic chiia Khmer hai hoa va co gia tri nghe diuat cao. M6i hmh tugng
Tap 54. Sd 6C (2018): 148-157 nghe thuat d day deu an chiia nhirng cau chuyen dan gian ve nguon goc cac sir vat hien tuong Uong tu nhien. Qua do, ngudi ta hieu dupe gia tri van boa tin ngudng duac gin gam qua tung tac pham dieu khac mang tinh nghe thuat va dam chat nhan van.
L I hpi cua ngudi Khmer rat phong phu, bao gom IS hpi sinb hoat truyen thong va le hpi ton giao nhu:
Pithi Choi Chnam Thmay (Le vao nam mdi), Sene Dolta ( L l Cling ong ba). Ok Cm Bok (Le diit com dep), Kam San Srok (Le cau an), Visakh Bauchea (Le Phat Dan), Chaul Vassa (Le nhap ha), Chenh Vassa (Le xuat ba), v.v... (Nguyen Thi Ngpc Tha, 2015).
Nhm chung, le hpi ciia ngudi Khmer cd nhiing net van hda dac sac, la tiem nang to Idn de phat tnen du lich cong dong, nhat la cac ll hoi truyen thong gan vdi ddi song cpng dong. Dac biet, d viing niii That Son co Le boi dua bo rat dpc dao va bap dan, diln ra vao dip le Sene Dolta cudi thang 8 dau thang 9 am lich. Le hpi nay da dupe cong nhan la di san van hoa phi vat the cap quoc gia. Hang nam, Le hpi dua bo dupe to chuc luan phien tai chua Thom Mit (xa VTnh Trung, huyen Tmh Bien) va chua Ta Miet (xa Luong Phi, huyen Tri Ton) thu hiit hang van du khach den theo doi va co vii. Day ciing chinh la co hpi rat tot de quang ba du lich den dong dao ngudi dan trong ca nude va du khach quoc te.
Hinh 2: Le h$i dua bo d huy^n Tinh Bi^n Ngudn: htlps //baodautu.vn/bo-cung-se-tranh-cup- truyen -hinh-d79.htnil
Nhieu chiia Khmer d day con luu giii cac bp kinh la buong la di san van hoa phi vat the quoc gia Day la loai thu tich co quy hiem khac chii tr8n la buong bang tieng Khmer co hay tieng Pali, xuat hien tir the ky XIX Kinh la buong chiia dimg gia tri ve ky thuat, my thuat, nghe thuat va co y nghia quan trong trong ddi song tara linh, tin ngudng, ton giao ciia dong bao Khmer. Hau het cac chiia Khmer deu co dan nhac ngii am va la noi dien ra cac sinh boat van hoa nghe thuat truyen thong, tao dieu kien cho khach du lich trai nghiem van boa cpng dong ciia ngudi Khmer
Tgp chi Khog hoc Trudng Dai hgc Cdn Tho Tgp54Sd6C(2018):l4l.m'
Hinh 3 : C h u a Thom Mit & huyen Tjnh Bien Ngudn- Anh chup Irong chuyen khdo sal. 2017 Nhin chung, chiia Khmer co khong gian rpng, canh quan hai hoa giiia cong trinh kien tnic vdi nhiing cay xanh co thu tao nen khung canh yen binh, thoang dang phii hop vdi cac boat dpng tham quan, sinh boat tap the va thudng thiic van hda nghe thuat cho khach du lich.
Lang nghe co truyin cda ngu&i Khmer Huyen Tinh Bien cd lang nghe det tho cam ciia ngudi Khmer d xa Van Giao la mpt lang nghe truyen thong noi tieng. Den vdi lang nghe det tho cam xa Van Giao, khach du lich rat hiing thii vdi ky thuat nhuom spi rat dpc dao va quy trinh det ti mi, cong phu. San pham det tho cam Van Giao rSt da dang va phong phu, mau sac hai boa, hoa van sac sao mang chieu sau van hoa giau ban sac vdi thuong bieu "Silk Khmer" noi tieng, khong chi sir dung tai dia phuang raa con dupe xuat khau sang cac nude My, Xjc, Phap, Thai Lan, Campuchia.
