NGHIEN CLfU-TRAODOI
• m TINH TRONG ONG NGHIEM VA NHUfNG VAN DE PHAP L[ PHAT SINH
NGUViN THI LAN"
Tom tdt: Bdi viet de cap diiu kien de ngudi phu nir dpc thdn hodc cap vg chdng vd sinh dugc thiic hien ki thugt thg tinh trong dng nghiem; nhimg vdn de phdp li phdt sinh tir vi$c dp dung cdc dieu ki^n ndy, dgc biet la trong vdn de sir dung nodn, tinh triing, phdi khi mgt ben vg, chdng chet hogc vg chdng li hon. Tir do. bdi viet dua ra mpt sd gidi phdp hodn thien phdp lugt bdo ddm vice dp dung phdp lugt ihdng nhdt. cd hieu qud tren thuc te.
Tu khod: Cap vg chdng vd sinh; ki thudt thu tinh trong dng nghiem; ngudi phg nir dgc thdn; xdc dinh cha, me, con.
Abstract: The paper discusses conditions for single women or infertile couples to use the technique of in vitro fertilisation; and legal issues arising from the application of these conditions, especially those relating to the use of ovule, sperm or foetus when only the wife or the husband dies or when the married couples get divorced. Based on that, the paper offers some recommendations for legal improvement to ensure the consistent and effective application of the law in practice.
Keywords: Infetile couple; in vitro fertilisation; a single woman; deterimantion of fathers, mothers and children.
L
uat hon nhdn va gia dinh nam 2014 va vdn ban hudng ddn da quy djnh chi tidt ve vide sinh con bang kT thuat hd trg sinh sdn, trong do cd de cap ki thuat tiiu tinh trong dng nghiem. Day la kT thugt hd irg sinh sdn dugc dp dung cho ca cap vg chdng vd sinh, ngudi phu nii ddc than vdi cdc didu kien nhdt dinh nham dam bao quyen va lgi I'ch hgp phdp ciia cac chii the, dgc biet la tre sinh ra bang kT thuat thu tinh trong ong nghiem. Bai viet dd cap dieu kien ma cap vg chdng vd sinh va ngudi phu nu ddc than dupe thu tinh trong dng nghiem vd nhiing he qua phdp If phdt sinh.1. Dieu kien cap vg chong vo sinh va ngirdi phu nir doc than du-pc thu tinh trong ong nghiem
Theo Nghi dinh ciia Chfnh phu sd 10/2015/ND-CP ngdy 28/01/2015 quy djnh
vd sinh con bang ki thugt thy tinh trong dng nghidm va dieu kien mang thai hd vi muc dfch nhdn dao (sau day gpi lit Id Nghj dinh sd 10/2015/ND-CP), "thu tinh trong dng nghiim Id su kit hgp giiia noan vd tinh trung trong dng nghiim di tgo thdnh phoi"
(khoan 1 Didu 2).
Dieu kien thii nhdt dp dung chung cho cac trudng hgp ma cap vg chdng dugc thyc hien kT thudt thy tinh ti-ong dng nghiem la cap vg chdng dd dugc xac djnh Id vd sinh -
"tinh trgng vpt chong sau mgt ndm chung song cd quan hi tinh di^c trung binh 2 - 3 Idn/tudn, khdng sir dung bi?n phdp trdnh thai md ngudi vg vdn khdng cd thai" (khoan 2 Dieu 2). Theo quy dinh nay, didu kidn "vd sinh" chi dugc dp dung cho cap vg chdng,
* Tien sT luat hpc, giang vi6n Tnr6ng Dai hpc Lu^l Ha Npi
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 2/2016
cdn ngudi phu nii ddc than khdng cdn dap ling didu kidn "vd sinh". Tuy nhien, Didu 11 Nghj dinh sd 10/2015/ND-CP quy djnh vd hd so dd nghi thyc hidn kT thuat thy tinh trong dng nghiem lai cd dogn: "Ho sa khdm xdc dinh vd sinh cita phu nu dgc thdn hodc cap va chdng dimg tin trong dan di nghi dugc thyc hi^n kT thudt thu tinh trong dng nghiem" (khoan 1 didm b). Xet vd mat phdp If, ngudi phu nii dgc thdn, tiic la hp khdng dang tdn tai mpt quan he hdn nhan, do dd khdng the xdc djnh rdng hp cd bi vd sinh hay khdng? Xet vd mat thyc td, ngudi phu nii dpc than vdn cd thd cd quan he tinh due va cd the vdn ddp ling dieu kidn vd sinh nhu da nSu trdn nhung quan he tinh due dd khdng dugc xdc dinh mgt each duong nhien nhu trong quan he hon nhan ciia cap vg chdng dugc xdc dinh la vd sinh. Mat khac, vide thyc hidn thidn chiic Idm me cua ngudi phy nir (bat ke tinh trgng hdn nhan cua hp ra sao) ludn dugc phdp luat thira nhgn vd dam bag.
