CONG GIAO TRONG DOl SONG VAN HOA CAC QUOC G L \ DONG NAM A
(TRirdNG H d P CONG GIAO 6 PHILIPPINES VA VIET NAM)
VU VAN DAT <*'
Torn tdt: Cdng gido dUdc du nhdp v&o Philippines vd Viet Nam tii tfiiky XVI, bUdc ddu xdy ra "su va chgm cua cdc nin vdn minh", nhung sau do Cdng gido dd ddn thich nghi, hdi nhdp vdi vdn fiod ban dia. Cdng gido d Philippines vd Viet Nam ngdy nay la sdn pfidm cua mdt qud trinh ddu tranh vd tfUch dng ldu ddi, tit do xdc ldp dia vi cua mink nhU mgt tkdnk tdquan trgng trong ddi sdng vdn hod hai nUdc. Tuy Cong gido co lich su! khd tUdng dong d Philippines vd Viet Nam nhiing dnh kudng ciia nd ddi vdi nin van hod d m5i nUdc Id khdc nhau do sU khdc Hit vi lich s^, chinh tri vd vdn fiod gida kai nUdc.
Td khod: Cdng gido; Ddng Nam A; Philippines; Vi^t Nam.
Abstract: Ckristianity entered the Philippines and Vietnam since' tfie 16"" century. At first, civilization clash occurred; but Christianity gradually adapted to tfie local cultures. Ckristianity in the Philippines and Vietnam nowadays is a product of a long-lasting process offigkt and adaptation in order to confirm its position as an important part of social life of each country. Altfiough the kistory of Christianity in tke Philippines and Vietnam was similar, the influence of Ckristianity on each culture was different due to cultural, historical and political differences between tke two countries.
Keywords: Ckristianity; Soutkeast Asia; the Philippines; Vietnam.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 10/7/2016;Ngdy sda bdi: 10/8/2016;Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 26/8/2016.
Cdng gifio du nhfip vfio Ddng Nam A tfi t h i cua minh trong ddi sdhg vfin hofi hai the ky XVI, dl lai diu ah d h l u hit cfic quoc gia.
qud'c gia; tuy nhifin, chi cd anh hudng manh me d mdt sl^ nUde, trong dd cd Philippines vfi Vift Nam. 6 Vift Nam, Cdng gifio khdng phai Ifi ton gifio chie'm da sd' nhUng nhiMg diu an dl lai eung vdi ddi
1. Vai net ve sU du nhap cua Cong giao vao Dong Nam A
Cdng gifio du nhap vao Ddng Nam A trong bdi canh ehfi ngMa thUc dfin dang bfinh trUdng khfip the gidi vfi lan rdng den song dao rat dfic sic cua ngUdi Cdng gifio khu vUc nfiy. Den cuoi t h i ky XIX, cfic thilc sii lfi vin di cln dUdc quan tam, nUde Ddng Nam A (trfi Thfii Lan) trd ngMen cfiu. Cfing giao trong ddi sdhg vfin thfinh thude dia cua cac nUdc phUdng Tfiy.
hoa Phihppines va Vift Nam se dupe xem Dfiy ciing la thdi ky mfi phong tifio ly khai xet nhu mdt tiln tiinh logie-lieh sfi, tfi sii theo hf phai Tm Lfinh phfit triln manh d du nhfip cho den nhfiiig xung ddt vdi vfin ehfiu Au, thu hep quyen uy va anh hudng hoa ban dia trong buoi diu truyen giao;
tieh dd lfi nhflng thay doi dfin din sU hfii [ uep uu la iiiiui s J ^ , • •. n NCV Vi§n Vin hfia, TrUclng Dgi hoc Vin h6a Hi nhfip vfin hofi, tfi dd Cdng giao xac lfip vi N0i, Email: [email protected].
Q NHAN LQC KHOA HQC XA Htfl stf 1-2017
VC VAN DAT
eua Giao hfii d chfiu luc nfiy, nhfit la d eae nudc Anh, Dfic vfi Bfic Au. Thiic t e n a y dat r a cho Giao hfii yeu c l u bfie tMet phai day m a n h cdng eufic t r u y i n giao, n h a m md rfing a n h hudng vfi sd' lUdng t m do d cac viing dfit mdi. DifiV dfing ndi lfi, t h i n q u y i n vfi t h i q u y i n d phUdng Tay lfic dd gfin bd mfit t h i l t vdi n h a u , cho nfin trfin eae chuyen h a i t r i n h thiic d a n deu ed nhflng linh mue di theo d l lo p h i n hon eho thuy thfi v a gifip hp tim M l u v a n hofi, phong t h i dia phUdng vfi tM hfinh sfi mfnh truyen giao.
Nfim t r e n dudng giao lUu qufi'c te, Malaysia va Indonesia lfi mdt tiong nhiing (him d i n d i u tifin cua cfic nUde phUdng Tfiy, vi t h e Cong giao cflng xufi't hifin d dfiy tfi dau t h i ky XVI. Tuy nMen tnidc dd, H i i giao da d l h vfi cd chfi dfing khfi viMg ehfic. Do do, dao Cfing gifio d day phfit t r i l n ehfim, khong t h u Sudc nMeu kfit qua.
Malaysia, Indonesia vfi B r u n e i Mfn n a y la cfic qudc gia H i i giao, cfing dong Cfing gifio d day cM lfi t M l u sfi'. Cdn d cfic quo'c gia mfi Phfit giao chii'm Uu t h i nhU Thai Lan, Myanmar, Lao, Campuchia, Cfing gifio cung du nhfip tfi t h i ky XVI-XVII nhUng r i t khd phfit t r i l n , so' ngUdi theo dao Mfn nay cM cMem trfin dUdi 1% dfin cu'^\
Phihppmes la qufi'c gia trong k h u vUe chiu anh hudng cua vfin hda An Dp va T n m g Hoa nhUng xSit h a n che. Do d6, cdng eupc truyen gifio d Philippmes thfinh edng mau le hdn bfi't cfi ndi nfio d chfiu A. Nfim 1521, Ferdinand Magellan, nhfi t h a m M i m Tfiy B a n Nha, vfi hai hfinh dofin dfi efip b i n dao Cebu 5 m i l n T n m g PMhppmes vfi lfim l i rfia tdi d i u tifin eho cU dfin dia phUdng*^'.
