Hoang Thi TuySt Mai Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 163(03/I)' 1 5 - 1 8
PHU'OfNG THU'C iTNG XU* VCtt CHU" NOM CUA VUA T V DU'C QUA ''HUANBfCH THAP DIEU DIEN NGHIA CA''
Hoang Thj Tuyet Mai*
Trudng Dgi hoc Khoa hoc - DH Thai Nguyen
TOM
T A TKhi ban den chitc n3ng xa h6i ciia chtj NSm, v5n hoc Nom nghia la de cap den mot hudng trong t6ng the phuong thiic iing xii oila cac chinh th^ thdi trung dgi vdi chQ Nom va van Nom Cdc v3n ban giao hoa ciia chinh the chiia dung nhihig dieu IS co tinh co che chinh sach, dupc ban hanh bing Han van sau dupc dien Nom, roi truyen khau (bang each doc thugc long) Viec dien Nom cac van ban nhu the dua chu Nom tir vi tri thong tyc sang vj tri U cfing cu chuyen tai dgo li. Trong phgm VI bai viet, chimg toi de cgp d^n v3n bgn diln Nom Hudn dich thdp dieu cug vua Ty Diic co y nghia nhu la cgch thiic nang cao chiic nSng xS hfii ciia tieng Viet DSy la mfit di san qui gia Ihdi trung dgi trong viec pho bien chinh hoa, co y nghta nang ego chiic nang va nang luc ciia tieng me de. Djc biet qua trinh luu hgnh cac van ban giao hoa da thuc day mgnh hon sy ra ddi ciia cac sang tac v5n chuang Nom dich thyc, gop phan tgo nen n^n v3n hoc Nom giau co, trudng thanh hon Tir khoa: Chii Nom, Vdn hoc Nom, Phuang thuc irng xi>, Gido hda, Vdn chuong quoc ngir Dien Nom cac v a n b a n t r i e u n g h i - each
t h u x " g i a o h o a " c u a c h i n h t h e
Thdi trang dgi, moi quan he giiia chu Han v i chii N o m ludn eo tinh chat hai chieu. Chu Han t h u d n g d u p c coi la p h u a n g tien ghi lai, thudng thiic, quang ba nhirng gi thupc ve c i i cao qui, chinh thong Nhtrng sang t i e bang ehu Han dap iing n h u n g nhu cau thuoc ve nhiing gia tri t h u p n g dang, dap iing c i c chiie nang cd tinh quyen uy v a h p c thugt. Tuy vgy, nhihig van ban ciia cac chinh the muon den den vdi quang dai dan ehiing t h u d n g p h i i qua khau dien Ndm, Vipc dien N d m cae van b i n cd tinh chat n h i n u d e ciia cac ehinh the dupc xem la can thiet v i d u a c cae chinh the khich 1?. Thdi Tran, lich sir da timg ghi Iai vi?c g i i n g g i i i am nghia day tinh bi hai giiia T y H i n h khien v i Vien Han lam (sy kien Le Tdng Giap v i Dinh Cung Vien) Thdi Le- Tiinh, chua Trinh Doanh cung da sai tham tyng Nhii Dinh T i n ' dien ca 47 dieu Li tneu gido hda diiu le tir thgp thdt diiu eua vua Le Huyen Tdng t h i n h van van theo the lye bat.
' Tel: 0986 222413, Email: hiyetmaidhl([email protected] ' Trong tap chi Nam Phong, s6 88 ghi la Nhii Dinh Tgn, cac tai lieu khac deu ghi la NhO Dinh Toan.
