TAP CHf P H A T T R I ^ N N H A N LUC, s o 3(13)-2009 99
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TRACH NHIEM XA HOI CUA DOANH NGHIEP
TRONG NEN KINH TE THI T R U O N G 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
TRAN THI MINH TAM<'>
Q
a h d ^ r i r.ud trinh phdt trien kinh te d mpi qud'c Igia tten the gidi deu nay sinh cde van de xa hdi. Gidi quyei tdi cdc van de xa hpiTMnh la tao dieu kien dn dinh de phdt trien kinh te. Ddi vdi doanh nghiep cflng vdy, Slf phdt trien cua mpt doanh nghiep ludn kem theo trdch nMem xa hdi ma doanh ngMep phai quan tam gidi quyet. Day la hai mat cua mdt van de khdng the tdch rdi. Doanh ngMep khdng the cW quan tam den phdt trien sdn xudi, doanh thu, ldi nhuan md quen di trdch nhiem xa hdi eiia minh hoac ngffdc lai. Thffc Men tdi trach nhiem xa hdi cua minh, doanh nghiep khdng cW Me Men cai tdm vd dao dffe kinh doanh, md edn qua dd, tao dffng uy tin, mdi tMen cam ddi vdi cde ddi tdc xa hdi vd rMd vay, thue day boat dpng san xudi kinh doaiM.
Trong nen kinh te tM trffdng, cae doarM ngMep Viet Nam Mdn phai ddi mat vdi nhieu thdeh thffe, ap life canh tranh ve vd'n, edng nghe, nguon nhan life, uy tin, thffdng hieu.... De tdn tai vd phdt trien, ben eaiM viec thu hut vdn, dau tff doi mdi cdng nghe, cac doanh nghiep can xac dinh viee tbife Men tdt ttdeh nMem xa hdi, vi day Id mdt bien phap can thiei de doanh nghiep cd the canh tranh dffdc ngudn nhdn life cd chai Iffdng cao, tao dffng dffdc uy tin, mdi tiuen cam vdi cdc ddi tac vd tao ra rMffng sdn
(*) ThS., Vi§n TriSi hpc, Vien Khoa hpc Xa hpi Viet Nam.
pham cd tirM canh tranh cao, cd kha nang vffdt qua rMffng rao can de dffa sdn pham eua rmrM den vdi tM trffdng khu vifc va Me gidi.
Vay, trdch nWem xa hdi la gi? Ndi dung cua nd nhff the ndo? Thffc Wen trach nWem xa hdi Wen nay d Viet Nam ra sao?
Tff rMffng nam 70 cua the ky XX, Man diem ndi tieng eua nhd kinh te bpc Milton Friedman -
"trdch nhiem xa hdi eua doanh nghiep se lam tang ldi nhuan eua hp" - da chiem Enh cdc cdc dien dan tranh Man tff cac nhd khoa hpc, nhd cMnh tri den cde tang ldp doarM rMan. Khai Mem
"trdch nMem xa bdi cua doaiM nghiep" (corporate social responsibibty) rManh chdng trd tharM xu hffdng eiia tang ldp tie'n bd d ede nffdc phat trien.
Nam 1973, Keith Davis da dffa ra mdt khdi Mem rdng hdn kM coi "tiach nMem xa hdi eua doarM ngMep la sff quan tam va phan ffng eua doanh ngMep vdi cac van de vffdt ra ngoai viec thoa man nhffng yeu cau phap ly, kinh te, edng nghe". Nam 1999, Carroh lai cho rang, traeh nMem xd hdi cua doanh ngMep cdn ed pham vi Idn hdn Id "tai ea cde van de kinh te, phdp ly, dao dffe va nhflhg Enh vifc khde ma xa hdi trdng ddi d doanh nghiep trong mdi thdi diem nhai dinh". Cdn theo Matten va Moon (nam 2004) till
"trdch nhiem xa hdi eua doanh nghiep Id mot khai Mem chum, bao gdm nMeu khdi Mem khde nhau, nhff dao dffe kinh doanh, doanh nghiep lam tff thien, cdng dan doanh nghiep, tinh ben vffng vd trdch nhiem mdi trffdng". Day la mdt
100
TRAN THI MINH T A M - T R A C H NHIEM XA HOI.khai niem ddng va ludn dffdc thff thach trong tffng bdi carM kinh te, chinb tri, xa hdi. CMnh phu Anh cho rang, "trach nMem xa hdi cua doanh ngMep la hanh ddng do doanh ngMep tif nguyen thffc Men, ngoai viec Man thii cac quy dinh phap ly tdi tMeu, nham thoa man rMu cau canh tranh cua doarM nghiep va ldi ich cua toan xa hpi".
