KHOA HOC C O N G N O N E
HIEIV TRAIXIG V A GIAI P H A P IXIAIXIG CAO CHAT LUaiVG MLrOC HO TREO TREIXI DjA BAM TIIXIH HA GIAIVG
Luong Van Anh'
T6MTAT
H6 treo cap nuoc sinh hoat nong thon dime xay dung tr&n dia ban tinh Ha Giang tap trung chii yeu tren bon huyen viing cao niii da (Meo Vac, Quan B^, Dong Van, Yen Minh). Nguon nuoc tir h6 treo cung la mot trong nhimg ngu6n quan trpng nhat cua nguoi dan b day vao cac thang miia kho, dap ling phan lon nhu cau sii dung nuoc, dn djnh an smh xa hoi cho dong bao tai tai 04 huySn. Tuy nhien, d^n nay, mot so ho treo co hien tuong cong trinh bi xuong cap; nguon nuoc trong h6 thieu ve mua kho, nuoc trong ho chuyen mau xanh luc, nhieu reu tao tao vang tren mat nuoc; cong tac quan ly van hanh chua duoc quan tam diing miic, giai phap ve ky thuat cho cac h6 treo can phai di&u chinh hop ly va dong bo. De dam bao cong trinh ho treo cap nuoc sinh boat hieu qua va tranh lang phi dau tir can danh gia hien trang va de xuat cac giai phap phii hop nham nang cao chat luong nuoc cap tir ho tree cho ddng bao vung kho khan.
Tirkh6a: Hd treo. Ha Giang, cdp nuvc sinh hoat, cbi't itrong nuuc, xu ly nuoc.
1. GIOITHEU
Ha Giang la mot tinh ngheo, nam a dia dau to quoc, di6u Iden kinh te - xa hoi kho khan, kinh te chu y^u dua vao san xuat nong nghiep, dac biet 4 huyen vimg cao Quan Ba, Yen Minh, Dong Van, Meo Vac nam trong Cong vien dia chat toan cau, dieu kien kinh te xa hoi va nguon ntroe kho khan, dia hinh bi chia cat manh, mang luoi song suoi thua that, nam sau so voi khu dan cu sinh song n6n viec di lai lay nuoc cua ba con rat vat va, thieu nuoe sinh hoat frong 6 thang miia kho. Tinh d^n thang 6/2017, fren dia ban 4 huyen vimg cao niii da Ha Giang co 67,5%
dan so duoe cap nuoe hgp ve smh, frong do eong trinh h6 freo cap eho 20,6%; cong trinh cap nuoc tu chay cap cho 28,2% va cong trinh c^p nuoe nho le ho gia dinh 18,7%. [Ij.
Chu truong xay dung h6 chiia nuoe sinh hoat th^ hien su quan tam to lon cua Dang, Chinh phu doi voi dong bao viing cao Ha Giang, mang lai hieu qua lon ve kinh te va xa hpi, lam thay doi cuge song cua nguoi dan vimg cao nui da phia Bac, giai quyet mot phan tinh frang thi^u nude smh hoat cua nguoi dan vao miia kho, gop phan xay dimg eanh quan m6i trucmg frong sach, on dinh chinh tri viing bien cuong cua To qudc. Tir nam 2007 den thang 11/2018, fren dia ban tiidi Ha Giang da xay dung duoe 99 ho chiia nuoc smh hoat (ho freo), huyen Dong Van; 41 ho;
Trung tam Quoc gia Nuoc sach va Ve sinh moi irucmg rjong thon
huyen Meo Vac; 18 ho; huyen Yen Minh; 23 ho;
huyen Quan Ba: 17 ho. Voi tong dung tich chiia theo thiet ke la 406.000 m^ cap nuoc cho hon 50.000 nguoi. Cong trinh ho freo nui da da dua ra nhimg giai phap ky thuat trii nuoc tir nhiing mo nuoc nho, nuoe mat do mua trong dieu kien khi hau khae nghiet, it mua, dieu ki6n dia hinh chia cat, dia chat phiic tap nhieu hang dong karst de lay nuoe phuc vu cho mot s6 lugng lon dan cu frong miia kho. Ket cau ky thuat cac ho da dupe xay dung the hien tinh uu viet d6i voi dieu kien fren dia ban vimg cao, tich trii duge lugng nuoe lon.
Hien nay da so cac ho chiia nuoe bi 6 nhiim, boi Idng, thieu nguon nuoe cap, nhan dien mot so nguyen nhan gay 6 nhi6m nguon nuoe cae ho freo nhu sau:
- Do viec thu nuoe tii tu nhien bang kenh dan ha nen chat lugng nguon nuoe ehua duge dam bao khi dua vao su dung.