Do dd, ddi vdi ngudi phy nii dpc than khdng vd sinh van dugc phep thuc hidn kt thuat hd trg sinh san. Dgt gid thiet, neu ap dung didu kien vd sinh cho ngudi phu nir ddc than thi nhirng ngudi phu nir ddc than khdng vd sinh, khdng kdt hdn ma mudn thuc hidn thidn chiic lam me thi chi cdn each Id phai "xin*' con d mdt ngudi dan dng ndo dd. Dieu ndy trdn thyc td se rat khd khan cho nhdm phu nu dpc than khdng mudn thuc hien hanh vi tinh due ty nhidn, khdng mudn dnh hudng den gia dmh khac, hp chi mudn tdn tai quan he me con duy nhat. Nhu vgy, quy dinh tgi Didu 11 Nghj djnh s6 10/2015/ND-CP la khdng phu hgp, can thiet phai sira ddi theo
hudng "H6 so kham xdc dinh vd sinh ciia cdp vg chdng diing ten trong don de nghj dupe thyc hidn kT thugt thy tinh ti"ong dng nghiem". Didu ndy se ddm bao cho ngudi phu nir dpc thdn, du Id vo sinh hay khdng ddu dugc thyc hien kT thudt hd trg sinh sdn trong dd cd Id thudt thy tinh trong dng nghiem.
Mpt van de niia can dugc dat ra la Quoc hpi vira thdng qua Bd lugt dan su (ngdy 24/11/2015) trong dd da thira nhgn quydn dugc chuydn doi gidi tfnh cua ngudi chuyen gidi: "Viec chuyin ddi gidi tinh dugc thyc hien theo quy dinh cua ludt. Cd nhdn da chuyen ddi gidi tinh eo quyen, nghia vu ddng ki thay ddi ho tich theo quy dinh cua phdp lugt ve hp tjch; cd quyin nhdn thdn phii hgp vdi gidi linh da duac ehuyen ddi theo quy dinh cua Bp lugt ndy vd lugt khdc cd lien quan" (Dieu 37). Cd the ndi day Id budc dot phd ve quan diem lap phdp cua Viet Nam khi chiing ta ludn de cao cdc quydn co ban ciia con ngudi. Nhu vdy, cac ca nhan da chuyen ddi gidi tfnh se dugc thay ddi giay td hd tjch, day la co sd phdp If quan trpng de ngudi chuyen gidi thuc hidn quydn co ban cita minh d cac ITnh vyc khac nhau trong ddi sdng xa hdi. Trdn thyc td, ngudi chuyen gidi cd the dang trong tinh trang dgc thdn hoac dang ton tai hdn nhdn. Vay hp cd Ihudc trudng hgp dugc dp dung kT thudt thu tinh trong dng nghiem hay khdng? Ndu ngudi chuyen gidi dang tdn tai mpt quan he hdn nhdn hgp phap, sau khi phdp luat cho phep hg chuydn ddi gidi tfnh, hg cd the se phau thuat chuydn doi gidi tfnh. Nhu vdy, hdn nhan cua hp se trd thanh hdn nhan giira hai ngudi cung gidi tfnh. Didu nay se mau thudn
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NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI I
vdi quy djnh ciia Lugt hdn nhdn va gia dinh nam 2014 la khdng thira nhgn hdn nhan giiia nhiing ngudi ciing gidi tinh.'*' Mat khdc, ndu ngudi chdng phdu thuyit chuydn tii nam sang nii thi hp cd thd diing tinh trimg cita hg (da dugc giri giii trudc khi phau thuat chuyen ddi gidi tfnh) hoac xin tinh trung hoac xin noan, xin phdi dd thu tinh trong dng nghidm nhu nhimg trudng hgp khdc hay khdng?
Tuong tu ddi vdi irudng hgp ngudi vg chuyen tir nii sang nam hp van giii lai tit cung va noan hogc xin noan, cd thd xin tinh triing, xin phdi de thu tinh trong dng nghidm khdng? Hodc hp da cat bd tu cung va giir lai noan thi cd dugc thyc hien viec nhd mang thai hp hay khdng? Day la van de ma thyc le cd thd xay ra irong thdi gian toi, phdp lugt cdn cd hudng ddn cu thd cho trudng hgp ndy.
Theo quan diem cua lac gia, phap luat cd thd quy dinh theo hudng khi phau thuat chuydn ddi gidi tfnh thi ngudi chuyen gidi can phdi phau thuat triet de khi sang gidi tinh mdi.
Ben canh dd, can can nhac vide thira nhgn hdn nhdn cting gidi linh hoac chi cho phep ngudi chuyen gidi phau thugt chuydn gidi va dugc thay ddi giay id hd tich khi hp dang trong tinh trgng ddc than de khdng mdu Ihudn vdi quy djnh khdng thira nhan hdn nhdn giiia nhirng ngudi ciing gidi tfnh trong Ludt hdn nhan va gia dinh nam 2014. Dieu nay se gidi quydt dugc nhiing khd khan se vap phai khi gidi quydt van de mang thai hd vi muc dfch nhdn dao.