Vdi Hdi ddng doanh ngMep the gidi vi sff phat trien ben vffng tW "ttdeh nWem xa hdi cua doanh ngWep la sff cam kei hen tue ctia doarM ngWep ddi vdi dao dffe kinh doanh va ddng gdp vdo tang trffdng kinh te, cai thien chai lffdng cudc sd'ng ciia ngffdi lao dpng vd gia dinh bp, cung iMff cua edng ddng va xa bdi". Theo ngMen cuh eiia Ngan hang the gidi, "trdch nhiem xa bdi eua doanh ngMep la sff cam ket cua doanh ngMep ddng gdp vao sff phat trien kinh te ben vffng, hdp tac cflng ngffdi lao ddng, gia dinh hp, cpng ddng va xa bdi ndi chung iMam cai thien chai Iffdng cudc sd'ng cho hp de sao cho, vffa tdi cho doarM ngMep lai vffa ieh ldi cho phat trien". Cd the bieu van de cdt ldi cua khai Mem nay la mdi doanh ngMep tff quyet dinh mpt cdch tif nguyen ve viee thffc Men trdch nhiem xa hdi eua minh de ddng gdp vao sff phdt trien eua edng ddng va dam bao ldi ich eiia ngffdi lao ddng, qua dd, doanh nghiep ed dffdc ldi ich trong kiiM doanh.
Nhff vay, ed the ndi, trach nhiem xa hdi cua doanh nghiep la sff cam ket cua doanh ngMep vao sff phdt trien kinh te ben vffng thdng qua nhffng viec lam rMam nang cao chai Iffdng ddi sdng ciia ngffdi lao ddng va eae thanh vien trong gia diiM hp theo hffdng ed ldi cho doanh ngMep, cung nhff sff phdt tiien chung cua xa hdi. Doanh ngWep mud'n phat trien ben vffng, phai ludn Man thu nhffng chuan mffe ve cd che tM trffdng: bao ve mdi trffdng, binh dang gidi, an toan lao ddng, dao tao va phdt trien ngudn nhan life, phat trien cpng ddng....
Vdi chffc nang quan ly nha nffdc ve trach nMem xa hpi cua doanh ngMep, chinb phu nMeu nffdc da the che hod ndi dung trdch nhiem xa hdi cua doaiM ngMep trong cac van ban luat va cac quy dinh dffdi nhieu Mnh thffc khac nhau.
Tren mdt binh dien rdng hdn, nd life dffa trdch rMiem xa bdi eua doanh nghiep trd thanh mdt thdng le qudc te phd bie'n da trd thanh Men thffc.
Nam 1999, mdt thoa Muan toan cau da dffdc Tong thff ky Lien hiep qudc Kofi Annan de xuai tai Dien dan kinh te the gidi va thdng 7 nam 2000,
thda thuan nay da chinh thffc ra mat nhff mdt Bp quy tac ffng xff eua Lien Mep qud'c ve hach nWeni xa hdi eua cac cdng ty da qud'c gia. Bd quy tac nay bao gdm mffdi quy tac dam bao tdn trpng nhan quyen, dan sinh, chd'ng lam dung tre em, lao ddng effdng bffc, bao ve mdi trffdng, chdng tham nhung... va. My khdng phai la van ban co tinh phap Iy bat budc, nbiMg bp quy tac nay dffdc thffa rMan nhff mdt van ban de thao luan chinh thffc tai cdc dien dan cua Lien Mep qude.
Trdch nMem xa hdi ciia doanh ngMep cd sdu dac diem ed ban sau:
- Tff nguyen. Gidng nhff mpt Mnh thffe tif lap quy, cac cdng ty cam ket thffc Men trach nWem xa bdi eiia doanh ngMep iff dat minh vdo cac rang budc, ngoai viec Man thu cdc quy dinh phdp Mat thdng thffdng.
- Giai quyet nhffng tac ddng phu ma boat dpng kinh doanh gay ra. Thdng thffdng, cdc cdng ty cM quan tam tdi boat ddng kinh doanh la ehinh va Id di nhffng tac ddng phu gay ra, neu phap Mat khdng bat budc, nhff nop phi bao ve moi trffdng. Nhffng, nhffng cdng ty cam kei thffe Wen traeh nhiem xa hpi cua doanh nghiep, lai chu dpng coi nhffng tac ddng phu gay ra eho xa hpi nhff mdt van de ma minh can phai giai quyei, vi du iMff nang cap he thd'ng xff ly nffdc thai, han che tieng on,...