Khfing lfiu sau dd, "dfic t m n h a n h ehdng banh trUdng mdi ngfiy thfim rdng khfip q u i n dao"'^\ Nam 1585, d PMhppmes ed 400.000 ngudi Cdng gifio, sau hdn 400 nfim, dfi'n nfim 1994 da lfin tdi 56 trifiu, x i p thfi hai t h i gidi v l sd^ Mdng t i n hfiu ngang vdi Hoa K^ vfi cM dfing sau Brasil (134 trieu).
Hifn nay edng d i n g Cdng gifio d PMhppmes eMfi'm 83% dfin so^*>.
O Vifit Nam, Cdng giao dUdc t r u y i n bfi tfi nfim 1533 vdi nhfiiig hoat ddng d i u tifin cfia giao si I n e k h u t a i N i n h Cudng, Q u a n Anh, Trfi Lu (thupc t i n h Nam Dinh ngfiy nay) cimg mdt vai gifio si khfic. Tuy nMfin, cdng cude t r u y i n giao trong the ky XVI khdng t h u dUde k i t qua dang k l . Den d i u t h e ky XVII (nam 1615), cac gifio si ddng J e s u s (ddng Ten), Hdi thfia sai Paris (MEP) vfi ddng Domime (ddng Da Minh) t i l n hfinh t l chfie CM hf thd'ng, cdng cude t r u y i n giao mdi bfit d i u cd k i t qua rd rft.
Nfim 1659, h a i giao phfin Dfing Trong vfi Dfing Ngofii dUdc t M i t Ifp, dfinh d i u bUde p h a t t r i l n q u a n trpng cfia Gifio hfii Cdng gifio Vift Nam. Dudi thdi Phap xam lupc, Cdng gifio ed ed hdi p h a t t r i l n m a n h vfi dft n l n mdng vfing ehae. Hifn nay Cdng giao Vifit N a m cd trfin 6 trifu t i n d l ,
*>' Bich D u ^ , "Ii6n Hoi d6ng giam muc A chau vft Gifto hOi Cong gifto chau A", http://btgcp.gov.vn/Plus .aspx /vi/News/38/0 / 240/0/3079 /UENJiOIJlON GjaiAM_MUC_AjCHAU_VA_GIAOJ{OIjCONG_GI AO_CHAV_A, truy c^p ngiy 20/6/2016.
'^ Nguyen Dinh KhiltJng Duy (2012), "Yeu to ban dia trong vftn h6a C5ng giao S Philippineses", Tgp chi Khoa hgc Dgi hgc Hue, so 3/2012, tr.63.
(» BiJi bflc Sinh (1999), Lick sie Gido hdi Cdng gido, Calgary Canada, t r . l l 4 .
w Tnfdng Sy Hung (2010), Tdn gido trong ddi song vdn hoa Ddng Nam A, Nxb. Vftn hfia thfing tin & Vifn V&nh6a, tr.l95.
stf 1-2017 NHAN LUC KHOA HQC XA Htfl Q l
CONG GlAO TRONG D O I S 6 N G VAN H 6 A . . cMfi'm khoang 7% d a n so'. Mfie dfi khfing phai lfi tfin giao cfia dai bd phfin nhfin dfin nhUng xet theo so' lUdng t m d l ciing nhU t i m a n h hudng t M Cdng giao v i n lfi mfit tfin gifio ldn, cM diing sau P h a t giao.
N h u vfiy, so vdi cac tdn giao khfic d Ddng Nam A, Cfing giao ed lieh sfi mudn hdn vfi d mdi qud'c gia lai ed a n h hudng khae nhau. Trong sd' 11 qud'c gia k h u vUe thi ed tdi 8 nUde ma P h f t gifio hofie Hoi giao cMem Uu the'; Phihppines vfi Viet Nam la hai qudc gia ma Cdng gifio de lai n M l u d i u I h . Tuy nMfin, de cd chfi diMg viing chfie tai h a i quoc gia nfiy, Cdng gifio dfi phai trai qua mfit qufi t r i n h lfiu dfii cua sii d i u t r a n h vfi thich fing vdi vfin hda - xa hpi ban dia.
2. C o n g g i a o x u n g d o t vdfi v a n h o a b a n d i a
Cdng giao dUdc sinh r a d phUdng Ddng nhUng lai phfit t r i l n m a n h me d phUdng Tay, dong hda vdi vfin minh - vfin hda phUdng Tay, b i l n nd thfinh mpt t r u y i n thdhg g i n n h u bdt di, bdt dich; do dd, trd nen xa la vdi vfin hofi cac d a n tde d A, PM va Nam My. Hdn nfia, cac n h a t r u y i n gifio do nhfin thfie b a n che v l vfin hoa b a n dia, lai mang trong minh ldng dfic tfin tfin giao, cho nfin (it nhfi't trong thdi gian d i u ) ed t h a i dfi coi thudng, mift t h i cfic tfp tuc tM ngUSng b a n dia. Vi t h e , trong b u l i d i u g|ip gd, gifla Cong gifio vfi vfin hofi cua cU dan ban dia xay r a nhflng xung dot, (hlu raa Samuel Hungtmgton d i u t h e ky XXI dfi n h l e den nhU la "sU va eham eua cfic nen van minh". Trong thdi gian d i u truye^n gifio tai P h i h p p m e s vfi Vift Nam, bfin eanh vife t r u y e n bfi cho ngUdi d a n
mfit tdn giao mdi, cac giao si eiing ding thdi t h a n h loc, xda bd cae t r u y i n t h i n g vfin hda b a n dia, gfiy r a sU xfio tidn trong xa hpi vfi p h a n iing cua cU dan.
