THLfCJNG THUG

NGHIEN C I I U - TRAO D O I

CAC TINH HUONG BAT THLfCJNG

THUG TRANB VA DINH HUVNG TRDNG QUAN LY NHA NUVC HIEN NAY

• GS.TS.NBUYEN HUU KHIEN (*) 1. Nhan thOc

BSn chat cCia quSn ly nha nudc la tac ddng tdl cac quS trlnh, cac quan he xa hdi dtfa tr§n cac quy djnh phap luat. Xa hoi vdn da khong ddn glSn, ddng nhSt ma cd cac quan h$ dan xen, phong phu va phijfc t^p (xa h^l, 11,1 nhi§n, chlnh tri, kinh te, vSn hda, sinh hoat dan sa.v.v...). C4c bleu hi§n khSc nhau, cSc tlnh hud'ng xa hdi deu ddi hdi stf chis ddng v4 utng phd ciia qu4n ly nha nudc va cdng ddng.

Cd tinh hudng didn ra mang tlnh dot bien, tufc thdi nhu cac hl$n tucjng ttf nhldn (ddng dSt, sdng than, ni3i ICta...) hoac hidn tuflng xa hOI (dich benh diln ra trong mot vung, trong mdt thdl gian ng^n); cSc tai ngn xSy dyng, trdn sdng, tren biln, cSc hda hoan do y6u td chD quan... Cd nhOng tlnh hudng khdng ph&l tifc thdl nhung b^t khS khang nhu: sieu bao, ddng d^t, ttikm hoa sau mua, bao, lu... mang

\ai nhDng hau q u i thidt hai ve kinh tS, xa hdi vk con ngudl. NhUng tlnh hudng md tk d trdn, cd t h l xep vao nhdm cac tlnh hudng b^t thudng va la ddl tUdng quan trpng cDa quin lli' n h i nUdc.

Tlnh hudng bi't thudng la mpt thu$t ngO chl mdt hidn tupng, mdt sU kidn, stf vide dien ra trong ddi sdng xa h^l c6 nguydn nhin tU ttf nhldn khach quan hoSc xuat phit tir chfnh ddl sdng xa hdi hoic chCi quan do con ngudi tao ra (nhu c i c hoat ddng kinh te, xa hOi, v i n hda, giao due, chim sdc sUc khde, t r i t tu x i hOI), mang den nhOng h i u q u i x i hpi 6 mOtc (') Nguyin Phd giim ddc Hpc vi$n Hinh chlnh Qu6c gla

dp khic nhau. Ti!f khii niem tren cd the phin tich c i c y l u to hlnh thUc v i thuoc tfnh cua tinh hudng bat thudng:

Tlnh hudng bat thudng l i mot hien tupng don nhit, x i y ra trong mpt thdl diem, tai mpt d|a dilm nhit dinh mang tdl h i u q u i tieu cUo cho xa hdi v i con ngudl.

TU diln tilng Viet thdng dgng, do t i c g i i Hoing Phd chCi bien nam 1988, dua ra khii nldm ve thuit ngB "hien tupng" dupc didn dat la "cii x i y ra trong khdng gian, thdi gian m i ngudl ta nhin thiy". Trong thuc t l , mpt sd hidn tuflng kinh t l - x i hpi m i h i u q u i cua nd t i c dong nghiem trpng tfli hoat ddng blnh thuflng ciia s i n xuit xa hdi hay ifli fch ci!ia con ngufli, nhung khdng de nhan bilt bit dau tU sal lim ve nhan thdc trong ITnh vuc quin trj x i hfli, x i y dung chfnh sach. Vf dg: chlln lupc dau tu v i quin ly cOa t i p doan kinh te; chfnh sich ngan hang v i d i u tu bat ddng s i n ; mang ludi x i y dung va phit triln ning luflng thuy didn... Cd nhOng thim hpa tU cho ddn l i x i t theo mpt hien tUflng nhat dinh, cg t h l nhung hiu q u i cija nd vUflt xa nhOng thiet hai cd t h l tfnh d i m dUflc ddl vdl nen kinh t l , xa hpi. Vf du diln hlnh nhu vg miy bay MH17 rdi khdng phil la mdt thim hda ddn i i , cing khdng phil l i "thim hpa kep", m i i i tham hpa mang tfnh d i y chgyin: tU thim hoa khOng khilp v l nhan mang vdl gan 300 ngudi thiet mang; dag thudng v i thiet hai khdng ch? mdt qgdc gla.