Neu ngudi chuyen gidi la ngudi dpc thSn, sau khi hg chuydn doi gidi tfnh tir nam sang nir hp khdng the thyc hidn dugc vide thu tinh trong dng nghidm do hg khdng cd tii
cung dd mang thai vd cung khdng the nhd ngudi khac mang thai do phdp luat chi cho phep cgp vg chdng vd sinh nhd mang thai hd. Trudng hgp hg chuydn ddi gidi tfnh tii nu: sang nam va van giii tii cung thi hg cd the mang thai hd khong? Theo quan didm ciia tdc gia, trong trudng hgp ndy khi hp da chuydn ddi gidi tfnh sang nam, trong giay to hp tich se thay ddi theo gidi tfnh mdi ma xet theo quy djnh cua phdp lugt hidn hdnh thi chi ngudi phu nii dpc thdn dugc phep sinh con bdng vide thu tinh ti-ong dng nghiem, do dd se khdng dugc phep sinh con bdng vi^c thy tinh Irong dng nghiem. Nhu vdy, hp phai can nhdc vide sinh con trudc khi thyc hien vi$c phau thuat chuyen ddi gidi ti'nh. Tuy nhien, didu nay se vdp phai khd khdn ve edch xung hd, thay ddi tu each la cha sang m? hay tir me sang cha vd kdo theo viec thay ddi giay to hd tjch cho cdc con cua hg trong phan khai cha, me. Vd thu tuc phap If, phdp lu$t can phai thay ddi nhidu mau gidy td hd tjch can thiet lidn quan den vdn dd nay.
Dieu kien thii hai vd vide nhan nodn, tinh tning, phdi, Dieu 5 Nghj djnh sd 10/20I5/NB<;P quy djnh: Vdi tu each Id nguoi vg trong cdp vg chdng vd sinh, cd thd nhgn tinh titng (neu nguydn nhan vo sinh Id do ngudi chdng), nhgn phdi (ndu nguyen nhan vd sinh la do ca hai vg chdng; hodc vg chdng da thuc hien kT thuat thu tinh trong ong nghi?m nhung thdt bai), nhdn nodn (ndu nguydn nhan vd sinh la do ngudi vg khdng cd noan hoac nodn khdng bao dam chdt lugng de thu thai). Ddi voi ngudi phu nii dpc than cd the nhan tinh triing (ndu noan cua hp bao dam chdt lugng de thu thai); cd the nhdn phdi
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 2/2016
(ndu khdng cd noan hogc noan khdng bdo dam chat lugng de thy thai). Nhu vdy, khac vdi quy dinh trudc day chi cho ngudi phu nu ddc than nhan tinh trung (dd trdnh tinh trgng mang thai hp) thi phap luat hidn hdnh da cho phep ngudi phu nii dpc thdn dugc quydn nhdn phdi dd sinh con cho minh. Quy dinh ndy da tao didu kien cho ngudi phu nu ddc thdn dugc thyc hidn thien chiic lam me. Tuy nhidn, thuc td la nguy co ngudi phu nii ddc than, cdp vg chdng vd sinh xin phdi bd roi con sau khi sinh la cao han so vdi trudng hgp xin tinh trting, xin noan.
Ngudi mang thai phdi cd dii dieu kien siic khoe de thuc hidn kT thuat thy tinh trong dng nghidm, mang thai va sinh con, khdng dang mdc cdc benh lay truydn qua dudng tinh due, nhiem HIV, benh truyen nhiem thudc nhdm A, B, khdng bi bdnh di tmyen anh hudng ddn thd he sau, khdng bi mdc benh ldm than hogc mac bdnh khdc ma khdng thd nhdn thiic, lam chu dugc hanh vi ciia minh.
Didu kidn thii ba la tinh tu nguyen tirong viec thyc hidn kT thudt thu tinh trong dng nghiem. Cap vp chdng vd sinh bode ngudi phu nii dgc than phai giii hd so dd nghi thuc hidn kT thuat thu tinh trong dng nghiem den CO sd kham benh, chiia bdnh dugc thyc hi$n cdc kl thugt nay:'^* Don de nghj dugc thuc hidn kT thudt thu tinh trong dng nghiem theo m§u. Trong man don da the hidn rd tinh trgng hon nhan va neu la cap vg chdng thi phai ghi rd ten, ludi ciia ca hai vg chdng vd phdi cimg kf don de nghj. Nhu vay, qua don de nghi thuc hien kT thuat thu tinh irong dng nghiem da the hidn y chf ty nguydn cua cdp vg chong vd sinh hoac ngudi phu nii ddc
thdn. Dieu ndy Id can cii de xdc djnh he qua phap If phdt sinh tir vide dp dung kT thudt ±u tinh trong dng nghidm.