Philippmes nfim trong khdng gian xfi hpi Ddng N a m A; nhfliig phong tuc, tap qufin, cflng nhU nhiMg Mnh thfii tin ngUdng phUdng Dong da fin sau vfio tfim thfie cua ngudi dan. Do do, sti du nhfp mpt tdn giao dpc t h a n nhU Cfing gifio da lam xao trpn t m ngUdng linh vft gifio lau ddi cua ngUdi dfin b a n xfi vfi do dd, trong thdi gian d i u , ngUdi PMhppmeses dfi phan k h a n g m a n h me nhfim loai trfi mdt tha xdu xa, tdi do dang pfm vd nhOng quy tdc tfidn tfidnh ta xUa din nay fig v&n thOc hiin^^.
Ben canh dd, sU ton tai cfia Cdng giao vfi chinh sach t r u y i n gifio eua thuc dfin Tay Ban Nha t£d dat nUde nfiy k M i n ngUdi dfin cam thfiy cd tpi vdi t h a n Iinh cua hp.
NgUdi dfin ndi dfiy nhfin thfiy t h i n linh cua hp bi xfie p h a m ngMem trpng bdi IS each thfie thiic hfinh tdn giae cua hp khac hofin tofin so vdi nhiMg gi mfi nhfing giao si phUdng Tay t r u y i n bfi. Vi vfy, thdi gian d i u hp da tfi c h ^ t i l p nhfin nhiMg lm hanh xfi tdn giao mdi, eung nhU xua dudi thfim cM gilt e h l t nhiMg n h a t r u y i n gifio, trong dd cd viec Magellan vd nhiiu tuy tdng cua dng bi giit trin ddo Mactan vdo tfidng 7 ndm 1521 la mdt sU kiin diin hinh!^. Mfie dfi da thuc Men n M l u rhinh sach khdn ngoan vfi d l y bao Mc, thiic dfin Tay Ban Nha phai m a t r a t n M l u thdi gian di lam
^ Susan RuBsdl (1999), "Chriatianity in the Philippineserf".
http: f lwww.BBasie.niu.edu/croasroads/russell/ehrisdtan iy.htm, truy c$p ngfty 30/6/2016.
'» Nguyin Dinh KhUtJng Duy (2012), Tldd, tr.64.
Q ] NHAN LQC KHOA HQC XA Htfl stf 1-2017
VU V A N DAT cho ngudi d a n dia phUdi^ nfim b i t dUdc
nhfing khfii mfm ed ban cua Cfing gifio.
Qufi t r i n h t r u y i n ba Cdng giao tai Vifit Nam cung cd lich sfi tUdng tu. Nhfing b u l i d i u khi dfi'n t r u y i n gifio tai Vift Nam, nMfiu gifio si ndi t i l n g khdng t h u dUde k i t qua gi vi khdng a m Meu ngdn ngfl, van hda b a n dia, thfim chi k h i n h mift, bai bad nhiing t m ngUdng tdn gifio v i n lfi tiuyin thd'ng cua d a n tpe.
Mfie dfi, nhfin tha^y d Nho gifio cd n M l u
"gifio hufi'n v l t h u i n phong my tuc", nhUng ddi vdi cac giao si, Kfidng Tu! that ddng trdch khi kfidng chiu bdn din viic quy thdn, khdng dgy d&n biit thd kinh Chua Trdi vd nhdt Id khdng tin cd linh kon vd cudc sdng ddi sau^"^. Ve Phfit giao, gifio si Alaxan(he de Rhodes cho r a n g Dfic TMch Ca "dUa vfio ldi bfin cfia t h i n t h a n h quen thupc d l gieo rfie mdt thfi t r u y e n hoang dudng v l t h a n thfinh"'*. Cdn Dao giao, theo cfie giao si, ed vd so' nhfing hfinh vi ma t h u a t , bfia chu, gpi hon, bdi tofin...
do dd lfi gifio p h a i "tf h a i hdn tfit ea nhflng gifio phai... vfi rfi't hfin q u a n tdi ma quy"**.
Trong cac t f p tuc truye'n thd'ng, Cdng giao xung dfit m a n h me nhfit vdi tue thd cung t l tifin cua ngUdi Vift. Dfiy eung lfi vah d l gay t r a n h lufin keo dai tiong nfii bd Giao hpi, tfi d i u t h e ky XVII d i n gifia t h e ky XVin, qua mudi ddi gifio hoang. Vi ehUa M l u y nghia sfiu xa eua nhfing ngM l l phUdng Ddng trong dd cd t u c thd efing t l tifin, cho nfin cac giao hoang dfi n M l u l l n r a sfie Ifnh c l m gifio d a n t h a m dU nhfliig "NgM l l Trung Hoa", trong dd ed tuc thd cfing t l tifin. Q u a n (hem nay dU(3c gifi nguyen eho tdi gifia thfi' ky XX. D i l u stf 1-2017
nay da gay p h a n iing dfi dpi trong mpi t i n g ldp xfi hdi, lfi yeu to' vd hinh ngfin can nhfing ngUdi muon theo dao, cdn nhiMg ngUdi theo dao t h i sd'ng trong sU day dfit lUdng tfim.
Bfin canh dd, n M l u giao si edn "ddi cai (hlu mfi chinh Chfia khdng ddi hdi", hp bat gifio dan "edi bd y phuc xfi sd, y phuc cua tfi't ca nhfing ngUdi lUdng dfin. Khdng t h e tudng tUdng dUde Mdng dfin bat binh"""*.