- Hffdng den nhieu ben hen quan. Nhffng cdng ty cam kei thffc bien trach nhiem xa bdi ciia doarM ngWep phdi quan tam de'n viec dieu hoa ldi ich eua iMieu ben, tff cd ddng, khdch hdng den cdng ddng, chinh phu, nha pban phdi, nhdm ldi ich,...
- Ket hdp trdch nMem xa hdi va kinh te. Trong klu mpt sd ngffdi cho rang muc tieu xd bdi luon xung dot vdi muc tieu kinh te, tW nhuhg cdng ty cam ket thffc Men trdch nMem xa bdi cua doanh ngMep lai bffdng den viec thffc Men hai hod hai ldi ich nay de kM thffc Men trdch nMem xd hpi eung dem lai ldi ich kinh te cho doanh ngMep.
- Hanh dpng vd gia tri. Trdch nMem xa hdi eiia doanh nghiep phai dffdc thffc bien bang hdnh dpng cu the.
Khdng dffng d dd, nhffng tranh Man ve trdch nMem xa hdi cua doanh nghiep cdn bffdng den viec giai quyet van de tff gdc, chang ban nhif gia tri nhan van, logic thffe tien ndo khien cdc cdng ty phai cam kei thffc Men trdch nhiem xa hpi cua doaiM ngMep ...
TRAN THI MINH TAM - TRACH NHIEM XA HOI. 101
- Vffdt ra ngodi pham vi boat ddng tff thien.
Traeh nMem xd hdi cua doanh ngMep bao trum todn bd boat ddng cua doarM ngMep, M san xuai, tie'p tM, tai cWnb den quan ly nhan life, quan be cdng ehung... Khdng phai chi Id cdi mac dan ngodi, hdeb nWem xa bdi cua doanh ngWep phai CO thffe chdi vd dffdc nhan thffc, dffdc tham tha'u vao tai ca bd pban vd boat ddng cua doanh nghiep.
Ngay nay, trach nMem xa hdi eua doanh ngMep da ttd thdnh mdt trong nhffng ndi dung quan trpng vd khdng the tMeu trong boat ddng quan tri cMen Iffdc eua tdi ea cdc cdng ty da qude gia tren the gidi, trong dd cd Viet Nam. Can phai ndi ngay la, cde khdi Mem ve "trach nMem xa hdi" van cdn khd mdi me d nffdc ta. Nhffng, mdt dieu chac chan la xu hffdng nay dang chuyen bien tieh effc dffdi tde dpng cua ba chai xiic tde ebinb:
Tha nhdt, tac ddng M ben ngodi. Sau kM Viet Nam gia nhap WTO va dffdc hffdng quan be kinh te binh thffdng vdi My (quy che PNTR), cdc doanh nghiep nffdc ta eung can phai tuan thu nhffng quy tac kinh doanh cd trdch nhiem vdi xa hpi nhff cdc doanh nghiep ed quy md Idn tren the gidi.
Tha hai, qua trinh chuyen ddi ed che cua nen kinh te qudc dan da xdc dinh mdt nen tang ca'u true kinh te mdi. Do vay, sff da dang vd cu the hod ve trach nhiem khien cho cdc nha quan ly khdng the ldm ngd trffdc nhffng ddi bdi tff xa hpi. Trdch nMem ciia Ban Giam ddc trffdc Hdi dong Qudn tri phai dffdc cu the hod bang trach nWem cua edng ty vdi ngffdi tieu dflng, the Men qua chdi Iffdng san pham. Dd la con dffdng duy nhai de cde nhd quan ly tdn tai trffdc sff sang Ipc gat gao cua ede ed ddng va nhai Id eua nen kinh te thi trffdng.
Tha ba, kirM nghiem eua cdc nffdc phat trien da cho tha'y rd, tam quan trpng cua viee thffe hien trdch nMem xa hdi cua doanh ngMep. Cde doanh nghiep nay chl cd the thffc hien tat ca trdch nhiem ciia mirM khi ed mdt cd che giam sat dong bd ma d dd, cd sff ket bdp giffa cMnh quyen vd cdc life Iffdng dan sff trong xa hdi.
Theo ngMen cuh mdi day eua Ngan bang Me' gidi, rao can va thach thffc eho viec thffc Men ttdeh nhiem xa hpi cua doanh nghiep la d chd, nhan thffc ve khdi Mem hdeb nMem xa hdi cua doanh nghiep cdn ban che; nang suai lao ddng bj anh hffdng kbi phai thffc Men nhieu bd quy
tac ffng xff; tMeu ngudn tdi cMnb va ky thuat de thffc Men cdc chuan mffe tiach nMem xa hdi; sff nham lan do khac biet giffa quy dinh ciia bd quy tac ffng xff va Bp Luat Lao ddng; nhffng quy dmh trong nffdc anh hffdng tdi viec thffc hien eae bd quy tac ffng xff.