Trong vide gui tinh ti-ung, gyi noan, gui phdi, Nghj djnh sd 10/2015/ND-CP da quy dinh kha cu thd:*^^ Trong dd cd quy dinh tiirdng hgp ngudi giii tinh triing, giri noan, giri phdi bi chdt ma co sd luu giii tinh tirung, noan, phdi nhdn dugc thdng bdo kdm theo ban sao giay khai tii hgp phdp tii phfa gia dinh cua ngudi gui thi phdi buy sd tinh triing, noan, phdi cua ngudi dd, trii trudng hpp vg ho^c chdng ciia ngudi dd cd don de nghj luu giii va van duy tri ddng phf luu giu, bao quan. Trong trudng hgp ngudi gui tinh trung, gui noan, giii phdi li hdn, ngudi gui dd nghj huy tinh triing, noan ciia chfnh minh thi phai huy tinh trung, noan ciia ngudi dd;
trudng hgp dd nghi buy phdi thi phai cd sy ddng y bdng van ban cita ca hai vg chong, ndu mudn tiep tuc luu giii thi phai cd don dd nghi luu giii vd van duy tri ddng phf luu giii, bao qudn. Nhu vgy, cd the thay rang, vide luu giir tinh trung, noan, phdi phu thudc vdo y chf ciia chinh ngudi do (ngudi giii tinh triing, noan, phoi). Tuy nhidn, cd sy khdc biet vd viec luu giii tinh triing, noan, phdi trong trudng hgp mdt ben vg hoac chdng chdt vdi vide vg chdng li hdn. Ddi vdi vide mdt ben vg hogc chdng chdt thi ngudi chdng hoac ngudi vg cd quydn quydt dinh giu lgi tinh triing, noan, phdi hogc khdng. Doi vdi vipe vg chdng li hdn thi vide luu giQ phdi phai dugc sy ddng y bang van ban cua hai vg chdng. Hai trudng hgp nay deu la cham diit hdn nhan nhung neu cham diit hdn nhan do mpt ben vg hogc ch6ng chdt thi ngudi
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NGHIEN c u u - TRAO DOI
cdn lai dugc quyen quyet dinh luu giu tinh trung, nodn, phdi; con cham dut hdn nhan do Ii hon thi chi cd phdi la phai cd su ddng J' bdng vdn bdn ciia hai vg chdng ndu mudn luu giii. Tir dd suy doan ndu chi cd mdt bdn ddng y mudn luu giii phdi ma ben kia khdng ddng y thi phdi van bj buy bd? Vdy khi mdt bdn vp, chdng chdt thi cd nen tfnh ddn vide hp cd thyc sy mudn giir lai tinh triing, noan, phdi khdng? Viec xac dinh y chf ciia hp nhu the nao trong tirng trudng hgp cu thd? Khoan 4 Didu 21 Nghj dinh sd 10/2015/ND-CP quy dinh: "Ngudi va hogc ngudi chong sic dung tinh triing, nodn. phoi thudc trudng hop quy dinh tgi khodn 2, diem b khodn 3 Diiu ndy ldm phdt sinh cdc quan hi ngodi hdn nhdn vd gia dinh thi thuc hien theo quy dinh ciia phdp lugt hdn nhdn vd gia dmh vd phdp lugt ddn sy". Ma khoan 2 va diem b khodn 3 Didu 21 chfnh la cdc trudng hgp nhu tac gid da de cap d phdn trdn. Tuy nhidn, hidu the ndo Id "quan he ngoai hdn nhan va gia dinh"
va se ap dung phap lual nhu thd nao trong viec gidi quyet cdc quan he dd vdn con la van de cdn dugc quy djnh cu the.