Khdng cM hi chdhg ddi vfi t l y chay, cac nhfi truyen gifio cdn phai t r a gia bang ca t i n h mang cua minh vfi khdng it tM d l . Chinh sfich cfi'm dao cua t r i l u dinh phong kifih von da mang den eai ehet cua hfing van gifio dfin, dUde thiic Mfn vdi n M l u nguyfin nhfin, trong dd cd nguyfin n h a n bfit nguon tfi sii ngoai Iai v l vfin hda cua Cdng gifio. Hdu hit cdc chl du cdm dgo dudi triiu Nguyin diu nhdc din ly do Cdng gido khdng tfuf cilng td tiin, figi din phong hoa cua d&n tdc^^^.
3 . C o n g g i a o h o i n h f p v d i v a n h o a b a n d i a
Thufit ngfi "Hdi n h f p vfin hda" dUdc sfi dung lan d i u tai Hfii nghi T r u y i n gifio cua Gifio hfii Cfing giao to ehfic t h a n g 10 n a m 1975 tai Dai hpc U b a m a n a . Cfing nfim dd, t h u f t ngfi nfiy x u l t Mfn nhU mft ly t h u y l t trong Tdng h u a h Loan bdo Tin mUng (ngay 8 t h a n g 12) eua Gifio hofing
w Alaxandre de Rhodes (1994a), Lich sd VUdng qudc Ddng Ngodi, H6ng Nhu^ dich, Tu sach d^i ket, Nxb.
T h i n h phef B.6 Chi Minh, tr.39-40.
^ Alaxandre de Rhodes (1994a), Sdd, tr.42.
<^* Alaxandre de Rhodes (1994a), Sdd, tr.46.
'"" Alaxandre de Rhodes (1994b), Hdnh trinh truyin gido, Tu sftch dai blTt, Nxb. Thftnh pho H S Chf Afinh, tr.16.
«» Phan Phftt Hu5n (1965), Vift Nam gido sd, Nxb.
Cflu The tilng thU, Sfti Gon, tr.327, 399,405.
NHAN LQC KHOA HQC XA Htfl Q
C6NG GIAO TRONG D6I S6NG VAN HOA...
Paul VI. 0 dfiy, hdi nhfip van hda dUde M l u lfi "sU nhfip t h i cua T m mfitog trong cae n l n van hda ban xfi, d i n g thdi cimg dUa cfic n l n van hofi nfiy vfio ddi sd'ng eua Gifio hpi". Nhu vfiy, hdi n h f p vfin hda chinh lfi sU giao lUu, a n h hudng, t h a m nhfp vfi lfim phong p h u lfin n h a u mdt efieh sfiu xa gifla cac n l n van hda khac nhau. Quan dilm v l hdi nhfip vfin hoa ban (ha lfi sU eu t h i hoa nhfing t u tudng mdi me dUde d l xua't tai Cdng dong Vatican II (1962-1965) - cpng dong dfinh dau budc ngoat quan tipng trong nhfin thfie cimg n h u trong lich sfi cfia Gifio hoi. Tuy nhifin, (hlu nfiy thUe r a cM la sU ly t h u y l t hda nhflng kinh nghifm thiic tien vd'n dfi t i n tai trUdc dd n M l u t h i ky.
Su t h a t la, nhflng thfi't bai tiong vife tifip xfie vdi dfin dia phUdng dfi bufic eae nha truyen giao phai "nhfp gia t u y tu(^'.
Hp d i n thay d l i q u a n (hem eua minh v l eae tfip tue ban xfi, cfic phUcJng thfie truyen giao cimg dan t h a y doi theo hUdng hfii nhfip vfin hda d l tMeh ting vdi eU dfin vfi hofin canh dia phUdng.
O PMhppmes, tiong g i n mdt t h i ky, n h i l u vfing duyen h a i tfi vung Mmdanao, Visayas cho tdi viMg Luzon g i n nhU dfi hi Cdng gifio hda. Ngudi Tfiy Ban Nha da sfi dung nhieu chinh sfieh cai t r i de hUdng ngUdi dan ban dia theo Cdng giao. Cac linh muc thudng thiic Mfn L l Rfia tdi efing mdt lue cho ea dfim dfing trong khi ngudi dfin chua phfin bift dUde sU khae bifit gifla nghi thfie rfia tfii vdi nghi l i chfla bfnh bfing nUde thfinh cua minh. D l d i dang hudng ngudi dfin b a n dia theo tfin gifio mdi, cac gifio si da t^o r a sU thich fing va hofi hdp gifla Cdng gifio vdi hofin canh
dia phUdng. Hp giai thieh cho ngudi dfin v l nhiMg t m dieu Cfing gifio nhU nhfing difi'u r i t g i n gui vdi van hofi ban dia. Cdng gifio khi di vfio trong ddi s&ig eua ngUdi dfin PMhppmes da dUdc nhfio nfin, hda quyfn vdi da t h i n gifio tao thfinh mdt san p h i m Cdng gifio mdi, dfin da ma dfic bift.
NgUdi dfin da khdn ngoan ^n gifi van hda n g u i n cdi eua minh bang each ti^p nhan cfii mdi v l Mnh thfie vfi thUe Mfn cfii mdi dd trfin nen t a n g cua cfii cu. Do dd, khdng t h i y ^ lfim la kM tim thay nhflng yeu tfi^
Cdng giao trong nhiMg thfi vdh ddOc coi lfi t h u f c v l tin ngudng dfin gian.
Ngadi ddn Philippines thadng mang trong minh mdt bUa hd mgng duOc ldm. ta rdng cd sdu, vd c&y vd long heo kem vdi mgt tdm kim logi khdc hinh mgt vi thdnh de xua dudi ma quy vd dUOc nhiiu may mdn trong kinh doanh'-^^K N M l u bd tfic cho d l h ngfiy nay vfin thiic h a n h m i m t m vfio nhfing linh vfit d l chfla bfinh, d l t r a n h tfi ma; thfim cM edn thiic Mfn nhfliig l l te trong riing sfiu trong kM vi t h i n linh mfi hp cfing tfi' lfi Chfia Hfii d i n g (tfic Chfia J e s u s thdi thd fiu) cua Cdng gifio.