Trong bai viet chung toi got ten theo bdn ciia Tap chi Ngm Phong
2. Dieu If gido hoa trieu Le, Tgp chi Nam Phong (s6 88),tr 3 2 2 - 3 2 9
pho bien khap lang xa. Tham vong ciia eae dang be tren la pho bien nhiing tap tuc ve gia dinh v i xa hpi theo tieu ehuan Nho gia den khap ehon nhan gian
Hudn dich thdp diiu (Thanh dy Huan dich thap dieu) la mot van b i n do vua Minh Mgng ban bo vao nam 1834, d u a c T y Diic dien N d m nam 1870, gpi la Hudn dich thdp dieu dien nghta ca. "Huan djch" l i sy dgy do eiia t n e u dinh vdi c i c t i n g ldp dan nai thdn eung xdm vang (ma phan Idn la khdng biet chii Han), la nhirng h u d n g dan ve dieu le eupc song ciia chinh the ban den cho dan, nham giir
"thdi thuan, tyc tot". Ban h i n h va giang g i i i
" t h i p dieu" I i viec hpe theo phep xua, Iam theo Thi, Thu-- mot c i c h the hien su ton sung CO nhan, lay q u i khu lam chuan m u c cho nhiing h i n h vi iing xit duong thdi HuSn dich thgp diiu dien nghta ca- iing xir d i n h hu'dng ciia chinh t h e
U'ng xu dinh h u d n g la cich thitc dinh h u d n g cho c i quoc gia, cdng dong, xa hpi h u d n g v i o va tuan theo nhung chii truang, dudng loi ed tinh dan d i t xa hoi, T y Dire l i mpt vj vua hay ehii, simg N h o v i uyen bac nhat tneu Nguyen. Khi eai t n , T u Diic luon y thiic t r i c h nhiem eiia mot vi vua vdi dan, vdi nude, luon mong muon dan duoc h u d n g ngay Nghieu, t h i n g Thuan N h a vua dau dau nght den viec
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Hoang Thi Tuyet Mai Tgp chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 163(03/1) 15-18
bio luu van hien dan tgc, cho md Tap Hien
Vien va Khai Kinh Dien de bin ve tha phii, Iich sii vi chinh tri vdi eie tri thiie duang thdi. Nhi vua bien den ehii Ndm vdi mong muon thyc hien dupc khit vpng chinh hda, thyc thi dupc nhiing khudn ving thude ngpe ciia eo nhan, dinh hudng dupe phep tic cua xa hdi de dan theo do ma nhuan tham dao ly.
Dien Nom Hudn dich thdp dieu la phuang thiic ling xii kha dgc bigt, la mgt hi?n tupng kha dpc dio vi dien hinh trong nhirng nam thing ciia thdi tmng the ki. Myc dich dieh Ndm nham quang ba dupe rgng rai, giai quyet dupc nhiing van de xa hgi, kinh te, van hda cua thdi dai.
Md Sa.\xHudn dich thdp diiu dien nghla ca:
"Vang lai thdnh du ddnh rdnh Tit xua, chiia thdnh vua minh cdm quyin Ldy dao chinh dgy ddn den.
At toan ddn hda, tuc nen, ldm ddu." [3,179]
{Khai mdo, Huan dieh thap dieu dien nghia ea) 'Tliinh du" l i ldi day ciia vua, d diy l i vua Minh Menh "Dan hda" la lam cho ngudi dan dupc van mmh tien bp hon, Dien Nom van ban niy, vua Tu Dire hudng den viee bio ve thuan phong mt tye, giii gin chinh dgo, chinh hoa mpt each "danh hanh" (ro rang, rinh rot).
Tac pham dii 486 ddng, viet theo the lyc bit, de doc de nhd Sd dt tie gii dien Ndm bdi ngudi tiep nhan - tuyfit dgi nhan dan la nhung ke "que ngiy", it chii nghia, vi Igi ''''sdch xua nghta ly kho suy'' ma "Lgj e tieng ndi nhd Thanh khac minh ". Mong muon cua nha vua la khoi phuc giudng moi eiia Khong hoc, pho bien ehinh hda den mpi tang ldp nhan dan bing chii Ndm:
"Hodng thdn cho din cdc tdi.