Bat thudng (theo tilng Anh i i Extraodlnary;

tilng Phip la Extraodlnaire) g i n vdl danh tU tinh hgdng d l chl tlnh chit, die diem xuit hiin va diln biln cga chijng. Tfnh chat bat thuflng ngoii su nhin thUe, stf ct\is dpng Ung To chli« nha num; so 6/2015

pho do dien bien hay xu^t hifin dot ngdt, tufc thl nha d6ng d^t, song than, nui iCfa. Co nhii'ng bat thadng do sir xu^Et hien ngoai quy luSt "khdng blnh thudng", nhung no van nam trong di^ bao, tinh toan tren cd sfl nhan thufe quy luckt, vi dg: bao trai mua, si§u bao vUdt xa cdc con sd du bao va si/ chuan bj.

Tfnh chat khong lucfng trudc cua thiet hgi

\k ydu t6 bat thudng cua cdc tlnh huong eg t h l . N6 CO the khong trfl thanh bat thudng ndu c6 Sif tai dien, vl con ngudi da can trong, cdnh gidc Ung pho hode rut ra bai hpc. La bat thudng co the do chung diln ra 6 mUc d6 tdc dpng gidng nhau, nhung khac nhau d su tiep c$n cCia con ngUdi. Ndu tiep can thu ddng (khdng du khd ndng n^m bit) thi trd thanh bdt thudng. Chung lam cho hogt ddng qudn ly khdng nSm trong du kidn, vUpt qua sU chuan bj ddi phd, gay thiet hgi trdm trpng cho con ngUdi, de Igi di hgi khdng d l khac phgc ngay dUdc.

C6 logi tlnh hudng bdt thudng khdng phdi do tdc dd cua diln bidn (ddt ngdt, tUc thdi), md Id sg mdt nilm tin nghidm trpng dudi con mdt cCia ngudi ddn va chd dd nhu sU phat sinh ldi (ch nhdm trong xa hdi'^'. tlnh trgng tham nhung thuc sg de dpa cd che va the chd. Tlnh bat thudng fl day dUdc nhgn thUc Id m$t trdi cija xa hdi mang hdu qud dgc biet nghidm trpng.

Tinh hudng bit thudng trd thdnh phgm tru nghidn cUu, tdng kdt tU thgc tiln quan ly xa hdi. Nd thudc ddi tupng cDa qudn ly xa hpi trong mdt xd hdi phdt triln d trlnh dp nhat djnh (c6 hidn tUdng trUdc ddy khdng nhdn thUc dupc thi ngdy nay da dupc nhdn thUc).

Nd dUdc nhdn dgng fl nhieu bilu hidn khac nhau vdi nhOng tdn gpi cg t h l va dac diem sau:

Thd nhit. Id nhQng sg kien cd thuc, dd diln ra. Chfnh nhOng diln bien dd diln ra, tac dOng dnh huflng, mang tdi h$u qud xa hdi d mdt ndi, mdt thdi diem nhdt djnh Idm cd sd nghidn cufu, phan tich, tim ra cdc yeu td mang tfnh quy ludt hode ngau nhldn trong nhdn thUc khoa hpc vd ly thuydt nhdt djnh vd chung.