Cflng gidhg n h u nhfiiig 0. ma ngUdi Phihppines tien Tay Ban Nha dfi c l u xm t h i n linh eua hp, con ehau sau nfiy cua hp eung udc nguyfn cho mUa t h u f n gid hoa, mua mfing t i t tUdi, gia ^ n h an vui hanh phfic,... nhUng khdng phai tfi nhiMg vi t h i n ban xfi xUa kia ma tfi nhiMg vi thanh den tfi phUdng Tay. Cac vi thfinh kM dUde dUa d^n Phihppmes khdng cdn mang
"» Trinh Huy H6a (biSn dich, 2002), Doi thogi vdi cdc nin vdn koa: Philippines, Nxb. Tre, Tp. H 6 Chi Minh, tr.96.
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOCXA Htfl stf 1-2017
VUVANDAT nguyfin b a n cfia Cdng gifio nfia, mfi trd nen
g i n gui hdn vdi ngUdi dan. Dfii vdi ngUdi Cdng gifio Phihppmes, TMen Chfia khdng cM lfi b i l u Mfn cua su cfiu roi tpi ldi, mfi cdn lfi bieu Men cua v m ve, sung tfic vfi may mfin cua m i i gia (hnh. Dfic me Maria d dfiy lfi b i l u tUdng chung cua nhfing nfl than. Cdn cfic vi thfinh cua Cong giao trd thanh nhiMg vi dd d i u cua ngudi dfin trong cac boat dpng ndng ngMfp (thfinh John) hay tiong nhiMg c h u y i n di b i l n .
Cac I i hfii Cfing gifio cd le lfi ndi t h i Mfn ro nhfi^t sU hofi quyfn gifla Cdng gifio va vfin hoa t r u y i n thd'ng cua ngUdi d a n Phihppmes. Mang dang ve (aia mot le t a dn, l i hdi bim Gi Taong Putik) khdng cM la mot l l h f i tdn gifio m a edn lfi sU t h i Mfn t m ngudng cua nhiMg ngUdi PMhppmes b a n xfi tien Tfiy Ban Nha.
Hay n h u trong l l hdi Ati-Atihan (Ii hdi xufin (hen r a vfio ngfiy 9 t h a n g Gifing), ngUdi Cfing gifio ndi day dfi t h a y t h e cae t h i n linh xUa kia bfing Chfia Hai d d i ^ , nhUng y ngMa cua l i hdi t h i khfing thay doi, qua do t h i Men long Met dn cfia con i ^ d i d i n d ^ tUdng mfi hp sfing bfii. L l hdi thfinh dd d i u (ngUcH Phihppines goi lfi Barrio Fiesta) d l tudng nhd tdi cfic vi thfinh bao trd eho cac t h a n h phd', lang xa vfi cfic vfing d a n <ni, voh da cd tfi lau ddi, trUde ca sU xfim nhfip cua thiic dfin Tay Ban Nha, tM nay cung trd thfinh mot l i hdi dfie t r U i ^ cua nhiMg t m do Cfing giao.
6 Vift Nam, mfc dfi ac cam vdi cac t m ngudng tfin gifio, nhUng cac giao si eung sdm n h f n nhfing h ^ n chfi' cua vifc t r u y i n dao theo kieu cUdng bfic. Nfim 1659, khi bo nMfm h a i gifim muc d i u tifin den Vift
Nam, Bp Truyen bfi Dfic t m da trao cho hp mfit hufih thi ed tfin la Monita ad Missinarios (Nhfin n h u cac thfia sai), trong dd cd n h l e nhd cfic nhfi t r u y i n gifio "diing bao gid sfia dli, dfing tim 1;^ le nfio d l bufic dfin ehfing sfia d l i nhfing phep xfi giao, t f p tuc, phong hda cua hp". Cfic gifio si thfia sai b i t d i u hpc tidhg Vift, fin mac n h u ngUdi Viet. D I t h u f n ldi trong vifc rao giang, A.Rhodes vfi mdt so' giao si da sfi dung hf thd'ng chfi cfii Latinh d l pMen a m tieng Vift, tfi dd cho r a ddi nhiing lm p h i m m bfing chfi qudc ngfl nhU eu^n Phep gidng tdm ngdy (1651),...
NgUdi t a cung b i t d i u gpi Deus lfi Chfia Dfiu, roi Dfic Chfia Trdi. A.Rhodes da vfn dung t u tudng "tam eUdng" cfia Nho giao de tao r a thuyet "tam phu". Trong Pfiep gidng tdm ngdy, A.Rhodes dfi ndi d i n "ba
d i n g be tren gpi la ba cha... Dang dUdi lfi eha me sinh t h a n xac cho ta; dang gifla lfi vua chfia tri nUde; ditng trfin tfic dfic chfia trdi dat, lam chfia thfit trfin het mpi sU. Cd ba dfihg nay t a mdi dupe sd'ng, dUde cf'"^.
Lifin quan d i n cfic "Nghi l i Trung Hoa"
cfing n h u tuc thd cfing to tifin, nfim 1939, Gifio hoang Pio XH r a H U M I t h i Plane Compertum Est cfing n h f n nhfing ngM l i ndi tifin khfing phai lfi nhfing l i ngM dieh d a n h tfin giao, nhUng chi lfi nhiMg cfi cM t h i Mfn long sfing bai chinh dang doi vdi nhfing bfe tai dfie trong nUde cflng nhU long Meu thao vdi dng bfi t l tifin, qua dd eho phep ngUdi Cdng giao t h a m dil nhiMg ngM thfie nfiy. Theo tinh t h i n H u i h t h i nfiy, ngay 14 thfing 6 nfim 1965, Giao hdi
" ' ' Alexandre de Rhodes (1993), Phep gidng tdm ngdy, Tu Bftch Dai K^t, Nxb. Thftnh ph^Hfi ChiMinh, tr.17-21.
stf 1-2017 NHAN LQC KHOA HQC XA Htfl Q
CONG GLiO TRONG D6I S6NG VAN H6A...