Hoc tro cho din cdc lodi qudn ddn.
Ddu ai ham dgc hay vdng,
Truac con la ddng. nay cdn mdi nen" [3,935]
{Tdng kit, Huan dich thap dieu dien nghia ea) Trai suot 486 ddng tho la mudi bon Ian tir
"thanh": Thdnh hiin. chiia ihanh vua minh, thdnh hudn, thdnh nhdn, hiin thdnh.. ehiing 16
td long ngudng md vdi tien thinh, lay tien thinh lam guang, lay dao thinh hien Iim gieng moi. Thyc te xa hdi duang thai, phong hda da suy vi, nhiing khudn ving thudc ngpc cua thanh nhan khong thyc sy cd gii tri thyc tien. Van bin ndi den "Idi dam" nhu mpt bieu hipn di xuong ciia thuan phong mi tue:
"Nhu ldi thay Mgnh cUng khuyen:
"Len ddm, ndl vgy. nit xiin, thdy diia"
[3,990]
{Gidi ddm thdc, Huan dich thap dieu diln nghia ca)
Tic pham cd tinh cich chiie nang, truyen tai dgo ciia thanh hien, ed chiic nang ran day, giio huan khuyen eon ngudi tranh xa cam bay, nhat Ii cam bay xie thit.
Viec bien dich Hudn dich thdp diiu mpt m^t the hign dinh hudng iing xii ciia nhi vua vdi muon dan, mgt khac the hien sy lo au va bi kich cua mgt hoang de duong quyen dang sa sut, mgt nha van hda, mdt tri thitc dang au Io, phap phdng trade mpi muu sy duong thdi Hudn dich thdp dieu dien nghia ca - irng xii iam girong ciia chinh the
Ben cgnh phuong thiic iing xu dinh hudng c6 tinh chi dao trong viec xie dinh chiie nang xa hgi cua eac di^u le neu tren. Viee dung chu Nom de giing giai cac dieu le dd cd y nghia nhu viec Iim guang trong viec de eao tieng mg, nham tdn vinh su hiiu dyng, tinh thyc tien eua quoc am Nom. Binh dien lam guang ciia phupng thiic irng xii the hien d eho, nha vua da dich than dung quoe am, quoc ngii de trayen tai nhirng chuan myc mdt thdi thinh tn, phong hda va van van theo thude do eiia thdi Dudng Ngu Tam Dgi. d phuang dien nay, Ty Due ung xu nhu la "tin dd" tin diing quoc van, bin giio hda la minh ehiing cho kha ning eua quoe van de bieu dgt nhiing van de the dao nhan tam. Viee trpng dung ehu Ndm nhu mpt the m^nh de ehan hung nen van hda, trayen tai mpt tic pham co tinh "dieu Ie"
ty than nd mang tinh khudn phep, tinh dien
pham, nhu Ii mot "su eho phep" xa hgi.
Hoang Thi Tuy^t Mai Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHB 163(03/1), 15-18
"chuan" cho luu hanh quoc van Ndm trong phgm vi xa hpi.
Trong so sing tic do s$ (khoang 600 bii van, hon 4.000 bii tha), Ty Diic chii trgng dgc biet den sing tie bing ehii Ndm (khping 100 bai tha). Vdi vai trd ngudi diing dau ehinh the, Ttf Due cdn thyc thi viee dien che hda chii Nom {T-u Dire thdnh che Tu hgc gidi nghta ca), dien ca Lugn ngir, sai Le Ngd Cit dien ca quoc su,... Viee Iam ciia Tu Due dupe Le Hiru Muc viet: "Phong trdo vdn hgc chir Nom do ngdi nhiit thdnh phdt dgng dd ndi len viec nhd vua chdp thugn su dung chu Nom nhu mgt vdn tu chdn chinh" [3,77].