- Da sd cac ho chiic nuoe ehua eo eac edng trinh phu frg-, hang muc xu ly nude (san chd, be loc, be chiia nude sach sau xu ly, ranh thoat nude sau sir dung, hang rao bao ve khu vuc ho...) de thuan Igi cho ngudi dan frong qua frinh su dung. Nhieu noi con de dan tam giat true tiep va nude xung quanh chay vao lam 6 nhifem ho nuac.
- Mot sd hd freo chiia nude gan khu vuc nha dan, truong hoe va duong giao thdng cung mot phan lam d nhi6m them.
- Do anh hudng cua bi^n doi khi hau va khai thac, mot so cdng trinh qua thdi gian su dung, ngudn nude bien ddi va suy kiet dan, khong du cap cho hd.
- Ngudn kinh phi de khae phuc hu hong, xudng cap cong trinh rat han che do ngudn thu khdng dii cac chi phi tu sua, bao duong, nao vet khdng kip thdi;
kinh phi cho edng tac quan ly, van hanh khong cd va khdng cd kmh phi cap bu ttr ngan sach dia phuong.
- Do edng tae quan ly va bao v6 hd chiia chua tot;
ngudi dan su dung ehua ed giai phap bao ve ngudn hoac quan ly chung, ve sinh kem; chtra xay dung quy che hoat dong chat che va gan vdi trach nhiem vdi ngudi quan ly.
Mot tinh frang nhin true dien cho thay hien tugng nude trong hd ddi mau xanh luc, noi vang reu tao, hien tugng nay xay ra vao mtia khd, miia xuan, ngudn nude khdng dam bao chat luong cap cho sinh boat. Do khd khan vd nguon nude ndn day vkn la ngudn nude cap chinh cho ngudi dan dia phuong. De khae phuc tinh frang d nhidm nay can c6 danh gia
diing nhung tdn tai vk edng nghd xu ly nude, hi^n frang frong cdng tac quan ly van hanh hd freo cap nude sinh hoat tai Ha Giang, nghien ciiu d6 xuat dua ra cac giai phap khac phuc nang cao chat lugng nude cap tii ho treo va thue hidn thi diem, danh gia tong ket va nhan rdng de dam bao cap nude cho dong bao vimg cao.
2 . VATLIEU VA PHUONG PHAP
Theo tai heu hien frang cua doan cdng tac thuc hien du an Khoa hpc cdng nghe nang cao hieu qua cap nude hd freo Ha Giang da tidn hanh khao sat, danh gia hien frang cdng trinh va chat luong nude 32 cdng trinh ho treo tai 4 huyen viing cao niii da tinh Ha Giang tir thang 9/2018 den het thang 10/2018, Lay mau nude tai 20/32 cdng trinh khao sat, thuc hien phan tich, danh gia 10 chi tieu chat lugng nude theo cdt II eua QCVN 02:2009/BYT (ehi tiet ten ho, dia chi hd, cac chi tieu phan tich chat luong nude va phuang phap thii tai bang 1, bang 2).
TT A 1 2 3 4 5 6 B 7 8 9 10 11 C 12 13 14 15 16 D 17 18 19 20
Bang 1. Danh s^ch tdn ho freo diroc l^y mhx phan tich Tenhd
Huydn Ddng Van
Hd chiia nude sinh hoat Sa Phin A
Hd chiia nude sinh hoat thdn Liing Cam Tren, xa Sung La Hd chira nude sinh hoat thdn Ta Phin B
Hd chiia nude sinh hoat thdn Seo Lung A Hd chiia nude sinh hoat Van Chai B, xa Van Chai Hd chiia nude sinh hoat thdn Ta Kha Huydn Quan Ba
Hd chtra nude sinh hoat Siia Can Ty Hd chiia nude sinh hoat thdn Limg Vai Hd chiia nude sinh hoat thdn Lung Ciing Hd ehiia nude sinh hoat thi fran Tam Son Hd chira nude sinh hoat thdn Lung Tam Thap Huyen Yen Minh
Hd chiia nude sinh hoat Sung La Hd chiia nude sinh hoat Tham Ludng Hd chiia nude smh hoat Lung Cang Hd ehiia nude smh hoat Phe Pha Hd chira nude sinh hoat Chimg Chai Huydn Meo Vac
Ho chira nude sinh hoat Lan Trai Ho chira nude stnh hoat Pa Vi Ho chira nude sinh hoat Pai liing Hd chiia nude sinh hoat Thuong Phiing
Dia diem Thdn Sa Phin A, xa Sa Phin Thdn Long Cam Tren, xa Siing La Thdn Ta Phin B, xa Ta Phin Thdn Seo Lung A, xa Sang Tiing Xa van Chai
Thdn Ta Kha, xa Phd Bang Thdn Stia Can Ty, xa Can Ty Thdn Limg Vai, xa Can Ty Thdn Limg Ciing, xa Thanh Van Thi fran Tam Son
Thdn Limg Tam Thap, xa Limg Tam Xa Sung Thai