Hinh 4; Ba the he ngirdi K h m e r if lang nghe det tho cam Van Giao
Nguon Anh chup trong chuyen khdo sdt. 2017
Hinh 5: Nghe n a u dirdng thot n i t truyen thong cua ngirdi Khmer Nguon: Anh chup trong chuyen khdo sdt, 2017 Ben canh dd, d Tinh Bien con co nghe co truy&i nau dudng thot not va cac san phara che bien tii thoi not. San pham dupe tieu thu rpng rai trong nirdcva dupe xuat iiy thac qua thi trudng IJc, Han Quoc, Dai Loan, My... Cac limg nghe nay deu c6 the trd thanh nhiing diem tham quan du hch, tao dieu kien cho khach tim hieu va trai nghiera cac boat dpng iai^
nghi.
Phong ti^c tap qudn cita ngu&i Khmer Ngudi Khmer d Tinh Bien song theo hinh thai phura idn vdi quy rao hang trara nha, gom nhieu dong hp, tap hpp theo timg chom nha hoac phum nho, cu tni theo huy6t thing ma chu yeu la dong nu.
Nha d tmyen thong cua ngudi Khmer dupe xay cat theo 3 kieu: nha san (hien nay hau nhu khong CADV nha CO gac (cai tien tir nha cii), va nha tret (pho bien nhat). Phong tuc tap quan trong sinh boat ciianguS Khmer ciJng rat phong phii va hap dan. Ve hang phuc truyen thong, nam, nii Khmer trudc day fleu mac xa rong bing lua to tam do hp tu dpt, nguii ci tuoi mac quan ao ba ba mau den, nam gidi kha gia thudng mac bp ba ba man trdng, khan ran quan treo dau, hoac vat qua vai. d dam cudi, chii re m^c ioM rong, mau do, co dimg vdi hang khuy tmoc i^c, ben vai trai quang chiec khan dai trang (Kal xiiih).
Co dau mac Xam p i t (vay) mau tim hay mau hong, ao dai mau do, quang khan va dpi mu cuoi truyen thong. Ao dai khong xe ta, than ao rpng va dai dimi goi, chui dau (Nguyin Thi Ngpc Tha, 2015),
3.2 Ket q u a khao sat cac h6 dan d huyen Tinh Bien ve du lich cpng dong
3 2.1 Dgc diim cda ddi tuong duoc khdo sat Ket qua khao sat 50 hp dan d huyen Tinh Bien cho thay mpt so dac diem cua doi tupng nhu sau: Vc dp tuoi, cac doi tupng tap trung vao dp tuoi 3 6 - « va 46 - 60 (diu cd ty le 26%); dp tuli 26 - 35 cHea
Tgp chi Khoa hoc Trudng Dgi lioc Cdn Tlia 22%; dp tuoi tren 60 chilm 18%i; cac do bili con lai chiera ti le thdp, dudi 10%.
^ V l gidi tinh, nam chilm 40%, nu chilm 60%.
Ve dan tpc, ngudi Khraer chilm 60%i, ngudi Kmh chiera 38%, ngudi Hoa chilm 2%. V l ton giao, Phat giao chiem 92%i; dao Hoa Hao chilm 4%i; khong theo ton giao chiira 4%..
Ve trinh do hpc van, cao nhdt la trung hpc co sd 32%; khong bilt chii 14%; tilu hpc 18%; trung hpc p h i thdng 16%; trung cdp, cao ding, dai hpc, m i l b^c 2%i (tinh chung 6%.). Ve nghe nghiep: lam rupng chiera 40%.; buon ban va kmh doanh chilm 22%i;
chan nudi, det, nau dudng thdt ndt 12%.; lam vudn 6%; can bp vien chiic 6%, hpc sinh, sinh vien 4%.
Ve tinh trang nha d, 22%i la nha kien c l ; 78% la nha ban kien cd va nha tam (Hinh 6). Hien nay, nha cua ngudi Khmer d huyen Tmh Bien khong con kilu nha san co truyen ma da chuyen sang kieu nha tret.
Qua khao sat thuc dia chi thay cdn rapt nha kilu nha san, nhimg da xay tudng phia dudi de ngan thanh phong d nhu kieu nha ciia ngudi Kinh.
Ve nguon nude sinh hoat: cd 74%) so hp sii dung nude may, 2 4 % so hp su dung nude gieng; 2 % s6 hp sir dung nude mua hoac nude song. Ve tinh trang nbave smh: 16%o so ho khong co n h a v e sinh, 12%
Tap 54 So 6C (2018) 148-157 SO hp CO nha ve sinh nhung chua dam t hp CO nha ve sinb dam bao tot.