Thd hai, mang ydu td khdch quan ho§c chu quan. Ydu td khach quan dUdc phan ra bfli cac tlnh hudng dien ra tU sU van ddng cda cdc ydu td trong tU nhidn mang tfnh quy lu$t tUdng ddi dn djnh, ngodi y mudn chu quan ciJa con ngUdi (cd nhdn, cong ddng hay t^

chUc). Ydu td chu quan thudc vd nhOng tinh hudng gSn lien vdi nhdn thUc cua con ngudi.

Thd ba, tfnh chat tdc ddng, dnh hudng ci!ia cdc tinh hudng bdt thudng tdi su bien ddi tidu cgc tdi dieu kidn sinh hogt cfl t h l tir nhOng nguydn nhan tg nhien khdch quan hoac xa hgi, nhOng hau qua va khd nang khdc phgc.

2. SU can thi^t phan I09I cac tinh hudng bilt thudng

Thd nhit, cac tinh hudng bdt thudng c6 chung mdt dgc dilm Id gay thiet hgi nghidm trpng cho xa hoi; nhung cd si/ khac nhau d nguydn nhdn, d i l n bidn, khac nhau 6 mdi trudng, khdng gian xudt hidn... Do dd, cdn thidt phdi phan logi d l cd sg chD ddng Ung phd dudi dgng nhdn bidt, chuin b| vd dd ra cdc gidi phap Ung phfl.

Thd hai, viec phdn logi khdng phdi ti^ cfic gidi phap quan ly, md cdn cd s\J chuan bj cho con ngUdi sM nhgn biet tU gidc do khoa hQC, Do dd, nhOng logi tinh hudng bat thUdng khac nhau CO the la nhOng ddi tU(?ng nghien cUu va xir ly cija cdc cd quan nghidn cUu hay qudn ly khdc nhau nen can xem xdt cdc chCi the qudn ly trong cdu true ciia chfnh phfl ndi chung va cDa Vidt Nam ndi ridng nhiim chuin bj cho cdc gidi phdp qudn ly xa hdi dgt higu qud cao.

Cdc tinh hudng bat thudng da dgng vi nguydn nhan xay ra, ve d i l n bidn va ketthuc;

da dgng vd hinh thtic theo quan he khach quan - chCi quan, quan hd v l t\j nhidn - xa hdi;

thdm chf tinh hudng bdt thudng co t h l dU0c phdn logi ve nhan thUc va hdnh vi; cd tinh hudng do hgn chd nh^n thijfc va cd ttnh hudng do ddng cd ca nhan. Vf dg: do thidu hieu bidt md chdy rUng vao mua hanh khd gdy thdm hpa vd do hieu bidt nhung cd y hOy hogi rUng do dong cd cua l<?i fch nhflm.

Vdi phdn tfch tren ddy, cfl t h l phdn logi cdc tlnh hudng bat thUdng nhu sau:

T6 choc nhsh nuoc s6 6/3015

- Cdc tlnh hudng bdt thudng do nguyen nhan tu nhidn khdch quan (vdi nhQng nguon gdc, dac d i l m , tfnh chat khdc nhau).

- Cac tinh hudng bat thudng xuat hidn trong ddi sdng xa hdi. NhQng tinh hudng nay g^n lidn hode xudt hidn tU hogt ddng xa hdi (vf dg nhg cdc djch benh trong xa hfli, cac chfnh sdeh vi md hode vTmd dUdc hlnh thanh trong bdi canh cfl sQ khdc biet tgi mdt thdi diem, nhgng hdu qud keo dai vd sau).

3. Nhufng khai ni#m co tUdng quan nQi hdm

Trong mpt sd hidn tuOng da xay ra d l Igi hdu qud tidu ci/c v l kinh td - xa hdi, nhgng dupe gpi tdn b^ng nhQng thudt ngQ khac nhau, CO the col chung thudc nhom cdc khai nidm Idn can, cd nhQng yeu td tUdng quan trong ndi hdm. Mdt sd khdt niem lan can dUdc dung tUdng tQ vdi tlnh hudng bat thudng trong bai vidt nay nhu thudt ngO: (hidn tUdng) rDi ro; (tlnh trgng) thdm hpa; (tinh hudng) bat khd khdng.