Xa Du Gia Xa Dudng Thuong Xa Lung Hd Xa Sung Trang Xa Lung Pii XaPaVi Xa Pai Lung Xa Thuong Phiing
172 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 +2 - THANG 2/2019
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE De cd day du thdng tin danh gia vd hien trang
cap nirdc ho freo fren dia ban 4 huyen Meo Vac, Dong Van, Yen Minh, Quan Ba, doan edng tac da lam viec vdi So Ndng nghidp va Phat tndn ndng thdn, Phdng Kinh te cua 4 huydn va thuc hidn khao sat hidn trudng tai cac cong trinh ho freo, dong thdi thuc hien bd cau hoi trdn phidu khao sat, phdng v ^ ngudi dan. Ndi dung thuc hien bd can hoi tap trung ehii yeu ve cac khau: thdi gian xSy dung, thoi gian van hanh hd freo; pham vi phuc vu, so ngudi su dung nude; cdng tae dinh ky nao vet biin can long hd;
lirgng nude frong hd vao cae miia frong nam; phi sir dung nude ttr hd freo; ngudn nude hd gia dinh dang su dung; each thiic lay nude va van chuyen nude tir ho freo ve su dung tai hd gia dinh; edng tae to chiic quan ly, van hanh hd freo; cdng tac kiem fra, giam sat chat lugng nude tai hd freo.
3. KFT QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Hidn trang c^p nude
3.1.1. VS tinh hinh xay dung cdng trinh hd tieo cap nude sinh hoat ndng thdn
Ket qua didu fra da nit ra mdt sd han ehd frong xay dung hd freo nhu: (i) Cd hien tuong mat nude tai mdt sd hd sau mdt thdi gian dua vao sir dung va chua phat huy tdi da hieu qua, chua tich dugc nude theo thi^t kd hoac tich duoe nhung bi tham, rd ri; (ii) Thdi gian thi cdng keo dai anh huong den mdi trudng dan smh, mdi trudng nude, d^t, khdng khi khu vuc va phai di^u chinh hd so thiet ke, du toan nhieu lan; (iii) Suat diu ttr eho 1 m^ nude d miic cao; (iv) Cdng tac quan ly van hanh, bao dudng cac hd chiia sau ban giao chua that su dug-c quan tam eua chinh quydn dia phuang, chi mang tinh hinh thiic, tu phat, chua xay dung duge cac quy trinh van hanh, ndi quy hoat dong, quy dinh trach nhidm cu tiie cho timg tap the, ca nhan. Din ddn mdt sd hd tich dugc nude nhung chat luang nude khdng dam bao hoac su dung khdng tiet kidm, khdng hieu qua. Trinh do chuydn mdn nghiep vu ddi ngu can bd quan ly van hanh cdn rat nhidu yeu kem va han che, chua duge dao tao chuydn mdn nghiep vu, vi vay cdng tac quan ly van hanh edn thu ddng, khdng phdng franh trude duge cac str cd. Kinh phi cho edng tac quan ly, van hanh, bao dudng cdng frinh gan nhu khdng cd do dieu kien kmh te eiia dia phuang edn khd khan [3]. Nguyen nhan tap trang chu yeu vao nhimg ly do sau:
Hd freo la cdng trinh mang tinh dac thii va la mdt frong cac giai phap duy nhat cho vimg cao nui
da trien khai tai Ha Giang va dia chat phirc tap khdng dong nhat, do vay khi tien hanh dau tu cac ehu dau tu, don vi tu v ^ , ca quan quan ly nha nude phai didu chinh cho phu hgp. Cac thiet ke deu phai dua vao dia hinh dia chat thue td tai vi tri xay dung, do vay ket cau phiic tap, khdi lugng dao dap, pha da lon.
Thi cdng hd chiia keo dai frong dieu kien khd khan nhu bidn dd dao ddng nhiet dd ngay dem Idn, miia khd fhieu nude... dan ddn cdng tac bao dudng bd tdng, bao dudng vat Heu khdp ndi gap nhieu khd khan, nhieu hd xudng cap nhanh khi duoe ban giao str dung. Dia hinh niii cao chia cat manh, cu ly van chuyen vat lieu bang dtd, van chuydn bd Idn ndn gia thanh vat tu den chan cong trinh bien ddng manh.
Ngan sach cap dau tu chua chii ddng, ke hoach vdn cdn cham din den keo dai thdi gian thi cdng, gay lang phi do thay ddi don gia nhan cdng vat heu, may mdc. Mdt sd hd nam frong khu vuc dat san xu^t, canh tac ciia ngudi dan vide thu hdi den bii gap nhieu khd khan.