Cong giao Vift N a m (miln Nam) dfi ra Thong cao ve vife tdn k i n h to tien, qua dd eho phep tin do tiii hfinh va chfi dpng tham gia eae nghi l i tdn k m h t l tien theo phong tuc dfin tdc. Tiep dd, ngfiy 14 thfing 11 nam 1974, trong Hpi nghi d Nha Trang, bay Gifim mue Viet N a m da xae dinh eu thfi hdn vfi'n d l thd cfing t l tifin bfing sfiu (hem, trong dd cho phep gido ddn l&p bdn tfid td tiin, dagc sa dung hUcfng nin, dugc td chUe gid, dugc vdi lay trade bdn thd td tiin^^*\... Nhu mdt tuyfin ngfin v l hfii n h f p van hofi va dong hfinh ciMg dfin tde cua Giao hdi eong giao Vift Nam, Tha chung 1980 ehfi trUdng "xay dUng mdt nep sfihg vfi mfit lfii d i i n t a dfic tin phfi hdp vdi t r u y i n thd'ng cua mfii dfin tfic dang cung chung sd'ng trfin qufi hUdng va trong cdng ding Hfi thfinh nfijr".
Ngay nay, ed t h i n h f n t h i y tiong nhfing ngfiy le ldn cfia Cdng giao nMeu Mnh anh, ngM le, t i l t tfi'u, cimg nhU nhfiiig Mnh thfie diln xUdng tirong vfin hoa Vifit Nam. Trong cfic cudc rUdc, ngofii ddi kfin d i n g phUdng Tfiy edn ed ea cae doi nhac dfin tpc nhU cong, cMfing, sfio, nhi, tid'ng,... NhiMg ban thfinh ca, nhiMg bfii ngfim dfing, vfin hang da cung ngan nga vdi du lan (hfu dan ea ba miln tfi (hfu hfit then xfi Lang d i n quan hp Bfic Ninh, tfi hd H u e den nhfiiig lan (hfu hoc lfia cua ngUdi Jarai, Banar. NgM thfie thfio (hnh vfi mai tfing Chfia (tiong cMeu thfi sfiu T u i n thfinh) cimg mang df m mau sfie tang c h l cua ngUdi Vift. Cdn ngfiy L l Thfinh Quan t h i y cua gifio xfi, giao hp cd r i t nhieu (him gid'ng vdi hpi lfing, trong do Thfinh Quan t h i y cung giohg nhU Thfinh Hofing lfing lfi ngUdi cd vai trd bao trd eho lang...
NgUdi Cdng giao Viet Nam Men nay cimg lap bfin thd to tifin nhU mpi gia dmh ngUdi Vift khac. Dfim t a n g cua ngUdi Cdng gifio cflng d i i n r a nhiMg l i thfie truyfi'n th^ng; sau dfim t a n g ngudi ta eiing gifl phong tue 3 ngay, 100 ngfiy, 3 nam. Gilng n h u ngudi P h f t tfi cd mfia Vu Lan lfi dip dfic biet de eon cfii t h e Mfin long Mlu thao vdi cac dfihg sinh t h a n h , ngudi Cdng giao dfinh rieng thfing 11 dUdng lich hfing nfim (gpi Ifi t h a n g Cfic Lmh hon) d l kinh nhd dng ba, cha me dfi qua ddi; dfiy chinh lfi
"mfia bao Meu" eua ngudi tin hflu.
Trong hdn nhfin, ben eanh vifc cfi hanh nghi thfie Hdn phdi (ngM thfie tdn gifio khdng t h i tMI'u) ngudi Cong gifio cdn thiic Mfin cac ngM l i t r u y i n thfihg khac nhu: lfi dam, l i dinh hon va l i eUdi (nhfi gfii lfi l i vu quy, nhfi trai la l l thfinh hdn). Cae d l l i n h u khem (trap), eau, t r i u , rUdu, ci ban,... efing eae t i l t mue khfic nhU ddn dfiu, tfing qufi, ca nhac, l i gia tien,... d i u theo phong tue t r u y e n thdhg d trong viing.
Dfi cfic hoat dfing tfin gifio tinh theo dUdng lich, nhUng ngUdi Cfing gifio Viet N a m vfin quen dfing lieh am va ddn T i t e l t r u y i n . Trong dip Tet, ngUdi Cfing giao cimg cd tuc dpn nhfi cfia d l "tfi'ng cUu n g h m h tfin", c i i i ^ cd tuc dpn t i t mfin cimg vdi t h a n h le Tfit m e n t r a n g trpng tai nhfi thd, cung ed ngM thfie ddn giao thfia, cung hai ldc xufin, cung ed phong tuc 3 ngay T i t , r i i ehfic t i t , miMg tuii,... Day cMnh lfi nhiMg minh chiMg cho sU hofi quyfin gifia Cfing giao vfi vfin hoa dfin tde.
(>« Hft Huy Tu (2002), Tim hiiu net dep vdn hod Thiin Chda gido, Nxb. Vftn h6a ThSng tin, Hft Noi, tr.63-64.
Q l N H A N LQC KHOA HQC XA HQI stf 1-2017
VUVANDAT 4. C o n g g i a o l a t h a n h to' q u a n t r o n g
t r o n g dfii s o n g v a n h o a dt h a i niific Trai qua g i n 500 nfim t i n tai va p h a t trien d Viet N a m va PhihppMes, Cdng giao da fin sfiu vao ddi sdhg eua mdt bd phfin nhfin dfin, trong dd "nep sd'ng dao cua ngudi Cdng giao lfi h e gifi t r i xfi hpi ldn nhfit mfi Cdng gifio da tao r a trong ddi song vfin hofi"'^^' h a i nUdc.