3.1 Rui ro

Day la tinh tQ chl tfnh chd't va hgu qud mpt sd tinh hudng trong ddi sdng kinh te - xa hoi.

Qua nghien cQu, tham khdo cdc eong trinh khoa hoe, cde d l tdi ludn an, luan van va tQ diln gidi nghTa thl: RQi ro Id dde dilm cDa mpt logi tlnh hudng xdy ra trong xd hdi do tg nhien khdch quan, hode chfnh xd hdi mang Igi, gay hdu qud kinh td - xd hdi bat lpi cho ehQ the khdng di theo huflng da tru lieu, tfnh todn.

Chung mang tfnh nglu nhien bat thudng"'.

Rui ro la hidn tUdng khdc thudng gay thiet hgi ve con ngudi vd tdi sdn, xdy ra mot each bdt ngd md con ngudi (td chQc, ca nhan) khdng cfl sQ chuin bj (vupt rg ngodi sU chuan bi), khdng kjp ddi phfl.

XQ ty cdc rfli ro Id hanh vi lidn quan ddn trdch nhidm vd quyln hgn cua nhd nudc, cpng ddng va nhQng cd nhdn (nhu cac chu doanh nghidp); nhQng ngudi cd trdch nhidm vd cac cdp chfnh quyln lidn quan ddn dg bdo, khuydn cdo, xdy dQng cdc gidi phdp, ra cdc quy dinh va m§nh ldnh trong qudn ly xd hdi. Mpt sd quan nigm, nhdn thQe khac ve rui

ro cung rat dang chu y, nfli Idn bdn chat, ddc trQng, d i l n bidn va hau qud xa hdi ma hidn tupng nay mang Igi.

Trong mdt de tdi nghidn cQu lidn quan ddn qudn ly rui ro trong ITnh vQc tin dung, rui ro dupc quan niem, phdn tfch nhU sau: mpi hogt ddng cua tQng cd nhan cung nhU todn xa hoi ddu hudng tdi mpt mge dfch nao dfl.

Co nhQng trudng hdp muc dfch khong dat dupc do trong qud trinh hogt ddng gap phdi rui ro. Vdy rui ro Id gl? Cd rdt nhidu khai niem vd rfli ro nhU "rui ro la nhQng bdt trac gdy ra md't mat thiet hgi"; "rOi ro Id sQ bd't trde ey t h l lien quan ddn vide xud't hidn mdt bidn cd khdng mong ddi"... Noi chung, mpi y kidn ddu di den khang dinh: rui ro Id khd ndng xdy rg tdn that ngodi dg kidn, ed t h l gdp bat cQ luc ndo ngodi y mudn eua con ngudi trong mgi rrnh vuc cOa ddi sd'ng, nhdt Id ITnh vuc kinh td.

Tren the gidi, ngudi ta da phdn ra nhieu logi rui ro trong hogt ddng ngdn hdng nhu rQi ro tin dgng; rQi ro hdi doai; rQi ro lai suat; rQi ro thanh khodn... i

Trong xa hpi hien dgi, xa h * cdng nghiep, xa hpi thdng tin, con ngQdi cd rdt nhidu phUdng tien, cdng nghd mfli, nhUng chfnh nhu'ng djch vu hien dai dfl cfl the gay ra nhQng bat c l n , thidt hgi. Qud nhilu bat can xung quanh con ngufli, ddn mQc cfl nhdn djnh rdng ngdy nay con ngudi dang sdng trong mot "xa hdi rui ro" hoac Id xa hdi dang tdn tai mot "mdi trudng sd hdi". Theo dd, con ngudi khdng ddm sQ dung vdt dgng gi khi ehua cfl kiem chQng sg an todn vd nfl (vf dg ngdc udng, thQc an, vdt dgng trong mot xa hdi ma hdng gid, hdng "nhai" trdn ian)"'.