Thidu kinh phi hoat ddng va duy tu bao dudng, sira chua cdng trinh. Ha Giang la tinh ngheo ndn vide eSn ddi ngan sach hang nam cho vide duy tu, bao duong cac cdng trinh la rat khd khan, frong khi nhu cau vd vdn la rat lon. Da sd edng trinh dirge xay dung tai cac viing sau, vimg xa, cd dieu kien dia ly, dia hinh phirc tap, dan eu sinh sdng phan tan, chii yeu la ho ngheo nen cdng tac quan ly van hanh gap rat nhieu khd khan, gan nhu cac hd dan sii dung nude midn phi, thu khdng du bii chi.
Anh huong eua bien ddi khi hau va bi tac ddng lam thay doi ngudn nude, ngudn nude suy kidt dan, khdng du cap eho hd.
Cac dia phuong dae bidt la chinh quyen cac xa cd hd chira chua quan tam diing miie, ehua chu ddng phan bd ngan sach ddi vdi cdng tac quan ly van hanh ho, dieu kien ciia ngudi dan cdn khd khan ndn chua ap dung thu phi sti dimg nude do vay khong cd ngudn kinh phi thuc hien quan ly, van hanh, bao ve hd (cd khoang 30% hd treo cua 4 huyen duoe chinh quyen xa quan tam van ddng tuyen truyen ngudi dan tham gia ddng gdp bao duong van hanh va sua chua thi hoat ddng tuong ddi hidu qua).
Nang luc ban quan ly cdng frinh hoat ddng cdn chua quan tam va cd noi edn yeu kem. Cdng tac truyen thdng, thdng tin nham nang cao y thiie cua ngudi dan trong viec bao vd, giii gin cdng frinh, sir
dung nude ve sinh, tiet kidm eho ngudi dan dia phuang chua hidu qua.
Trong 32 cdng trinh hd freo cd hd thdng thu nude hd, 15/32 cdng trinh khdng cd hd Igc nude so bd, 8 cdng trinh cd hd Igc ntrde sa bd trudc khi vao hd tuy nhidn vat Ueu hd Igc sa bd khdng dugc ve sinh, cd nhidu dat, cat va cd mgc nhieu; 23/32 hd freo khdng cd be loc nude trude khi cap nude cho ngudi dan, thieu edng tiinh phu frg (be ti^ nude, ngirdi dan lay nude true tiep tir hd; khdng ed khu lay nude ddc lap, thieu ranh thoat nude thai sau khi ngudi dan su dung, hang rao bao ve bi hu hdng); 9
hd treo ed cdng trinh phu frg nhung 3 hd cd eong trinh phu frg bj hu hdng, khdng duge siia chiia kip thdi. 25/30 hd freo khdng duoc nao vet ke tu khi dua vao su dung fren 5 nam (cac hd duge xay dung trudc nam 2015), hd freo cd rdu tao ndi vang thanh timg mang fren be mat, nude ed mau xanh luc.
3.1.2. Ve chat lugng nude c^
Ve chat lugng nude eua 20 mSu thu thap cua 20 hd freo, cd 20 mau deu bi d nhidm vi sinh eao hon miie cho phdp 2-4 lan; 100% miu nirde dat v4 chi tieu hdaly[2].
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10
Bang 2. TonK hop k^t quS phan tich ch& lupng mau Ten chi tieu
Mau sac iVIuivi Do due pH
Ham luang Amoni Ham lugng sat t6ng so Chi so Pecmanganat Ham lugng asen tong s6 Cohform E. coi'hoac coliform chiu nhiet
Don vi tinh TCU
NTU mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 VK/100 lit VK/lOOlit
Gioi han cho phep QCVN 02:2009/BYr
(cot II) 15 Khong CO mui vi la
5 6,0-8,5
3 0,5 4 0,05 150 20
au6c tir 20 h6 treo tinh Ha Giang Phugng phap thu SMEWW2120 SMEWW2150Bva 2160 B SMEWW2130B SMEWW4500-H+
SMEWW4500-NH,C SMEWW3500-Fe TCVN 6186:1996 TCVN 6626:2000 TCVN 6187-1,2:1996 TCVN 6187-1,2:1996
Ket qua -12 mJu: 3248 - 08 mau: 9-14 Kheng - 05 mSu: 8-10 -15 mau: 3-4 20 mSu: 7,8-8,1 20 mSu: 0,05-0,08 20 mSu: 0,01-0,03 20 mJu: 2,14 Khong phat hien - 09 mSu: 321-605 -11 man: 153-208 - 03 mSu: 12-18 -17 mSu: 5-7
' 1 LI
174 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 +2 - THANG 2/2019
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
Hinh 1. Nu6c frong hd c6 m^u xanh liic, n6i mang r^u frdn b^ mgt (anh chup thang 4/2018) Ntrde frong hd khdng duoe dinh ky kiem fra
giam sat chat lugng va do vay thidu ca sd dd dua ra khuyen cao cho ngudi su dung; qua quan sat ban dau, 12 hd mau nude chuyen xanh luc, reu mang ndi fren mat ntrde, thanh hd rdu cau bam khdng duge vd smh.