• Nha kien c6 B Nha bdn kien c6 • Nha t^m Hinh 6: Tinh (rang nha d cua cac ho dan dirtfc
khao sat (%>)
Thu nhap trung binh ciia hp la 55 trieu dong/nam, tinh ra khoang 4,6 trieu dong/thang. Tuy nhien, rairc chenh lech giiia cac hp kha cao: 2 % so hp thu nhap dudi 10 trieu ddng/nam; 16% so hp thu nhap tir 10-25 trieu dong/nam. Phan Idn cac hp co miic thu nhap tir 25-100 trieu dong/nam (54%). Ca biet CO ho thu nhap tren 500 trieu dong/nam (2%).
Ngoai ra, co 6 bp (12%)) khong tra Idi ve thu nhap.
Bang 1: Mirc thu n h ^ p cua cac ho dan chia theo d a n toe (%)
M J c thu n h a p cua hp/nam Hoa Kinh Tong so
Dudi 10 trieu ddng Tir 10-25 tneu dong Tir 25-50 trieu dong Tu 50-100 Uieu ddng Tir 100-500 trieu d i n g Tir 500 trieu dong trd ien
0,0 0,0 0,0
100,0
0.0 0,03,7
18.5 33,3 29,6 14,8
0,00,0
18,8 12,5 43,8 18,8
6,32,3
18,2 25,0 36,4 15,9
2,3 Tong so hpNgudn: Ket qud khdo sal. 2017
Xet miic thu nhap theo ba dan tpc d huyen Tinh Bien thi cac hp ngudi Khmer co rauc thu nhap thap nhat: 3,7% so hp Khmer thu nhap dudi 10 trieu dong/nara, tiic la tmng binh dudi 1 trieu dong/thang.
Neu tinh ca so khong tra loi ve thu nhap (deu la ngudi Khmer) thi ty le la 13,3%). Trong khi khong CO hp nao ngudi Kmh va ngudi Hoa thu nhap d mirc nay. Ngudi Hoa chi co 1 hp duoc khao sat vdi miic thu nhap 50-100 trieu dong, cu the ho nay thu nhap 72 trieu ding/nam, tmng binh 6 trieu dong/thang O miic thu nhap 10-25 trieu dong, so hp ngudi Kinh (18,8%) cao hon ngudi Khmer (18.5), nhung khong dang ke; miic thu nhap 25-50 trieu thi so hp ngudi Khmer (33,3%i) cao ban han so hp ngudi Kinh (12,5%), Cac mirc thu nhap tir 50 trieu dong trd len thi ngudi Kmh c6 ty le cao bon. Dac biet, tir 500
tneu dong trd len thi chi con lai cac ho ngudi Kinh (6,3%).
Do mirc thu nhap thap nen hau bet thanh nien Khmer rdi bd que huong di lam d cac khu cong nghiep ngoai tinh, nhieu nhat la d Binh Ducmg.
Thuc trang nay ^ay ra nhieu kho khan doi vdi viec phat trien kinh te, nhat la van d l phat tnen du lich nong thon ciia dia phuong.
Tinh hinh phdt tnen du lich nong thon o huyen Tinh Bien
Mac dii huyen Tmh Bien la rapt trong nhiing dia ban du Hch trpng diem ciia tinh An Giang vdi hai khu du Iich noi tieng la Niii Cdm va Tra Su, nhung loai hinh du hch nong thon n6i chung va du lich
Tap clii Khoa lipc TruangDai hoc Can Tlia nong thdn dua vao cpng dong noi rieng con rat ban che.
Ve hoat dpng kinh doanh du hch, trong so 50 hp duoc khao sat co 10 hp (20%,) tham gia vao cac boat dpng lien quan din du lich nhu- kinh doanh dich vu an uing 61,5%, ban dac san dja phuong 23,l%i, van chuyin khach tham quan 15,4% Tuy nhien, cac bp nay chi kmh doanh djch vu don le hoac tham gia chd thuyin dua khach di tham quan tai khu du lich Tra Su theo bap ding vdi khu du lich, ma chua co su
Tgp 54 So 6C (2018): 148-15?
lien k i t cac ho dan de lam du lich cpng dong. Do du lich cong dong d huyen Tinh Bien chua hinh thanh, nen chua tao dupe nguon thu cho cpng dong. Ngufln thu tir khach du lich hau bet thupc ve cac cong tydu lich, mpt phan nho la thupc cac hp kinh doanh djch vu don le.