3.2 Tham hQa

Theo TQ diln tidng Vidt do Gido sQ Hodng Phe chu bidn, thdm hpa cd nghTa Id: thim hoa ldn giy nhiiu cinh dau thddng^*\ Tis didn tidng Anh vd tidng Phdp ddu gidi thfch theo nghta tQdng ddng Id: tai hpa, thdm hpa. NhQng gidi thfch dfl chu ydu md ta hau qud khdng IQdng cua mpt sg kidn. Tham hpa theo chung tdi, la tinh hudng bdt thQdng, hdu qud cQa nfl khong To chlic nhih nwAc so 6/3015

nhDng gdy ra sg mdt mat v l cQa cdi vat chdt md cdn cd ydu td nhdn mang (ngUdi chet va bj thUdng vfli sd IUdng Ifln, diln bien mdt cdch kinh hodng). Ndi each khdc, "thdm hga"

Id thudt ngQ ch? nhQng tinh hudng bat thudng ma hdu qud cua nfl mang lgi sQ thidt hai nghidm trgng ve nhan mgng vd cQa eai. Trong sg mat mat thi ydu td sinh mgng eon ngUfli d bat ky qudc gia ndo trong thd gifli van minh ngay nay cQng deu la mat mdt hdng dau.

NhQng thdm hga da xdy ra tren the gifli cung nhQ 6 Viet Nam co cdc nguyen nhdn khdc nhau:

- Thdm hga tQ nguyen nhan chidn tranh gay ra sQ huy hogi nen kinh te, suy kiet tidm nang phdt then, Idm chdt ehdc, gay dau thUdng v l tdn thdt con ngudi.

- Thdm hga tQ nguyen nhdn suy thodi kinh tdtQcdc chfnh sach cue doan. Vfdu, nan doi nam 1945 fl Viet Nam da lam chdt hdn hai trieu ngUdi'**.

- Thdm hga tQ nhQng vg tai ngn hang khdng, hdng hdi vdi nhieu ly do khdc nhau nhu thdm hgaiihim tdu Titanic (Anh qudc); vg mat tfch mdy bay MH 370 cQa Hdng hang khdng Malaysia (thang 3/2014); vg rdi may bay MH17 thdng 7/2014).

- Cfl nhQng thien tai dupc xdp vdo mQe do thdm hga vl hgu qud cQa nd de dga sinh mgng hdng trigu con ngu^i (vf dg nhg nan hgn hdn tdi td nhd't xay ra ndm 2011 6 mgt sd qude gia chdu Phi da anh hgflng tdi 11,5 tridu ngUdi, vdi ty 1$ ngudi suy dinh dUdng vd ty Id trfl em tQ vong cao ddng kinh nggc).

3.3 Bit kha khing

Bat khd khdng Id thudt ngO noi vd mdt diln bien tQ nguydn nhdn chu quan hogc khdch quan nhd't djnh md ddi tUpng chju tac ddng dudng nhu khdng the chdng chgi, hdu qud la khdng trdnh khfli sg thiet hgi vd vat chdt, tdi sdn hode eon ngudi. Bat khd khang Id tfnh ehdt cQa mdt hidn tUgng, tlnh hudng ma ddi tupng chju tdc ddng khdng t h l chdng dd, tdt ydu mang tdi hdu qud tieu cQc (khdng cd hi^n tupng tfch cgc ndo Igi dUdc mo td bing khdi niem Id bdt khd khdng cd). Vf du.

mdt trdn vQ dd dot ngdt vdo mdt thdi dilm bat ngd, con ngUdi khdng kjp chudn bj din ddn thidt hai mua mang, cudn trdi tai sdn va eon ngudi. Tfnh chdt ddt bidn cdng vfli siJc hCiy diet cQa nd khien cho con ngudi th§m chf Id cd cgng ddng bdt lgc, bd tay trudc cdnh cua cdi troi theo ddng nudc; hoac nhQng tran djch hgch, ddu mQa trong cdc the k^ trade day khi khoa hgc chua tim ra thude chQa, con ngQfli thadng nhin thdy chdt choc ma phdi bo tay. Do Id nhOng tlnh hudng mang tlnh bat khd khdng.