Tren ca sd ket qua phan tich, da sd mku. nude cd ket qua dat ehi tieu hda ly, duy ehi cd chi tidu vd mau sac cd 12 mau khdng dat, dien hinh nhu hd Siia Can Ty, xa Can Ty, huyen Quan Ba cd mau nude xanh luc dd quan sat, ket qua chi tidu mau sac la 48 TCU, hd chiia nude sinh hoat xa Pa Vi, huydn Meo Vac cd chi tieu mau sac la 40 TCU.
Cd 100% mau khdng dat tieu chuan vi sinh ve chi tieu coliform, 9 mku cd ket qua vuot 2-4 lan gidi ban cho phdp, dae bidt ed hd cap nude sinh hoat thdn Siia Can Ty, xa Can Ty, huyen Quan Ba cd ket qua coliform vuot 4 lan gidi han eho phep (605 vi khuan/lOOlit).
Sau mdt thdi gian thu trii nude vao hd ham lugng bim can lang dudi day hd tang din lam giam kha nang trii nude, tao didu kien mdi trudng sinh sdng cho reu tao.
4 ] -
NinJcsuoi, mach ngam
Hinh 2. Sa dd cdng nghd thu nu6c h6 freo ph6 bi^n tai Hd Giang
Hidn tugng nude cd mau xanh luc la do su phat frien manh cua tao lam. Cd 3 yeu td chinh lam tang mat dd tao lam (eyanobaeteria) trong nude hd dd la:
(i) Thii nhat, vi eyanobaeteria quang hgp dugc, mat hd thoang, nhieu anh sang nen thuan Igi eho qua trinh quang hop. (li) Thii hai, mdi trudng giau chat dinh dudng, dae bidt la nita va phot pho. Nude chay vao hd cudn theo can lo limg giau chat dinh duong, cong vdi viec Idng hd va thanh hd freo khdng duoe ve sinh frong ca qua frinh sii dung ndn nhieu can lang, rdu tao bam thanh hd. (iii) Cudi ciing, do su tuan hoan ntrde kem cd thd tao didu kien eho su phat tnen cua eyanobaeteria. Vdi gid nhe hoac ddng chay khdng manh, cac khuan lae eyanobaeteria Idn se tich tu frdn bd gid va phat trien nhanh chdng trong dieu kidn nude bi tii dgng. Trong nhung di^u kien nay, mdt luong nude cd the frd nen rat due vdi mau xanh la cay, xanh, hoac mau nau dd, su xuat hien cua mdt mang mdng, hoac mdt lop day ndi frdn bd mat nude.
Trong didu kien chat dinh dudng frong nude, eyanobaeteria cd the phat tndn cho ddn khi mdt sd ydu td khac nhu anh sang hoac nhiet do ban che su tang trudng a i a chiing. Mdt sd cae ngudn dinh dudng lam gia tang kha nang phat trien ciia eyanobaeteria gdm: nude mua va ddng chay nude ndng nghidp, ddng chay tir cac bai cd hoac trkm tich do xdi mdn dat, eung nhu cac ngudn tu nhien nhu la cay, du luong thue vat va vat hdu bang cay cdi. Nhu vay, rat rd de nhin ra nguydn nhan vi sao nude frong hd treo chuyen mau xanh luc va reu tao phat trien manh vao mua khd, miia xuan.
Nhin chung, cae ngudn nude hi hd chiia dugc cap tiiic tiep cho ngudi dan mdi duoe xu ly sa bd chtra qua bat ky khau xu ly nude nao, nhu vay chat lugng nude cap tir day hoan toan khdng dam bao theo quy chuan eua Bd Y te cho ngudi dan sir dung.
3.1.3. Ve nhan thuc cua ngudi dan dia phuong trong viec su dung nude sach cho sinh hoat
Hidn nay, mdt so ban tai vimg nui da Ha Giang, ngudi dan bude dau cd y thiic thay ddi nhiing thdi
quen, tap quan lae hau frong su dung nude smh hoat.
Nhieu hd gia dinh da biet each sii dung nude ngudn tir ho freo ve xtr ly so bg rdi mdi su dung cho muc dieh an uong, sinh hoat hang ngay, dun nude sdi dd uong. Su thay doi frong nhan thiic eua ngirdi dan ve each thiic su dung nude sach eho sinh hoat da gdp phan eai thidn sue khde cdng ddng, on dinh an sinh xa hdi.