2. He qua p h a p If phat sinh tii- vice ap dung kl thuat thu tinh trong ong nghiem
2.1. Trudng hgp ngudi phu nu dpc thdn thue hien kT thugt th\i tinh trong Ong nghiem
Nhu tren da phdn tich, ngudi phu nii ddc than khi thyc hidn kT thugt thu tinh trong dng nghiem se xay ra hai trudng hgp: Truang hgp thic nhdt, noan cita hp ket hgp vdi tinh triing (do ngdn hang tinh trCing cung cdp) tgo thdnh phdi rdi cdy vao tii cung cua ngudi phu nu- ddc than dd. Trong trudng hgp nay, xet ve mat huydt thdng, diia con dirge sinh ra
cd huyet thdng ciia ngudi phu n& ddc thSn thyc hidn kT thudt ho trg sinh sdn. Trudng hgp thir hai, phoi (do ngan hdng phdi cung cap) dugc cky vao tit cung cua ngudi phy nii dpc thdn. Trong trudng hgp ndy, diia tre dugc sinh ra khdng cd huydt thdng vdi nguoi phu nii dgc thdn dd. Xet ve mdt phdp If d6i vdi ca hai trudng hgp nay, sau khi sinh con, diia tre dugc khai sinh vd hp tdn cua nguoi phu nir ddc than dugc ghi trong giay khai sinh cua diia tre vdi tu edch Id me ciia diia ti-e,*"** phdn hg tdn cha sd bd trdng tix)ng gidy khai sinh vi viec sinh con bang kT thuat ho ti-g sinh san khong Idm phat sinh quan he cha, me vd con giiia ngudi cho tinh ti-ung, cho noan, cho phdi vdi ngudi con sinh ra.'^
Hon niia, viec xin tinh trung, xin phdi trong trudng hgp nay phai tudn theo nguydn tdc v6 danh nen ngudi cho va ngudi nhan khong bidt nhau. Tinh trung, phoi cua ngudi cho phai dugc ma hoa dd bdo dam bf mdt.*^' Do do, mac dti Lugt hdn nhdn vd gia dinh ndm 2014 khdng cd quy dinh ve cam ngudi phu nir ddc than hay diia con dugc sinh ra hi kT thuat thu tinh trong dng nghidm dugc quyen xac dinh cha nhung trdn tinh thdn ciia nguydn tdc vo danh ma Nghi djnh sd 10/2015/ND-CP quy djnh thi ngudi phu nir dgc thdn, diia con dugc sinh ra tir kT thuat thu tinh trong dng nghidm khdng cd quyen yeu cau xdc djnh cha cho con. Tuy nhidn, trdn thyc te se cd mdt sd trudng hgp ngucn phu nii ddc than khi dang mang tiiai diia con bang viec thu tinh trong dng nghidm thi ket hdn hodc sau khi sinh con thi ket hdn, liic nay hp khdng con la ngudi ddc than niia.
Vay Dieu 88 vd xac djnh cha, me cua Luat
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JGHIEN CLTU-TRAODOI
hdn nhan va gia dinh nam 2014 cd dugc ap dyng dd xdc dinh cha cho con hay khdng?
Neu ngudi phu nii ddc than dang mang thai vd kdt hdn, diia ti-e dd dugc sinh ra trong ihdi ki hdn nhan, vgy cd suy dodn la con chung cua vg chong khong?*^' Ndu ngudi phu nii dpc thdn sau khi sinh con vd ket hon, ngudi chdng cua hg mudn thira nhan dira con dd Id con chung ciia vg chdng cd dugc khdng?
Theo quan diem cua tac gid, vd nguyen tdc, yong hai trudng hgp nay diia con dugc sinh ra khdng the cd cung huyet thong vdi ngudi chdng cua ngudi me, ban than ngudi chdng cung khong cd lidn quan den vide ngudi vg (khi cdn la ddc thdn) thyc hidn kT thuat thy tinh trong dng nghiem. Tuy nhidn, xet dudi gdc dp bdo ve quydn tre em, khi ngudi me cd hdn nhan tiii suy doan ngudi chdng ciia ngudi me la cha cua diia trd khi dap ling dupe didu kien tgi nguydn tac suy dodn phdp Ii xac djnh cha, me cho con theo Dieu 88 Ludt hdn nhan vd gia dinh nam 2014. 6 day se xay ra trudng hgp ngudi cha ve mat sinh hpc se khdng trung vdi ngudi cha ve mgt phap If. Tuy nhidn trdn thuc td, ciing cd nhieu trudng hgp nguoi vg khdng phdi thyc hien kT thuat thu tinh trong dng nghiem nhung da cd thai vdi mdt ngudi rdi lai ket hdn vdi ngudi khdc, hogc trong thdi ki hdn nhan da ngoai tinh va cd con thi vd nguydn tac diia con sinh ra van dugc xac dinh la con chung cua vg chdng.
Do dd, trong trudng hgp nay ndn dp dung nguyen tac suy dodn phap li xac dmh cha me cho con dugc quy djnh tai Dieu 88 Luat hdn nhdn va gia dinh nam 2014. Mat khac, khoan 2 Didu 88 Lugt hdn nhan va gia dinh nam 2014 ciing da danh cho ngudi chdng quyen
dugc xdc dinh lgi quan he ndy: "Trong trudng hgp cha, m? khdng thira nhdn con thi phdi CO chimg cic vd phdi dugc tod dn xdc dinh". Vi thd, neu ngudi chdng khdng nhdn con thi ngudi ch6ng de dang chiing minh ve vide ngudi vg da thu tinh trong ong nghiem trudc khi ket hdn.