Phihppmes Men n a y la mdt qud'c gia Cfing gifio, sfie t h a i Cdng giao trfin n g f p khfip ndi. Ngudi t a d l dfing bfit gap M n h a n h Chfia J e s u s , Me Mary,... trfin cfic tuyen phd'hofie dupe d a n trfin xe Jeepney - mdt loai phUdng tifn cdng cdng dfic t n i n g eua PhihppMes. NgUdi tfii xfi' eung thudng tieo chudi t r a n g h a t 3 trUde eho n g i i cua mmh n h u mdt lfi bfia hp m f n h gifip hd thUdng Id binh an. NMeu tofi nhfi d Phihppmes va ngay ea cae trUdng dai hpc hay trong mdt sd' t r u n g tfim thUdng mai d i u ed n h a nguyfn d l mpi ngUdi cd t h i c l u nguyfn vfi t h a m dU thfinh l i mpt efieh thudng xuyen. Vfio nhiMg ngfiy l i ldn, ngudi dfin ca nUdc dUdc ngM d l t h a m gia cac boat ddng tfin giao. L i Phuc sinh lfi mpt sU kifn quan trpng cua ngUdi Cdng gifio tofin c l u , dUde to ehfic vfio khoang thang 3 - 4 h a n g nfim. NhUng khfie vdi L i Phue sinh d cac qud'c gia, Le Phue s m h d nMfi'u ndi trfin q u i n dao PMUppMes d i i n r a nMfi'u hoat dfing h a n h xfie rfing rdn.
Nhiiu ngadi tU nguyen ddng dinh Hn cdy tfidnh gid vd tdi hiin lgi nhOng cUe hinh md Chua Jesus tOng pfidi trdi qua trong khi hg khdng cd bdt ky thiet bi bdo vi ndo.
Nhiiu ngUdi tinh nguyin ddng dinh tdi fldng chue Idn^^^. Qua sU "hy sinh" nfiy, ngUdi t a mu£&i t h i Mfn long t r u n g t h a n h
eua hp va c l u mong Chua se b a n nMfi'u dn l a n h eho gia dinh va ngUdi thfin.
Ve ddi sd'ng dao cua ngUdi Cdng gifio d Vift Nam, mdt n h a ngMfin efiu vfi cimg lfi h n h muc Cdng gifio nhieu nfim lfim vifc d nude ngofii lfi GS.VS T r l n Tam Tinh n h a n xet: 'TJfin ehfing Cdng gifio Vift Nam thiet tudng lfi q u i n chung mp dao nha't the gidi.
Hfing ngfiy hp di dU kinh l l sdm cMeu rfi't ddng vfi tMch rUdc Mfu, lam t u i n tam n h f t vfi n M l u vific dao dfie simg kinh khae, khfing nhfing vao ngfiy chfi nhfit mfi ca cac ngfiy trong t u i n . Tai cae hp dao ndng thdn, k i n h l i b u l i mai keo dfii 2-3 gid, cudc rUdc lfiu ca buli"*^'^. Nhflng b i l u Mfn sinh boat tdn giao s i m u a t nay vfin gifl den ngfiy nay nhfit lfi trong eae ngfiy l i ldn n h u Giang sinh, Phuc sinh hay C h i u Lupt, hofic kM ddn t i l p cac dfihg bfe
"nhfin danh Chua mfi din". Cdn mdt hpc gia ngoai Cdng gifio tM nhfin xdt: "Ngay nay ngUdi t a khdng t h i ndi tdi van hoa cua dan tde Viet N a m h a y eufic song cfia ngUdi Vift Nam trong b i t cfi p h a m vi nfio mfi khfing ndi tdi sU hifn difin, vai trd vfi su ddng gdp cua dao Cfing gifio, dfi dd lfi cudc sfihg d trong nUde hay eupc sdhg d nUdc ngofii"*^^'. Dieu nfiy cang phfi hdp hdn kM ndi v l Cfing giao d Phihppines.
(IS) Nguyen H6ng Duong (2010), "Ton giao vft vftn hoa dftn toe nhin ttt goc do Cdng gifto", in trong I ^ y^u Hoi thao khoa hoc Van hoa t6n gido trong bot cdnk todn cdu hod, Nxb. TSn gifto, Hft N§i, tr.548.
'^^ Trftn H ^ " I i h§i .Kng dinh ^kca mftu 6 Philip^erf', http:/ /dulick.vnexpress.net/photo/anh-vixko/le-fu)i-dong -dinh-dam-mau-o-philippines-3179117.html, truy C|LP ngfty 30/6/2016.
<"> Trftn Tam Tinh (1988), Thgp gid va lUdi gUdm, Nxb. Tre, Thanh phtf H6 Chi Minh, tr.208.
''*' Dinh Kieu Nga, "anh hudng cua C5ng giao vdi nen vftn hfia Vi^t Nam", http://btgcp.gov.vn/Plus. aspx/
vi/News/38/0/240/0/3171/Anh_huong_cua_Cong_
giao_voi_nen_vanJwaJ/iet_Nam, truy cftp ngfty 30/6/2016.
stf 1-2017 N H A N LQC KHOA HOCXA Htfl Q |
C 6 N G G I A O TRONG DCJI SONG V A N H 6 A . . .
Cfing gifio eimg da gdp p h i n tao nfin sU phong phfi, d a dang cho n l n vfin hoa h a i dfin tfc. Hifn nay, ngUdi dfin h a i nUde d i u coi cfic ngfiy l i Gifing sinh (Noel), Ie ValentM lfi ngfiy hdi chung, n h i t lfi gidi tre. Dfie bift d Phihppines, cfic ngfiy le ldn eua Cdng giao nhU Gifing sinh, Phuc sinh,... eimg lfi ngfiy l i ngM eua ca nUdc.