Nhffng diem da neu tren cho tha'y, viec thifc Men trach nMem xa hpi cua doarM ngMep d nffdc ta trong giai doan Men nay la mdt van de khdng de dang. Song, trong bdi canh Men nay cac doanh nghiep can phdi quan tam va thffe Men trdch rMiem xa hdi, vi doanh ngMep nao mud'n vffdn ra cMem Enh tM trffdng loan cau deu phai ludn ddi mat vdi nhffng van de mang tinh loan cau, cMu trdch nhiem trffdc dff luan toan cau. Traeh nMem xa hdi cua doarM ngMep dffdc truyen bd vao Viet Nam thdng qua hoat ddng ciia ede edng ty da qudc gia dau M vdo nffdc ta. Do vay, ede cdng ty nay da xay difng dffdc cae bd quy tac ffng xff va chuan mffe van hoa kinh doanh ed tinh phd qudt de ed the ap dung tren rMieu dia ban thi trffdng khde nhau. Nhffng ndi dung ve trach nhiem xa hdi cua doanh nghiep dffdc eae edng ty nffdc ngodi thffc hien mot each ed bai ban vd cung da thu dffdc Wiflng hieu qua nhai dinh nhff: Cdng ty Honda-Vietnam vdi chffdng trirM "Tdi yeu Viet Nam"; Cdng ty UNILEVER vdi ehffdng trirM "Giao due ve sinh cd nhdn eho tre em tai cac tinh mien nui"; Cdng ty VinaCapital, Sam Sung vdi chffdng trinh ho trd phau thuat di tat tim ba'm sinh va iing hd nan Mian vu sap cau Can Thd; Cdng ty Western UMon vdi chffdng trinh khdi phuc thi life cho tre em ngheo;...
Vdi khu vffc doanh ngMep trong nffdc, cdc cdng ty xuai khau la ddi Mdng dau tien tie'p can vdi trach nMem xa hdi cua doanh ngMep. Hau hei cdc ddn hang den M chdu Au, My hay Nhat deu ddi hdi cde edng ty may mac hay gidy dep, thuy san phai dp dung che dp lao dpng theo tieu chuan SA8000. Tuy nMen, theo quan sat cua chung tdi tW nMeu cdng ty M nhan trong nffdc da nam bat dffdc va'n de thifc Men traeh nhiem xa hpi kha nhay ben nay. Mdt sd cdng ty da ehu ddng thffe Men ttach nMem xa hdi cua rmnh va qua dd, tao dffdc Wnh anh tdi ddi vdi cdng chiing, nhff Tap dodn Mai Linh, T a n Tao, Duy Ldi, ACB, Sacombank, KitM Dd,...
Tbife tien vffa qua cho tha'y, nhan thffc eiia cpng ddng ve trach nhiem xa hdi cua doanh nghiep
102 TRAN THI MINH TAM - TRACH NHIEM XA HOI.
cdn ban che, quan ly iMa nffdc cdn long leo, van ban phdp Mat khdng sat thffc te' (sd tien phat do vi pham qua tha'p) da dan de'n tinh hang doanh nghiep lach Mat, chdi bd trdch nhiem dao dffe kinh doaiM, tMff vu nffdc Mdng nMem M3CPD, sffa nMem melamine, cay xang gian lan; hoac viec gay d iMiem mdi trffdng d mffe dp ngMem trpng trong Mdi gian ddi ma khdng bi xff ly, nhff cdng ty Hyundai VinasMn, Vedan, Miwon,...
Tang trffdng iMarM va mdi trffdng sinh thai ludn la bai mat ddi lap cua nen kiiM te phdt trien.
Viec Viet Nam cam ket thffc Men cdc muc tieu TMen Men ky eho tha'y chung ta khdng hy sinh chai Iffdng sdng cua cdng ddng vi muc tieu tang trffdng iMarM trong ngan ban. Song, dieu dd ddi hdi he thdng quy dmh van ban phdp Wat phai cd dp chiiM xdc cao, kip thdi de cdc cd quan nhd nffdc khdng d the bi dpng vi tWeu van ban bffdng din. Tuy nhien, chung ta eung phai thffa iMan rang, trong tMuhg nam qua, ehung ta da xay difng dffdc mdt sd van ban phdp Mat, tMffng tinh Men life qud tha'p. Them vdo dd, cdc cd quan quan 1^
da khdng Idm ttdn trdch nMem cua minh, do vay, tinh hang nMeu vii gay d nMem mdi trffdng dien ra hdn chuc nam van khdng dffdc phat Men va xii IS.