Mpt van de niia cdn ddt ra Id khi ngudi phu nii ddc than sinh con bdng kT tirauat thu tinh trong ong nghidm sau dd kdt hdn, neu roi vao trudng hgp dang mang thai, sinh con hogc dang nudi con dudi 12 thdng tudi thi van dp dung dieu kidn ban che quydn ydu cau li hdn ddi vdi ngudi chong.*^*
2.2. Trudng hgp cap vg chdng vd sinh thye hien kT thugt thu tinh trong dng nghiim trong ndi bg cap vg chong vd sinh
Trong tiirdng hgp cdp vp chdng vd sinh thyc hien kT thudt thu tinh trong ong nghiem vdi sy ket hpp giiia noan cua ngudi vg va tinh triing ciia ngudi chong thi vide xac djnh cha me cho con sinh ra dugc dp dung theo Didu 88 Ludt hdn nhan va gia dinh ndm 2014.*^' Tuy nhidn, xet ve dieu kien dp dung kT thuat thy tinh trong ong nghidm ddi vdi cap vg chdng vd sinh thi trudng hgp con sinh ra tiordc ngdy ddng kf kdt hon va dugc cha me thira nhdn*'"' se khdng dp dung trong trudng hgp nay. Cdn trudng hgp con sinh ra trong vdng 300 ngay kd tir thdi didm chdm dut hdn nhan dugc coi Id con do ngudi vg cd thai tirong thdi ki hdn nhdn*"' la rat khd dp dung tren thyc te. Cu ihd nhu sau:
- Neu hai vp chdng da thyc hidn kT thuat thy tinh trong dng nghiem vd ngudi vg dang mang thai thi ngudi chdng chdt. Thdi han 300 ngdy ke tir khi hdn nhdn cham diit dugc
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NGHIEN CLTU-TRAODOI
dp dung trong trudng hgp nay cDng nhu nhiing trudng hgp thong thudng khac.
- Ndu hai vg chdng dang thuc hien kl thuat thy tinh tiong dng nghiem, da lay noan, tinh trung ciia vp chdng thi trdn thuc le se xay ra cac trudng hgp sau: Chua tien hanh thu tinh ttong dng nghidm thi mpt ben vg, chdng chdt;
da tgo thanh phdi nhung chua cay vao tii cung ciia ngudi vp thi mdt ben vg, chdng chet.
Doi vdi ca hai trudng hgp nay, Nghi dinh sd 10/2015/ND-CP da quy djnh la ngudi vg hoac ngudi chdng cdn sdng van cd the luu giir noan, tinh trung, phdi^'^' va khi ngudi vg hoac ngudi chdng sir dung tinh trung, noan, phdi thupc trudng hgp trdn lam phat sinh quan he ngoai hdn nhan va gia dinh thi thuc hien theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt hdn nhan gia dinh va phap luat dan su.'"^* Cach quy dinh nay cua phap lugt la rat khd dp dung ttdn thyc td. Vi vay, theo tac gid can phai hudng dan cu the theo hudng:
- Khi mpt ben vg hogc chdng chet tire la hdn nhan cham dirt, tu each chii the ciing cham diit, do dd can phan ra cac irudng hgp cu the sau:
Neu ngudi chdng chet khi noan va tinh triing chua dugc ket hgp lao thanh phdi, md ngudi vg van mudn tiep tuc thyc hien vide sinh con bdng kT thuat thu tinh trong dng nghiem thi ndn cho phep vi vg chong hp da the hien y chi tu nguyen mong mudn dupe thyc hien kT thugt thu linh trong dng nghidm vd nhu vay, cd thd dira ire dugc sinh ra qua 300 ngdy ke tir khi ngudi chdng chet nhung diia tre nay van dugc xdc dinh la con chung cita vg chdng. Ndu ngudi chdng chi gui tinh triing vdi tu edch la ca nhan md khdng co
van bdn ty nguydn sinh con bdng kT thudt thp tinh ti-ong dng nghidm thi ngudi vg khdng c6 quydn luu giit tinh triing dd vd ngudi vo khdng dugc sir dung tinh triing dd de ti^ti hdnh thu tinh ttong ong nghidm. Vdi tu each Id ngudi phu nu dpc than (sau khi chong chdt) ngudi vg van cd the thyc hien kl thuJit thu tinh ttong ong nghidm nhung viec xin tinh triing, xin phoi phai theo nguydn tdc vo danh vd khi sinh con chi cd quan he me con duy nhdt. Tuong tu trong trudng hgp ngir6i chdng chet sau khi da tao thdnh phdi thi ngudi vg hoan loan cd thd dung phdi do de sinh con vd thdi diem sinh con cd the qua 300 ngdy nhung van dugc xac djnh la con chung cita vg chdng.
Neu ngudi vg chet, ngudi chdng van lira giu noan cua ngudi vg hoac phdi ciia hai vq chdng Ihi can xdc djnh nhu sau: Ndu vo chdng da cd van ban thoa thudn ve mang thai hd vi muc dfch nhan dao thi khi ngudi va chet, ngudi chdng vdn dugc sir dung noan cua ngudi vg, ket hgp vdi tinh trung ciia minh tgo thanh phdi dd nhd ngudi khac mang thai hp, diia con sinh ra van phdi dupe xdc dinh la con chung cua vg chdng. Truong hgp luu giu phdi ciing dugc ap dyng tuong tu nhu vgy. Tuy nhien, ndu vg chdng khdng cd vdn ban thoa thuan vd mang thai h0 vi muc dfch nhan dao rad ngudi vg chet ke ca trong trudng hgp da cd van ban dd nghj dugc sinh con bang kT thugt thu tinh ttong ong nghiem md ngudi vg da thd hidn y chf tmdc khi chet thi ngudi chdng ciing khdng dupe sii dung noan cua nguoi vg hoac phdi cua hai vg chdng de nhd ngudi khdc mang thai.