Theo ket qua khao sat, cac boat dpng cua khach du lich d viing nong thon huyen Tinh Bien gim co;
mua dac san dia phuong, thudng thirc raon an, tham quan lang nghe, tim hieu ddi song nong thdn, v.v...
Mua dgc san dja phifcyng Thii'ong thii'c mon an
"Iham quan lang nghe im hieu dot sdng nong ihon Tham quan MJ'6'n trat cay Ngim cinh lang que
"ITii/ong thirc nghe thugt Hogt dpng khac
Hinh 7: Cac loai hinh hoat dpng cua du khach tai huyen Tinh Biln (%) Tinh trang hoat dpng kinh doanh raa ngudi dan
thuc hien deu nho le va tu phat nen con nhieu tiem nang du lich chua duac dau tu khai thac de tao thanh san pham du lich Cac diem tham quan du lich nong thon nhu lang nghe det tho cam hay nghe nau dudng thot not CO tmyen d Tinh BiSn diu do khach hr tim den, bau bet la khach nude ngoai. Ket qua la. ngudi dan dia phucmg khong duoc hudng loi gi khi khach den tham quan du lich. Vi du, tai lang nghe det t b i cam d xa Van Giao, ngudi dan rdt than thien, mIn khach. Neu co khach du hch den tbam quan lang nghe thi du la Uong gid nghi Uua, chii nha cung vui ve ngoi vao khung det de phuc vu khach tham quan va nhiet tinh tra Idi cac cau hoi ciia khach. Hien nay, cac san pham det ciia lang nghe chi nhara cung dng cho thi trudng tmyen thong raa chua quan tam dap ung nhu cdu cua khach du lich. Vi vay, khach du lich chi den tham quan, ma hau nhu mua khong raua sdm san phara det d day.
Mpt trong nhiing nguyen nhan ca ban lam cho du lich nong thon dya vao cpng dong d Tinh Bien chua phat Uien la do nhan thirc va ky nang v l du lich ciia ngudi dan con rat ban chi. Trong s l 50 ngudi dupe khao sat, chi co chi c6 1 ngudi (2%) duac dao tao trung^ cap du lich va 4 ngudi (8%) duoc b i i dudng kien thirc ve du lich; trong do, 2 ngudi tham gia 1 Idn (4%), 2 ngudi tham gia 2 idn (4%).
Theo ket qua khao sat, nhiing kh6 khan cua cac hp dan trong tham gia lam du lich cpng dong d noi^
thdn huyen Tinh Bien la: Thieu kien thiic 22,2%, thieu ky nang 44,4%, kho lien ket vdi cong ty du lich 11,1%, va cac kho khan khac (thieu von, thieu dat, vi tri khong thuan loi) 22,2%.
Ve du dinh phat tnen kinh doanh du lich, doivdi 10 hp dan (20%)) dang lam du lich thi co 3 hp (6%) muon tiep tuc duy tri nhu cu, 7 hp (14%) muon mo rpng kmh doanh. Doi vdi cac hp chua lam du lich, CO 23 hp (46%)) du dinh se tham gia lam du lich trong thdi gian tdi. Ket qua khao sat bang cau hoi nhieu lira chpn, du dinh cua cac hp dan tham gia vao cac hoat dpng du lich nhu sau:
Bang 2: D n dinh ciia cac ho dan tham gia dong du lich
boat
Nha vuon du lich Kinh doanh an uong San xuat do luu niem Dich vu luu tni (Homestay) Cha khach di tham quan Ban hang dac san, qua lim mem Lam thue cho cong ty du lich Tong cong
T a n suat fy kien) 4 10 1 5 6 10 3 39
Tile
1%)
10,3 25,6 2,6 12,1 15,4 25,6 XI 100,0 Ngudn: Kit qud khdo sdt. 2017
Tgp chi Khoa hpc Tru&ng Dai hoc Cdn Tha
Til thuc trang neu tren cho thay, tilm nang du hch nonp thon dua vao cpng ddng d huyen Tinh Bien la rat Idn, nhung chua dugc cbii trpnp khai thac nen chua tao duoc nguon thu cho cpng ding dan cu dia phuong. Vi vay, van dl dat ra la lara thi nao dl cac tiem nang dd dupe danh thiic, de bien cac tai nguyen du lich thanh cac san phim du lich dpc dao va hap dan. Muon vay, ngudi dan dia phuong cdn dupe tao dieu kien de phat tnen cac mo hinb du lich cpng dong nhara khai thac cac ve dep ciia canh quan nong thon, cua san xuat nong nghiep, lang nghe co truyen cung vdi nhiing gia tri van boa ban dja dac sac ciia ngudi Khmer d vimg niii Thdt Son hiing vT.