Khdng chi the, y thffc cdng ddng va y thffc bao ve quyen ldi cua ngffdi dan cdn rai ban che.
Nhieu khi, dffng trffdc cdc doanh nghiep Idn, ngffdi dan dia phffdng khdng du tff tin, ban Enh de khieu kien doaiM nghiep vi pham quy che lao ddng. Vai trd dai dien ciia cdc hiep hdi d Viet Nam cdn rai tha'p. Trong cdc vii d nMem thffe pham, mdi trffdng vffa qua, chung ta hau nhff khdng tha'y cd sif Men dien cua hiep bdi ngffdi tieu dung, nen khd dat dffdc muc dich xa hdi ma Mep hdi cd ttdeh nMem phai thffc Men.
Ve pMa ngffdi dan, chung ta May cd nMeu quan niem danh ddng boat ddng tff thien vdi trach nMem xa hdi cua doanh ngMep. Phai ndi rang, M Mien cM la mdt phan nhd hong ttach nMem xa hdi eiia doanh nghiep. Vi du, mpt doanh ngMep ddng gdp mdt ty ddng lam tii tMen, nhffng boat ddng ciia doaiM nghiep dd cd the gay d nMem mdi tiifdng vdi cM pM nMeu ty ddng hdn Me. Do vay, chung ta can phai cd each tiep can
toan dien ve trach nhiem xa hdi ciia doanh ngMep. Cflng vdi dd la viec nang cao chai Iffdng cac quy dinh van ban phdp Mat bang each dp dung viec ddiM gia tac ddng ciia van ban luat trong qua trinh lap quy; day la cdng cii tien tie'n dffdc cdc nffdc phdt hien dp dung ttong qud Mnh tMei ke Mat. Danh gid tdc dpng cua van ban luat giup chung ta xdc dinh giai pbdp lap quy cd phai la giai phap hdp ly, can thiei hay khdng. Mpt van ban cd tinh cWnh xac cao tM Meu life cila van ban dd cflng se cao. Cde cd quan qudn ly rMa nffdc khdng cM can phai tang effdng trdch nMem thffc tM Mat hong Enh vffc cua minh, ma cdn phai ddi mdi each thffc xay dffng cdc Wep hdi dai dien cho ngffdi tieu dflng, nhai Id phai co day du cac tMei che dai dien trung gian, nhff ede td chffc pM chinb phu, Mep hdi, nhdm ldi ich de hp da'u tranh cho quyen ldi cua cdc thdnh vien hiep hdi. Them vao dd, can tang effdng thong tin, tuyen truyen de ngffdi dan hieu dung ban chai cua van de "ttdeh nMem xa bdi" va cdc bp quy tac ufng xuf. Nhai la cdc doaiM iMan, ede nha quan ly, cdc nha hoach dinh cMnh sdch vi mo.
Ddi vdi hdeh nMem ngoai Mat, nhff cdng tde ttf tMen, can khuyen kMch, vi day chinh la stf Mdng tdc giffa doanh ngMep va xa hdi.
Tbife Men trach nhiem xa hpi la van de tai yeu cua cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam, bdi gid day, Viet Nam chung ta da hd Manh Mdnh vien chinb thffc cua To chffc Thffdng mai the gidi (WTO), va tten eon dffdng hpi nhap vdi nen kinh te the gidi, Viet Nam dang quyei tam Mffe Wen nhflhg Mdng le kinh doanh va nhflhg tieu chuan da dffdc cdng nhan tten the' gidi, iMam phdt trien nen kinh te thi trffdng theo dinh hffdng xa hpi ehu ngMa mdt each ben vffng. Trong thdi dai ngdy nay, hanh ddng c6 ttach nMem la viee lam dung dan va can thiei cua cdc doatM nghiep.
Trdch rMiem xa hdi trd thdnh van de tai ye'u, khdng the bd qua ddi vdi bat cff nhflCng ai mudn tim kiem kha nang catM ttanh hong nen kinh te thi trffdng d cap qud'c gia cung nhff cap doanh nghiep. Cdc nhd doaiM nghiep cflng nen biet rang, ttdeh nMem xa hdi khdng cM la "dieu diing dan nen lam", ma cdn la "dieu khdn ngoan nen
lam". _