Trong nen kinh td - xa hgi cd nhilu tinh hudng mang tfnh bat khd khdng. Vf dg; khong bdn nao phai chju trdeh nhidm cho vide khdng thgc hien cdc nghTa vg cfla minh trong hop ddng khi nguydn nhdn cua viee khdng thi/c hi$n dd xudt phdt tQ ket qua cCia thidn tai (bao gdm hfla hogn, IQ Igt, dong dat, baotd hay cdc thdm hga tg nhien khdc), djch hga, chiln tranh, bom min edn sot Igi sau chidn tranh, hdnh dgng cQa k l thQ ngfle ngodi, thu nghjch.

4. Cac tlnh hudng bdt thudng thugc ddi tUging qudn ly cita nha nudc

Cde tinh hudng bat thgdng, dQ d mQc dd ndo cQa sg thigt hgi cung la nhQng hi$n tapng kinh td - xa hpi lien quan ddn sinh hogt cua xa hdi, cdng ddng va con ngUdi. Mdt khi ChQng gay ra nhQng thidt hgi cho xa hOi thl ehSc Chan nhd nudc phdi tdc dgng, ngdn ngQa theo dung chQc ndng cija qudn iy, dung bdn chat nhdn van cQa nhd nudc xa hdi chi!l nghTa. Can cQ cua qudn ly nhd nudc phdi la khung the che thdng qua he thdng phdp lu$t vd hd thdng t l chQc, nguon nhan iQc va v^t iQc kem theo.

NQdc ta cd sQ uu ddi cQa tg nhidn tQ vj tri dja 1;/ vdi sg da dgng v l thfli tidt, khf hdu nhgng cung chQa dQng nhQng ydu td bdt l^i mang tfnh bat thadng. Vide ngdn ngQa tdc hai cua cde tinh hudng bat thQdng phg thudc vao eac ydu td nhu tfnh cdng ddng, kinh nghidm, ndng Igc t l chQc qudn ly vd tilm ndng vdt chd't, ky thuat cQa nhd nUflc.

Vdi sg chu dgng trong cdc chu trUdng, quydt sdch cua nhd nudc trong nhQng ndm T6 chnc nhd nooc s^ 6/3015

qua cho thay trinh do, nang lgc t l chQc qudn 1^ da dupc nang Idn ro ret. NhQng trdng chd sM may rui tQ tg nhien ve ngudn nadc tudi tidu da bj ddy IQi b i n g chidn lupc phdt triln thQy ldi; nhidu logi djch bdnh da dUdc khdng chd, ddy IQi chQ khdng con mong chd vao sQ may ri!ii nhQ trade day...

Tuy nhien, tQ quan diem phdt triln b i n vQng, quan dilm vd cgnh tranh todn c l u nha mflt xu the khdng t h l ddo ngUpc, thl nhQng chl sd phdt triln ve kinh td, phdt trien con ngadi d nQdc ta cfln xdp 6 vj trf thdp. Oilu dfl gidi thfch tgi sao trong qudn ly xd hdi ndi chung va qudn ly cdc tinh hudng bdt thuflng noi rieng van la nhQng vdn de nam trong quydt sdch, chQ trUdng tdn eua Ddng vd Nhd nudc.

Di ChQ ddng ngan chgn cdc tlnh hudng bat thuflng, cdc rui ro, cdc tinh hudng bat khd khdng, thl qudn ly nhd nudc can nhim vdo cde ITnh vge cd bdn sau ddy:

Thd nhi't, cdn cd quan dilm rd rdng d l ngfin ch§n cdc tlnh hudng bat thudng trong tdng the chidn lUdc phat trien kinh td - xa hdi cQa Ddng va Nhd nudc, tQ dd lam cd s6 cho vide huy ddng mpi ngudn lge xa hdi, trong nudc vd qudc td nhim phdng ngQa, phdng chdng eac thdm hga hay rui ro.