Thdi trang dai, chinh the vira li ngudi dinh chinh sich vira la ngudi ehi dgo viia la ngudi Iim mau. Vai trd niy eiia cic chinh the chi cd the dupe giai thieh khi dat hp vao vai trd la chti the quoc gia. Cupc ddi Iam vua eua Ty Diic CO nhieu that bgi, song vdi vai trd mdt tri thiic, mgt nhi van hda thi dng cd edng trong viee de cao tieng ndi dan tpc. Hudn dich thdp dieu bang Hin van dupe giang giai bang tieng mp d6 d nai thon da Ii mot bien phap vira dap ling vdi yeu eau eCia ehinh quyen trpng viec pho bien ehinh hda, vira nang eao chiic nang vi nang lyc eua tieng mg de
Hudn ^ch th^p diiu diin nghia ca vdi nen van hgc Nom dan tdc
Mae du dupc ban hinh vdi tu each nha nude song khi ban ve gia tri eua ban dien Ndm cac nha nghien ciiu danh gii thinh cdng d phupng dign ngdn ngu van chuang hem la phuang dien giao hda. "Muc dich gido due qudn chiing nhu trong thdi Minh Minh thi thuc dd Id mgt hdnh ddng khdng hgp thdi khdng vi the md dem nguyen bdn Thdp dieu ndm 1834 dp' dung cho thi he 1870 khong thay ddi mgt chic" [3, 68]. Tuang trayen, duong thdi ed eau hit dan gian phan anh noi Idng ngudi dan. "Vm xem hdt/Nhat xem ben./
Td tai xem hgi,/ B6i roi xem ddm ma./ Cdn Thdp diiu,/ Bd cua bd nhd md di nghe gidng". Nghia Ii, dan chting cung khong tim thay su hiru dung eiia nhirng phep tie xua cii, dil nd da rat de hieu:
'Nen ta dich lgi ddnh rdnh, Mugn ldl ca vmh di linh ngdm nga Thd que md ddng ihiec thd.
Hay e chua rd, huong Id ddm them." [3, 935]
{Tdng kit, Huan dieh thgp dieu dien nghta ea) Ty Due dupc ghi nhan d tii dich thuat. khi nang ngon ngii "Ddu tien. Icy thualphiin dich ciia vua Tu Ditc dd td ta xudt sdc mgt cdch ky lg Tinh thdn ton trgng co nhdn, long ngudng md doi vdl vua Thdnh td, th hieu dich thudt cua thdl dgi, tdt cd dd cung cdp cho nhd vua mot khd ndng diin dgt trung thdnh vd chinh xdc hi hihi." [3, 69]. Ddng gdp cua van bin giao hda chu yeu l i van dien ehe van ty vi hg thong hoa cich viet ehii Nom "Phdn dong gdp ciia Tu Du-c trong cong cugc diin chi vdn tu- la qui dinh nhieng tuang quan giita dm vd nghta de cd the xep chit Nom theo bd mon mdt cdch he thong, cong viic md Taberd da ldm duac mdt phdn ndm 1838 trong cudn Dictionarium Anamitico-latinum (Nam Viit duang blip tu Vl) " [3, 72].
Trong Iich sir vin hgc, tu kha sdm chu de giio hda da dupe dien dat bang chii Ndm.
Nhiing tap tha Ndm Idn nhu Qude dm thi tdp, Hdng Ditc qude dm thi tdp. Bgch Vdn quoc ngO- Ihi... hudng vao di§n dgt nhieu van de ve giio hda, hudng vio de cao ehinh thong duoe xem nhu l i ket qui su tae dgng cua eie phuong thiie iing xii tir phia chinh the doi vdi ehir Nom, vin hoc Ndm. Cac tap dien ca Uch sir de eao chinh thong, traat bo tiem nguy, de cao danh phgn nhu Thien Nam mmh gidm, Thien Nam ngit luc. Dai Nam qude sit dien ca,. eting diing chir Ndm de tuyen trayen, pho bien nhiing "chinh sach", "chu truong"
mdi ciia cic chinh the den vdi quing dai nhan dan Hudn dich thgp dieu dien nghta ca ciing la mpt trong nhiing tic pham theo dudng hudng do, Vdi Hudn dich thap diiu dien nghta ca, vua Tu Dire y thue dupc vai tro to Idn cua chu Ndm, da dung chii Nom vao nhirng cong viec cd tinh chit quan phuong.