3.3 Dinh hudng phat trifn du lich nong thon dua vao cpng dong a huyen Tinh Bien
Qua phan tich cac nguon thong tin tu lieu, kit qua khao sat thuc te. va tham khao y kiln cac cdp lanh dao, quan ly dia phuong, co the xac djnh dia ban trpng diem de xay dung md hmh du lich ndng thon dua vao cpng ddng ngudi Khmer huyen Tinh
Tap 54 So 6C (201S)- 148-157
Bien la 3 xa: An Hao, VTnh Trung va Van Giao (Hinb 8).
Xa An Hao co uu diera la giin khu du lich Niii cdm, thuan tien de thu hiit khach du lich den vdi du lich cpng ddng Chiia Khmer d day co khuon vien rpng tao khdng gian phuc vu du lich. Tai xa An Hao da CO cau lac bp van nghe Khmer nen rat thuan lpi de phuc vu du hch. Nai day con co niii Ba Dpi Om la mot thang canh thien nhien, cd the to chiic cho khach tham quan, kham pha thien nhien va phat trien du Hch tam linh, v.v...
Vi vay, xa An Hao se la dau raoi lien ket vdi hai xa con lai de phat trien cac ehucmg trinh du lich cpng dong. Tai An Hao se thanh lap Tmng tam du lich cpng dong (vdi cac dich vu an uong, mua sam, bai dau xe, khu ve smh cong cpng...), thanh lap dpi Hudng dan vien du hch de dua khach di tham quan cac diem du lich khac tren dia ban.
Det tho cam
X a V a n G i i oXa Vmh T m i ^ V"
-I ^ ^ faoi ctua bo ChuaKhmei
Tnmg tam du lich c o i ^ dong
Xa A n H a oDpi van nghe
Homestay D^c san thot not
ChuaKhmei Hinh 8: Md hinh du lich nong thon dtra vao cpng dong huyen Tinh Bien
Ngudn: Tdc gid de xudt ti-en casaiham vdn chuyen gia vd lanh dao dia phuang
Tgp chi Khoa hpc Trudng Dai hoc Cdn Tha D i n g thdi, tai xa An Hao ciing tap trung phat triln cac co sd luu tni du Iich theo mo hinh horaestay, t l chiic cho du khach diam gia chuong trinh giao luu va trai nghiem van hda nghe thuat
"Dem hoi Khmer". Ngoai ra, co the t l chiic cac tour du lich Trecking (di bo dudng dai) kham pha mii Ba Dpi Om, tham quan rimg thot not va tim hieu nghe lay nude thot not, tham quan vudn cay an trai, vudn dupe lieu. Trong tuong lai, d day co the phat trien dich vu ngam chan, xong hai bang thao duac.
Xa Vinh Tmng co L l hpi dua bo ]a le hpi cdp quIc gia nen rdt co tiem nang phat trien du hch le hpi. 0 xa VTnh Tmng co chiia Thom Mit la chiia Khraer nii tiing co kiln tnic dep, khuon vien rpng, CO kmh la buong va dan nhac ngii ara de phuc vu du lich Ngoai ra, xa VTnh Trung cdn co nghe lam banh canh rat noi tieng vdi thuong hieu "Banh canh VTnh Trung" c6 the to chirc cho du khach thara quan va trai nghiem nghe lam banh canh.
Xa Van Giao co khu du lich sinh thai rung tram Tra Su nen rat thuan tien de to chiic thanh tuyen diera du lich de ket noi vdi cac diera du hch nong thon tren dia ban. Dac biet, d day cd lang nghe det tho cam co truyen cua ngudi Khmer d xa Van Giao rat dpc dao va hap dan. 0 xa Van Giao con co chiia Van Rau la ngoi chiia co vdi kien tnic dep, c6 bp kinh la buong nen la mpt diem tham quan du lich rat c6 tiem nang Ngoai ra, co the khai thac tuyen du iich ket noi giira lang nghe det tho cam Van Giao vdi khu du Iich rimg tram Tra Su va chiia Van Rau nam tren dia ban ciia xa thanh mpt he thong tuyen diem du hch hap dan.