Neu ngudi chdng cd thoa thudn bdng van
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S 6 2/2016
NGHIEN ClJU - TRAO DOI
bdn vd vide mang thai hd vi myc dfch nhan dao sau khi ngudi vg chdt thi van ban thoa thuan ndy sS bi coi la vd hieu.
- Truong hgp vg chdng da chdm diit hdn nhan bang li hdn ma trudc do da cd vdn ban thoa thudn luu giir phoi, vay ndu ngudi vg (cii) hoac chong (cu) mudn dung phdi dd dd cd con ma cd su ddng y hodc khong ddng -y cua ngudi chdng (cii) hodc vg (cu) thi cd dugc khdng? Theo quan diem cua lac gid, ttong trudng hgp nay, khi vg chdng da Ii hdn thi ca hai ben ddu khong thd sir dung phdi do dd sinh con. Bdi vi sau khi U hdn hp ttd thanh ngudi dpc than, ngudi vg cd thd thyc hidn kT thuat thu tinh trong dng nghiem nhung phai tuan thu cac nguydn tac va didu kien vd viec mang thai bdng kT thuat thu tinh ttong dng nghidm. Do do, khi hp sinh con thi chi phat sinh quan he me con duy nhdt.
Dgt gia thidt khi dang lien hanh thu tinh ttong dng nghiem, da tao thanh phdi va ngudi chdng ydu can li hdn thi ngudi chdng cd hi han chd quyen yeu cau li hdn hay khdng? Theo quan didm cua tac gia, ttong trudng hgp nay do phdi chua dugc cdy vao tir cung ciia ngudi vg, tiic la ngudi vg chua mang thai thi ngudi chdng khdng thupc trudng hgp bi hgn che quyen ydu cdu li hdn theo tinh thdn cita khoan 3 Dieu 51 Lugt hdn nhdn va gia dinh nam 2014 "chdng khdng cd quyin li hdn trong truang hgp vg dang ed thai, sinh con hogc dang nudi con dudi 12 thdng tudi". Tuy nhien, trdn thuc le, rat cd the ttong thdi gian ngudi chdng ydu cdu li hdn, nguoi vg van thuc hidn vide cay phdi de mang thai do trudc dd vg chdng da cd van bdn thod thuan sinh con bang kT thugt hd trg sinh san. Nhu vgy, ngay lap tiic ngudi chong
bj ban chd quyen ydu cau li hdn. Chfnh vi didu dd, ndn chdng, phdp luat can quy dinh ngogi lp cy thi cho tirudng hgp ndy Id khi c^p vg chong vd sinh thuc hidn vide sinh con bang kT thudt thy tinh ttong dng nghidm thl phai han che quydn ydu cJlu li hdn ciia ngudi chdng ttong khoang thdi gian nhat djnh.
Chdng han nhu kd tir khi da tao thdnh phdi, ttong vdng 3 thdng md ngudi vg khdng chju mang thai, tru trudng hgp cd If do chfnh ddng thi ngudi chdng khong bi hgn che quydn ydu cau li hdn.
2.3. Trudng hgp cap vg chdng vo sinh thuc hien kT thudt thy tinh trong ong nghidm vdi sy tham gia cua nguai eho trung, cho tinh triing, cho phoi
Trong trudng hgp cdp vg chdng vd sinh thuc hien Id thugt thy tinh ttong dng nghiem vdi su tham gia ciia ngudi thii ba la ngudi cho tning, cho tinh trung, cho phdi thi dira con sinh ra cd thd khdng mang ma gen cita cha hodc me hodc cua cd cha va me. Theo dd, ve mdt phap li, diia tre dugc xdc djnh Id con cua cap vg chdng vd sinh da thyc hien kT thugt thu tinh ttong dng nghiem theo quy djnh tai Didu 88 Lugt hdn nhdn vd gia dinh nam 2014. Tuy nhien, can dat ra vdn dd la vg chdng cd quydn xac djnh lgi quan he cha mp vd con trong trudng hgp ndy hay khdng*''*' khi cd sy tham gia cua ngudi thii ba la ngudi cho tning, cho tinh ttUng va cho phdi? Theo quan didm cua tdc gia, ve nguydn tdc, khi vg chdng da cd van ban thod thuan vd vide sinh con bdng kT thuat thu tinh ttong dng nghidm va tiJ nguyen dugc xin tinh triing, xin noan, xin phdi thi khong dugc xdc djnh lai quan he cha con, me con ma quan he cha me va con nay sd tdn tgi vTnh vidn. Tuy nhidn, cdn chia
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S 6 2/2016
ra cac trudng hgp cu the nhu sau:
- Ndu dira con dugc sinh ra la su ket hgp giira noan ciia ngudi vg va tinh trung tir ngdn hang tinh triing thi ngudi chdng khdng dupe yeu cau xac djnh lai quan he cha con. Tuy nhien, ngudi vg van cd the ydu cau xac dinh lai quan he me con khi cd nghi ngd dira con khdng phai la con rudt ciia minh.