Dd la phuang thiie nang cao ehiie nang vi
nang lyc ciia tieng me d6, la di san qui biu ve
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Hoang Thi Tuy^t Mai Tap chi KHOA HOC & C 6 N G NGHE 163(03/1) 15-IS ngdn ngii dan tgc. Dgc bigt qui trinh luu hinh
eie van ban giio hda da thiic day mgnh han sy ra ddi ctia eac sang tie van chuang Ndm dich thyc, gop phan tgo n6n nen van hpc Ndm giiu cd, trudng thinh han
Trong sy ch^ ude ciig van hda, ngdn ngir, van hpc trung dgi, chinh the Dgi Viet da lya chpn chu Hin Iam ngon ngii nhi nude, lya chpn van ngon chii Han de ban hanh nhiing ehinh Ignh. Ben eanh ehii Han, ehu Ndm dupe sit dyng bo khuyet vio nhiing phan mi chii Hin khdng dli khi nang bieu dat. Mdi trudng hinh chiie cua tieng Ndm, chii Ndm, van Ndm ngiy cang md rpng. Van ban Hudn dich thdp dieu dien nghta ca la mot chiing nhan eho budc phit
tnen mdi cua chu Ndm trong nhung nam thing dai ciia giai doan tnmg the ki
T A I LIEU THAM KPL^O 1 Dao Duy Anh (2009), Vi^l Nam,vdn hoa sit cTfcmg, Nxb Van hgc. Ha Noi
2. Dinh Gia Khanh chii bien (1998), Vdn hpc Vi?l Nam tir the ki X den nita dau the ki XVIII, N>*
Giao dye, H^ Nfii,
3. Le HQU Myc gidi thieu, phiSn am, djch thual, suu giang (1971), Hudn dich thdp diiu thdnh dif cua vua thdnh Id dien nghTa ca cua vua Due Tong, Phli quoc vg khanh d3c trach van hoa xuat ban, Sai Gon
4 Tran Nho Thin (2012), Vdn hgc Vi ft Nam lit the kiXden hit the kiXIX, Nxb Giao duc. Ha Noi.
S U M M A R Y
F E U D A L A T T I T U D E S A N D P O L I C I E S T O W A R D S N O M S C R I P T I N MORAL CATECHISM m TEN ARTICLES (HUAN BICH TH4P DIE U DIEN NGHIA CA) BY T U D U C
Hoang Thi Tuyet Mai' University of Sciences - TNU It IS necessary to study the social functions of Nom script in order to understand the language policies of Vietnamese medieval administrative bodies The official documents which announced that the dynasty's policy was normally composed m Chinese script. However, they had to be translated into Nom scnpt and popularized in the vernacular This behavior enabled Nom script, which had been considered as an unofficial scnpt, to deliver moral and official messages from the feudal admimstrgtions. In this article, we show that Moral Catechism in Ten Articles (Huan dich thdp dieu) by King Ty Diic helped to increase the social functions of Vietnamese Especially, the use of Nom script in popularizing ofEicial messgges glso promoted the composition of Nom literature, enriching and strengthenmg Vietnamese literature written in the mother tongue.
Key words: Nom script, Nom literature, language policy, catechism, national language literature
Ngdy nhan bdi: 27/9/2016; Ngdy phdn bien: 28/10/2016; Ngdy duyit ddng: 31/03/2017 Tel: 0986222413. Email: [email protected]
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