3.4 Giai phap phat trien du iich nong thon dya vao cong ding d huyen Tinh Bien
De phat trien du lich nong thdn dyra vao cpng dong ngudi Khmer d huyen Tinh Bien, rapt so giai phap can thuc hien nhu sau:
Xay dung Trung tam du lich cpng d i n g huyen Tinh Bien lam dau raoi tiep d6n khach du lich va dua khach den cac diera du hch cong d i n g trong buy^n. Tmng tam du hch cpng d i n g bao gira nhilu h^ng muc, trong do co bai dau xe cho khach du Hch k i t hpp vdi cac co sd djch vu du lich nhu ban d l an uong, qua luu mem, dac san dia phuong.
Can van dpng ngudi dan dau hr xay dung cac co sd luu tni cho khach du lich theo rao hinh horaestay.
Cac hp dan tham gia !am dich vii homestay duoc lira chpn theo hudng tan dung nhung dilu kien nha d san CO ciia hp,_c6 cai tao va dau tu trang bi mdi nhung khong nbilu. Trong d6_, uu tien cac hp dan con luu giii nha d theo kilu kiln Uiic truyin thing ciia dia phuang, rihal la kieu nha san cua ngudi Khmer d vung That Son. Khuyin khich cac hp dan phat triln
Tap 54 So 6C (2018): I4S-I57 dich vu an uong ket hpp vdi ca sd luu tni bomes^, Dac biet, can chii y khai thac van boa am thirc ciia ngudi Khmer de tao ra net dpc dao trong am thuc dia phuang.
Chii trpng dau tu xay dung khu ve smh cong cpng dong bp va hien dai de phuc vu du lich. Ding thdi van dpng ngudi dan cai l^o canh quan moi trudng xanh sach dep, nang cao y thiic cpng dIngvS v l smh moi trudng.
Day manh phat trien du lich lang nghi theo hudng chuyen td boat dpng kinh te don thuIn thanh d i l m tham quan du lich. Nhu vay, can ddu tu phat trien cac dich vu dap ling nhu cau cua khach tham quan du lich. Dac biet, can chii trpng to chtic cfc boat dpng trai nghiem cho khach du lich tai laog nghe.
Khai thac cac hoat dpng van hoa nghe thuat gan vdi sinh boat cpng dong vdi cac tiet muc mua hat, nhac ngu am, tro choi dan gian ciia ngudi Khmer de phuc vu du lich. Ddng thdi, chii trpng khai thac cac le hpi truyen thong phuc vu du Ijch, nhat la Le hpi dua bo mot net van hoa dpc dao ciia ngudi Khraer viing That Son, An Giang.
Thanh lap to budng dan du lich ket hpp nghien ciiu xay dung cac bai thuyet minh ve van boa Khmer de gidi thieu vdi du khach. Xay dung tour, tuyen du lich nong thon dua vao cpng ddng, ket noi vdi cac diem du lich khac trong va ngoai dja ban huy?n Tinh Bien nbu' Niii Cam, Tra Su, Chau Doc, Ha Tien, v.v... To chiic cac chuang trinh du lich thir nghiem (farmtrip) mdi dai dien cac cong ty du lich, cac phdng vien bao dai tham gia de gidi thieu, quang ba ve du lich cong dong cua ngudi Khraer d huy?n Tinh Bien Dong thdi, thong qua chuong trinh nay de ISy y kien ddng gdp cai tien chuang trinh va hoan thien ban cac san pham du lich.
4 K E T L U A N
Canh quan thien nhien dac sac ciia viing niii Thai Son cung vdi nhirng gia trj van hoa ban dia ciia cong dong ngudi Khmer d huypn Tinh Bien rat dpc dao raa khong nai nao co duoc da tao nen tiera nang rat to Idn de phat triln du lich nong thon dua vao c6ng dong ngudi Khraer. Cac tilm nang nay lai cang co dieu kien phat huy neu ket noi vdi cac diem du lich hien c6 tr6n dia ban nhu: Niii Cdm, Tra Su va nhieu diem du lich khac de tao nen su da dang cho hoat dpng du Ijch d day.