- Neu diia con dugc sinh ra la sy ket hgp giii noan tir ngan hang noan va tinh trung cita ngudi chdng thi ngudi vg khdng dugc yen cau xac djnh lgi quan he me con. Tuy nhien, ngudi chdng vdn cd the yeu cau xac dinh lai quan he cha con khi nghi ngd diia con khdng phai la con rugt ciia minh.
- Neu diia con dupe sinh ra do xin phdi tir ngan hang phdi thi ca hai vg chdng khdng dugc xac dinh lgi quan he cha, me, con./.
(l).Xem: Khoan 2 Dieu 8 Luat hon nhan va gia dinh nam 2014.
(2).Xem: Khoan 1 DiSu 11 Ngh] dmh s6 10/2015/ND-CP (3).Xem: Difiu 21 Nghi dinh s6 10/2015/ND-CP.
(4).Xem: Khoan 2 DiSu 93 Luat hon nhan vii gia dinh nam 2014.
(5).Xem: Khoan 3 Di^u 93 Luat h5n nhan va gia dinh nam 2014.
(6).Xem: Khoan 4 Dieu 3 Nghi djnh s6 10/2015/ND-CP (7). Theo khoan 1 Dieu 88 Lual hon nhan va gia dinh nam 2014.
(8).Xem: Khoan 3 Difiu 51 Luat h6n nhan va gia dinh nam 2014.
(9).Xem' Khoan 1 Di6u 93 Luat h6n nhan va gia dinh nam 2014
(lO).Xem; Doan 3 kho^n ] DiSu 88 Luat hon nhan vii gia dinh nam 2014.
(1 l).Xem: Doan 2 khoan 1 B'lku 88 LuSi hon nhSn va gia dinh nam 2014.
(12}.Xem-Khoan2DiSu21 Nghj djnh s6 10/2015/ND-CP.
(13).Xem Khoan4Dieu21 Nghi dinh s6 10^0!5/ND-CP.
(14).Xem: Khoan 2 DiSu 88 Luat hon nhfin va gia dinh nam 2014.
NANG C A O VI T R I , VAI T R O VA m^\J^
QUA CUA B d T R O TU" PHAP... (tiip theo trang 58}
va cac thdnh vidn cua Mat ttgn, cdc co quan bao chf, ngdn Iuan. Nghidn ciiu thi didm co ch6 danh gia, bd phieu tfn nhidm mdt so co quan toa an, vidn kiem sdt, co quan dieu tta, thi hanh an va cac td chiic, co quan bo ttg tu phdp. TTiyc hien cac bidn phdp phong, chdng tidu circ, tham nhiing ttong hogt dgng bd ttg tu phap, nhat la boat ddng lidn quan den qua trinh t6 tung tu phap nhu ludt su, gidm djnh tu phap.
Ndm Id tang cudng quan li cua Nha niroc ddi vdi cdng tac bd ttg tu phap. Bao dam sir quan If thdng nhat ciia Chinh phii ddi voi cdng tac bd ttg tu phap, tang cudng vai tro ciia Bd' tu phap la co quan tham muu giiip Chfnh phu thuc hidn tdt cong tac ndy. Cdc eo quan, td chiic bd ttg tu phdp dugc quydn tir chit, tu,quan ttong pham vi phap luat nhung chiu su chi dao, kidm tta, gidm sat chat che ciia Chfnh phu, Bd tu phap.Sdu la xdy dyng CO chd phdi hgp, kidm soat cheo giiia co quan, td chirc bd trg tu phap vdi cac co quan toa an, kidm sat, didu tra, thi hanh an. Trong td lung tu phap, toa an la co quan cd thira quydn cao nhat va duy nhdt ra menh Ipnh, quydt djnh va ban an tu phap; cac co quan kiem sat, didu tta,^thi hanh an, bd trg ttr phap cd ttach nhidm thyc thi quyen hgn vi nghTa vy theo phap luat bao dam cho toa an thuc thi hieu qua nhdt quydn tu phdp ciia Nha nude nhung ngugc lai, cdc co quan n^y cung cd quyen giam sat toa an thuc hien quyen tu phdp mpt each true tidp hogc gian tiep theo phdp lugt./.
TAP CHi L U A T HOC s6 2/2016