Thd hai, he thdng cdc quy pham xa hdi cdn duqc ddt ra mgt each ddng bd, kjp thdi, bit ddu tQ khung the chd trong Hidn phdp, lu$t vd cdc vdn bdn quy pham hanh chfnh. TQ thge t i l n mgt sd tlnh hudng, tQ vdn de mdi trudng, tQ cde hogt dgng djch vg nhg thQy lgi, thuy di$n, cde dg an kinh td gay hdu qud nghiem trpng da eho thdy nhu'ng hgn chd trong qudn I^' nhd nUdc, chUa rdnh mgch vd trdch nhiem vd quyen ngay trong cac van bdn phdp ludt; thidu sg qudn ly kjp thdi cd trong phdt hi^n va qua trlnh xQ ly.

Thd ba, xdy dgng hd thdng td chQc ddng bd, ddng d i u theo tfnh toan khoa hgc vd kinh nghidm tQ qua khQ cdc dien bidn bd't thQdng tgi cde khu vge khae nhau trong cd nudc. Chfnh phQ da cd hd thdng qudc gia v l td ChQc phflng ngQa thien tai. Tuy nhidn, qua thQC td cd nhQng tlnh hudng xQ ly cfln ndng

ve hinh thQc, chQa thgc su mang lai hidu qud tQ tac dgng true tidp cua qudn ly. ChQng ta mdi chQ ddng mgt phdn trong cdc tinh hudng thidn tai bao lu, nhung nhQng tinh hudng v l mdi trudng, hfla hogn cho thdy tfnh chuyen nghidp con la van d l can dat ra de hoan thidn.

Thd tu, mud'n quan ly hieu qud phdi cd ngudn lgc ddng bg vd chuyen nghidp. Nhd nuflc da CO chu tradng vd t l chQc vd eon ngQdi, nhang chaa dgt ra yeu cdu va trdch nhiem cg t h l qua tdng ket, danh gid tQ cdc vg vide da xdy ra thi hieu qud xay dgng ngudn lgc v i n cd ydu td ddi phfl, hinh thQc. Vi vdy, van de eon ngQdi cdn ddt ra trdn cdc mgt: sd IQdng, cd eau, nang lgc, ky nang va ehe dd, ehfnh sdch.

Thd nam, ddu tg tdi chfnh, trang thiet bi ddp Qng ydu cdu trong Qng phd ede tinh hudng bd't thQdng. Gidi quydt nhOng tlnh hudng bd't thQflng, ngodi ydu td t l chQe va con nggfli, cdn cdn nhQng chi phf d l ddu tQ cdc trang thidt bj phgc vg qudn ly. Cfl nhQng tinh hudng khdng t h l xQ \'^ dagc eh? vl thidu trang bj, hode trang bj khdng ddng bd, chdt lupng kdm. Ddt ra vide cdn cd ddu tQ Idn trong vide xQ ly cdc tinh hudng bat thadng mdi tQ chfnh ydu cau do tfnh phQe tgp, mQe do cug diln bidn khdng binh thudng, md chua dat ra vdn dd efl ngudn tat chfnh d l bdo ddm trang bj cho qudn ly Qng phd cdc tinh hudng dgt hieu qud •

Ghi chu:

(1) Vin kien Hoi nghi Ban Chip hinh Trung Udng lan thd 4, 5 (khoa XI) cua Ding C0ng sin Viet Nam.

(2) Rdi ro dugc gidi thfch fl mgt trong nhQng nghTa cDa tQ trong tidng Nga Id Beda;

tidng Anh Id Sisk (rui ro, t i n that); tidng Phdp Id Malchanceux.

(3) "Quin ly nhi nudc ddi vdi cic rdi ro trong ddi sdng xa hoi.. Sdd.

(4) Td diin tieng Viet, Sdd.

To chlic nhd nuoc so 6/3015