Tuy nhien, tren thuc t l , viec phat tnen du lich nong thon dua vao cpng dong ngudi Khmer d huyen Tinh Bien ciing con nhieu kho khan va thach thitc nhu: von kiln thirc va ky nang du lich ciia ngucn Khmer cdn rdt ban cbl, ddi sdng cua da so ngin"
rgp chi Khoa hpc Truang Dai hpc Can Tha Tap 54 So 6C (2018) 148-157 ian con ngheo, dudng sa giao thong va co sd ha tdng
•Dhuc vy du lich chua phat triln. v.v...
Vi vay, de tao dieu kien cho vile hinh thanh va phat trien du hch nong thdn dua vao cpng dong ngudi Khmer d huyen Tinh Bien rat can co sir quan tam, ho tro ciia chinh quyen va cac co quan doan the cac cap, tir tinh den huyen, xa, ap de ciing chung tay phat trien du lich cpng dong nham gop phan xda doi giam ngheo, on dinh ddi s6ng, nang cao thu nh$p cho ngudi dan, gdp phan xay dung nong thon mdi, dong thdi gop phan bao ton va phat huy nhirng gia tri van hoa truyen thong ciia dia phuang.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Quach Thi Thu Cue, 2012. Cac chinh sach phai trien xa hpi va phan bo dan cu 6 huyen Tmh Bien 1986-2006 Tap chi Khoa hpc Xa hoi s6 11 (171)-56-76.
George, E.W.. Mail, H. and Reid, D G , 2009. Rural tourism development. Locahsm and cultural change. University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK, 275 pages.
Hpi Nong dan tinh An Giang, 2014 Bao cao Tong ket ket qua thuc hien Du an du lich nong nghiep (Tai heu chua xuat ban). TP. Long Xuyen, An Giang.
PhamTrung Luang, 2015. Xay dung san pham du lich dac thii, nang cao tinh canh tranh ciia du lich Ninh Thuan trong xu the hoi nhap. Ngay truy cap 10/7/2016 tai dia chi
http://ninhthuan.vietccr vn/xem-1in-tuc/xay- dung-san-pham-du-lich-dac -thu-nang- cao-tin h- canh-tranh-cua-du-hch-ninh-thuan-trong-xu-the- hoi-nhap-default.html
Bill Xuan Nhan, 2009 Phat trien du lich nong thon a nuac ta hien nay. Tap chi Cpng san so 802. Ngay tmy c|p 07/11/2017 tai dia chi
htlp://wwwtapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/Nghienc uu-Traodoi/2009/1350/Phat-tnen-du-hch-nong- thon-o-nuoc-ta-hien-nay.aspx
QuIc hpi, 2017 LuSt Du hch 2017 (Luat sl:
09/2017/QHI4, ngay 19/6/2017). Ngay tmy cap 07/11/2017 tai dia chi
https://thuvienphapluatvn/van-b an/V an-hoa-Xa- hoi/Luat-du-hcli-2017-32293 6.aspx Vo Van Sen va Ngo Thanh Loan, 2017. Dinh hudng
khai thac san pham dac thii trong phat trien du lich nong thon is An Giang. Ky yeu hpi thao khoa hoc "Phat trien va nang cao chat luong san pham du hch An Giang" do UBND tinh An Giang to chuc tai Thanh pho Chau Doc, An Giang, ngay 17/5/2017'6-19,
Pham Van Son, 2014. Dac diem noi bat ban sac van hoa truyen thong ciia dan tpc Khmer tinh An Giang, Tap chi Van hoa lich sir An Giang, 10' 8-9 Stephen, J P and Getz, D., 1997 The Business of
Rural Tourism. Intemational Perspectives, International Thomson Business Press, USA.
Nguyin Thi Ngoc Tho, 2015. Tim hilu dan cuva truyen thong van hoa ciia dan toe Khmer, Cham, Hoa d An Giang, Tap chi khoa hoc Dai hoc An Giang, 6 10-15.
UBND huyen Tinh Bien, 2017. Tong quan huyen Tinh Bien Truy cap ngay 17/11/2017 tai diachi:
http://tinhbien.angiang.gov.vn/wps/portal/Home/
trang-chu/tong-quan-tinh-bien