Ben canh do, van tdn tai tinh frang sii dung nude lang phi, khdng cd dinh lugng sii dung nude tir hd ve ho gia dinh, bam nude chay fran; ngudi dan tu y xudng hd tam giat true tiep frong Idng hd; viec quan ly thieu tinh toan lau dai vd dam bao an toan ngudn nude, vd sinh va tham thuc vat frong hanh lang thu nude vao hd ehua duge tinh den,.. .do vay, chat lugng ngudn frong hd kem, khdng dam bao cho sinh boat.
Nhu vky, nhu cau su dung nude sach frong cdng ddng dang ngay mdt cao hon va dudi tae ddng eiia nhieu mat cuge sdng, frong dd cd truyen thdng phat trien nen vide tuyen truydn nang eao y thiic sir dung nude sach eua ngudi dan dat hieu qua hon, y thiic su dung nude sach cua ngudi dan dugc cai thien ngay ea d vimg ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd.
3.1.4. VS cdng tac quan ly van hanh hd treo Tong sd 32 cdng trinh hd freo tai 4 huyen Yen Minh, Quan Ba, Ddng Van, Meo Vac, tinh Ha Giang duge khao sat deu dugc giao ve thdn tiiuc hidn quan ly van hanh, da thanh lap ban quan ly de tiiue hidn quan ly, thanh phdn frong ban quan ly thdng thudng la truong thdn, bi thu chi bd, edng an vien, chi hdi phu nu, doan thanh nien,...Ban quan ly thudng la kidm nhidm, chua qua Idp dao tao, tap huan ve ehuyen mdn va quan ly.
Cdng trinh hd freo sau khi hoan thanh xay dung dua vao sir dung duge ban giao lai cho UBND xa, UBND xa thanh lap To quan ly hoac cac thdn, ban tren dia ban xa true tiep quan ly. Tinh frang td chiic eiia md hinh quan ly van hanh long leo, ehua cd quy dinh rd rang frong cdng tac phan cdng nhidm vu, trach nhiem cua ngudi quan ly van hanh, thidu eo ch^ hd frg cho ngudi quan ly van hanh ndn thudng bi hudng long sau thdi gian ngan. Trong qua frinh quan ly, van hanh, khai tiiac cdng tiinh cdn gap khd khan chtra duge khac phuc din den viec mdt sd edng hinh boat ddng kem hidu qua, edng tiinh khdng duge duy tu, stra chiia kip tiioi din den hu hdng bin. Md hinh quan ly van hanh phan Idn la md hinh cdng ddng, tiiy
nhidn, phan lon md hinh nay la bi ddng, do thieu su tham van cdng ddng ngay tir khi thue hien dau tu xky dung cdng trinh, duge giao quan ly nhung ngudi quan ly van hanh khdng qua dao tao, tap huan ve v§n hanh hd freo, thieu kidn thiic ea ban ve nude sach ndng thdn va thidu kinh nghiem van hanh tai chinh thu chi cho cdng trinh.
Thuc hidn ke hoach 96/KH-UBND ngay 06/06/2014 ve vide cung cd tSng eudng quan ly, van hanh, bao duong cac edng trinh thuy Igi, cap nude sinh boat sau dau tir frdn dia ban tinh Ha Giang giai doan 2014-2015, den nay, 100% cdng frinh cap nude sinh boat ndng thdn dang boat ddng da cd to quan ly, van hanh cdng trinh. Mdt sd to quan ly cdng trinh da bude dau di vao boat ddng tot va xay dung quy ch^
boat ddng, thu dugc kinh phi de chi fra cho To quan ly cong trinh (mac dti cdn rat it nhimg eung phat huy dugc hieu qua). T6 quan ly cdng trinh da dugc tip huan ky thuat ve cdng tae quan ly, van hanh, bao dudng edng frinh. Tuy nhien, do dae thu edng trinh d- khu vuc ndng thdn vimg sau, viing xa, da sd la dan toe thieu sd, cuge sdng sinh boat ciia ngudi dan cdn rat nhieu khd khan, phan Idn khdng thu tien su dung nude (do didu kien ddi sdng vat chat cua ngudi dan cdn khd khan, ty le hd ngheo cao: huyen Ddng VSn cd 63,25% hd ngheo, Meo Vac 56,93% hd ngheo).
Mat khac, ngudn von ngan sach ban hep ndn thidu kinh phi thuc hidn cdng tac bao fri, sua chua nho, cai tao, nang cap chat lugng edng frinh,... Ngudn thu nhd, nhu can chi eao ndn day la nguyen nhan lon cdng trinh bi budng long quan ly, Idng hd khdng duge nao vet bim can, chat lugng nude khdng dat yeu cau dung eho sinh boat.
Mdt sd to quan ly chua xay dung dugc ca ch^
boat ddng, phuang an quan ly, su dung va bao ve ngudn nude eung nhu cac cdng trinh cap nude sinh boat, cd ban quan ly duge thanh lap nhtmg khdng hoat ddng. Cdng tac quan ly van hanh hd freo chtra duge td chiic bai ban ndn gan nhu bd ngd cdng tac truydn thdng, tuydn truyen nang cao nhan thiic cua ngudi sir dung frong edng tac bao ve ngudn nude, su dung nude tiet Idem nen van hanh cap nude chtra hieu qua, ve mua khd, mot sd hd freo bi can kifit ngudn nude.
3.2. MOt sd giii phAp
De nang cao chat lugng nude cap tir eac hd freo can thuc hien mdt sd giai phap sau:
176 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 +2 - THANG 2/2019
KHOA HOC CONG N G H l
- Thuc hien ra soat, danh gia chat lugng nude cap hang nam, theo miia. Hoan thien cdng nghe xii ly nude cap cho sinh boat, dinh ky ve sinh long hd, khu vue xung quanh ho, chan rac, lap hanh lang an toan pham vi xung quanh hd, bao ve ngudn nude thu vao hd franh khdi cae chat thai tii hoat ddng chan nudi, thudc bao ve thuc vat...
- Dieu chinh lai thidt ke hanh lang thu nude, tuong bao vd, ranh thoat nude... xung quanh cdng trinh hd freo eho phii hgp.
- Khao sat phuong an bd sung hoac dieu chinh ngudn nude cap vao hd nude eho phii hop vdi nhung hd thidu nude ngudn.
- Nghien ciiu bidn phap xu ly nude dau vao va dau ra, bo simg them ngudn nude cho cac hd nude dirge dau tu tir trude nam 2015 (do cac hd nay lay nude tme tiep tii hiing nude mtra va mdt sd hd ed cac md, mach nude bd sung nhung chtra duge xtr ly, khdng dam bao ve sinh).
- Hoan thien edng nghe xii ly nude e^p sinh boat tai hd freo, ap dung cdng nghe de xtr ly d nhidm vi smh, rdu tao lam frong nude d hd freo fren nguydn ly ban ehd chfit dinh dudng frong ngudn nude va khtr vi sinh frong nude. Nguyen nhan va didu kien de tao phat trien manh la anh sang va dmh dudng.
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Hinh 3. Sa dd cdng nghd nang cao chit lugng nude cap tu hd freo
De xir ly tao can thue hien cac nguyen tac sau:
- Han che ham lugng nita va photpho cd the cap bd sung vao hd day la ngudn thiic an nudi dudng tao giiip tao phat trien. De thue hien dieu nay can khuyen eao ba eon su dung hoa chat bao ve thuc vat phu hgp va khdng su dung thudc diet ed. Xay dung va dua ra giai phap quan ly hd va cae thiiy vue nham bao ve ngudn nude hd.
- Giam thieu tac ddng cua qua trinh nia frdi gay bdi lang va xdi mdn chat dinh dudng frong dat bang viec frdng cay che phii cd dd bam tdt nham giir dat va dinh dudng trong dat ciia qua trinh rira trdi, day eung la giai phap giG mdi tnrdng ngudn nude.
- Cd lap cac chat thai chan nudi, chat thai smh hoat, canh eay, la eay rung chay theo ngudn nude vao Idng hd. Day la bidn phap giir gin ve sinh mdi trudng ciing nhu canh quan hd freo. Ngoai ra, viec cd lap nay giiip tieu diet tao, rong reu vi su phan hiiy ciia canh la eay la ngudn sinh ra chat dinh dudng nudi tao.
- Dinh ky edng tac ve sinh, nao vet long hd va than rua thanh hd freo.
- Kiem soat ddng chay true tiep vao hd freo.
Nude tir khe, md, suon ddc trude khi chay vao hd cho chay qua loc sa bd. Kiem soat vi sinh bang hda chat cloramin B dinh ky theo miia frong nam de han che toi da reu tao frong nude.
- Xay dung ke hoach hang nam edng tac dao tao, nang eao nang luc quan ly van hanh hd freo cho can bd true tiep quan ly van hanh tai thdn, ban; can cd su quan tam ciia cac cap chinh quyen dia phuong frong cdng tac quan ly hd freo.
- Tich cue thue hidn truyen thdng thay doi ve nhan thiic va hanh vi ciia ngudi sir dung nude vd vide sir dung tiet kidm ngudn nude va bao ve cdng trinh, mdi trudng xung quanh, tuan thii theo dung quy dmh ciia td quan ly van hanh hd; bao ve mdi trudng xung quanh hd, tuan thii vide sir dung cac hda chat bao vd thuc vat theo dung hudng dan franh tinh frang tdn du thudc bao vd thuc vat frong ngudn nude chay vao hd; khdng virt rac xudng hd; tham gia vdi td quan ly van hanh dinh ky lam ve sinh, nao vet long hd.
- Huy ddng npi luc tir ngirdi sit dung nude de bao ve cdng trinh, bao vd ngudn nude, vd sinh Idng hd, ddng gdp mdt phan cdng sire de duy tu, bao tri edng trinh, chu ddng edng tae cai tao chat lugng nude...
4 . KET LUAN
Cdng trinh hd freo cap nude sinh hoat tai 4 huyen (Ddng Van, Meo Vac, Quan Ba, Yen Mhih) thudc tinh Ha Giang boat ddng kem hidu qua va chat luong nude cap ehua dat QCVN 02:2009/BYT. Hd freo sau xay dung mdi chi thuc hidn dugc nhidm vu thu tru nude, thieu cdng trinh phu frg nhu lang, Igc nude va do edng tae quan ly van hanh thidu tinh chuydn nghiep, thieu kinh phi thue hien nao vet, tu sua cdng trinh va chua cd giai phap ky thuat hieu qua. De cai tao chat luong nude can hoan thien edng nghe xtr ly ntrde trude khi cap cho ngudi dan ddng thdd can nhin nhan nghidm the cdng tae quan ly van hanh hd freo.
TAI LEU fflAM KHAO 4 -pai lieu tiuydn tiidng "Khir friing n u d e g i e n g - 1. Tdng cue Thuy Igi, 2018. Bao cao Bd tiirong I^^ng phuang phap khu tining bang chlorine don ve viec khao sat thue te eac hd treo va de xuat S^^" frang tiidng tin didn tii Bg Mdi frudng chuong trinh cap nude tai 4 huyen vting eao tinh Ha Canada.
Giang. http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wsd/plan_proteet_sustai/
o x *- r* -• • M A^ u • ^Tc\iiT groiindwater/wells/feetsheets/PFRA_sunple_chlorif 2. Irung tam Quoc gia Nuoe sach va VSMT
ndng thdn, 2018. Ket qua khao sat thuc hidn du an
Khoa hoe cdng nghe nang eao hieu qua cap nude hd 5. Nguydn Viet Anh, Trudng DH Xky dung, freo Ha Giang. 12/2007. Dd tai NCKH cap tiirdng: 28-2007/KHXD.
o c ' M- u - • rrrxTT c 1, xj- n- Nghien ciiu kha nang ap dung cdng nghe loc nuoc 3 . S a N o n g n g h i e p v a P T N T tinh H a G i a n g , , , . , . , & » ' • < ' , , , ., oni-T D . . T ^ ' 7 ' ^ 1 -v ^ ^^ ^ - J VOI h a i l o p vat h d u l o e frong ti-am x u ly c a p n u o e . 2 0 1 7 . B a o e a o T h u t u o n g v e k e t q u a d a u t u x a y d u n g . . .
h d chira n u d e s i n h b o a t 4 h u y e n v i m g c a o niii d a p h i a ^- V^en Q u y h o a c h T h u y Igi, B d N d n g nghiep va B a c t i n h H a G i a n g . P h a t frien n d n g tiidn. N g h i e n ciiru giai p h a p cdng frinh t r u , c a p n u d e c h o s a n x u a t v a d a n sinh mdt so v u n g k h a n h i e m d' 8 t i n h v i m g n u i B a c b d . S I T U A T I O N A N D S O L U T I O N S F O R I M P R O V I N G W A T E R QUALTIY O F H A N G I N G LAKES
I N H A G I A N G P R O V I N C E
L u o n g V a n A n h S u m m a r y
Hanging lakes supplying water for rural populaUon of Ha Giang province mainly constructed in the four highland rocky mountainous districts of Meo Vac, Quan Ba, Dong Van and Yen Minh. This source of water h a s become the major source in dry season and largely meet the water demand and stable social security of people in these distncts. However, up to now, some hanging lakes have degraded; water shortage has become a major issue in dry season while the water turns mto green with many algae created scum on the surface. Besides, operation and management of these lakes have not been properly concerned and technical solutions for hanging lakes need to be adjusted appropriately and synchronously. In order to ensure these lakes to be in a good function and to avoid wasting m the investment, an evaluabon of the actual situaUon of these lakes need to b e implemented to propose appropriate solubons for improvmg the water quality for the water disadvantaged people.
Keywords: HangmgLake, Ha Giang, water supply, water quality, water treatment Ngudi phan bidn: TS. Nguyin Dinh Ninh
Ngaynhan bai: 17/12/2018 Ngay thdng qua phan bien: 17/01/2019 Ngay duyet dang: 24/01/2019
178 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 +2 - THANG 2/2019