Qua dao Cdng giao, ngUdi dfin h a i nUdc (eung n h u khu viic) b i l t thfim v l cae k i l n trfic nhfi thd k i l u gd-tich, roman, basihque. Cung qua dao nfiy ngUdi t a biet thfim v l cfic Mft tfic hdi hpa nhU BOa tiec ly eua L.Vmei, BUc Me ddng trinh cfia Raphael,... Cdn bp Kinh Thfinh - mfit fing vfin chUdng bfi't h u dUde dieh r a n M l u thfi tieng trong k h u viic. Tid'ng chudng nhfi thd da trd nfin thfin quen vdi ddi s^ng ngUdi dfin trong vfing va ciing lfi h i n h aMi dep di vfio thd, nhac. NMeu nghf si da lfi'y Cdng giao lam d l tfii vfi thfinh cdng trong n M l u ca khue. Ben eanh dd, Cdng gifio cimg d i n xac lfip dia v\ eua rainh trong cfic Hnh viic gifio di^c, bao cM, lich sfi,,..
Qua sU thieh ngM vfi hfii n h f p vfin hoa, Cdng gifio dfi mang tdi nhiMg h i n h thfii vfin hda b a n dia nhiMg -^ nghia mdi, vfla raang tinh tfin giao viia dfira c h i t dfin tfic, ban dia.
5. Tfi goc n h i n so s a n h
Cfing d u n h f p vfio P h h p p i n e s vfi Vift Nam trong t h e k y XVI, edng cuoc t r u y e n giao dUde t i l n hfinh tUdng d6i song hfinh vdi sU bfinh trUdng cfia chfi nghia thUe dfin. DUde ca h a i "mfiu qud'c" (Tay B a n N h a d PhilippMes vfi P h a p d Vift Nam) bao hd, nhUng Cfing giao deu cd mfit khdi d i u tUdng ddi gian n a n do sU xung dft vdi vfin hda t r u y i n thd'ng b a n d i a d ca h a i
nude vfi'n raang d f m c h i t A DSng. Tuy nMfin, Cdng giao d a n h a n h chdng cd sii d i l u c h m h di thieh fing, hdi nhfip vdi vfin hda b a n dia, q u a dd xae Ifp cho diMg viMg chfie trong ddi so'ng vfin hda h a i qufic gia.
Tuy cd lich sfi tUdng ding, nhUng Cfing gifio d P h i h p p m e s cd a n h hudng ldn hdn n M l u so vdi d Vift Nam. O PMhppmes, Cfing gifio c M l m dai bp phfin dfin cu, cae bieu tUdng Cong giao p h i b i l n rfing rai, trong kM cdng d i n g Cdng gifio d Vift Nam cM lfi mdt bp phfin nhd, eae b i l u tUdng Cfing gifio chl thtfy d cfic vung giao hofic cfic ndi thd t u . Cfing gifio cimg Ifi qudc giao d Phihppines trong kM d Vift Nam khdng ed tdn giao nfio cd vi t h e nhU vfiy. NgUdi Cdng giao Vift Nara cung simg dao, sfit sfing, nhUng era Ie cM d Phihppmes mdi cd nhiMg ngM thfie tfin giao rfing rdn mang t m h hfinh xac nhU nghi thfie ddng dinh ngUdi t h f t vao thfinh gifi,...
Ve sU khae bift nfiy, cd t h i k l den cac nguyfin nhfin: TrUdc k M Cfing gifio du n h f p , ngudi dfin Vift Nam da ehiu a n h hudng sau s i c eua "tam gifio" ^ ^ o - Phfit - Dao), bfin csmh dd lfi rapt b l dfiy nhfing t m ngudng b a n (Jia fin sfiu trong t a m thfie va sinh boat eua ngUdi dan. Cho nfin, mft tdn gifio mdi vdi qufi n M l u (hlu xa l a eho dfi dUde P h a p d u n g dUdng g a n 80 nfim nhUng tfing dd thdi gian cd le chUa du d l Cdng gifio t h i m thfiu s a u rdng. Hdn nfia, ngay tfi nhiMg ngfiy d i u ngudi Vift Nam da M n h thfinh n h a nudc t f p quyen t n m g Udng vfiiig m£inh, tU tudng qud'c gia dfin tdc dUdc h u n due vfi rfin giua q u a n M l u cufc cMin ehd'ng xfim iupc. Cho nfin Cdng gifio (vi Iy do nfio dd) da bi g i n mfie "thUc
Q ] NHAH LQC KHOA HQC XA Htfl stf 1-2017
VUVANDAT dan" se vfi'p p h a i sii chong dfii vfi xa lfinh
cua ngudi dan.
Cdn PhilippMes, mac dfi mang treng minh ddng vfin hda A Ddng n h u n g yeu to Trung Hoa k h a yfi'u dt vfi chUa cd vi tri ehu dao trong n l n vfin h d a dia phUdng, trong kM nhiing y l u tS' Hoi giao cdn chUa on dinh; do dd, Cdng gifio d i dfing thfim nhfp. Hdn nfla, kM ngUdi Tay Ban N h a mang Cdng giao tieh vao, ngUdi dfin Phihppmes chUa xay dUng dUdc cho rainh mdt n h a nUde t r u n g Udng thong n h i t , nhfiiig cudc noi loan le t e n h a n h ehdng hi df p tfit. Thdi gian thd'ng t r i trong 3 t h e ky cua Tfiy B a n N h a d Philippines du d l Cdng gifio n g l m vao mfiu ngUdi dfin q u a n dao va trd t h a n h tdn gifio qudc gia.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Alexandre de Rhodes (1993), PAep gidng tdm ngdy, Tu sach Dai Kfit, Nxb.
Thanh pho H i CM Minh.
2. Alaxandre de Rhodes (1994a), Lich sa VaOng qudc Ddng Ngodi, H i n g Nhuf dich, Tu sach Dai k i t , Nxb. Thfinh pho H i CM Minh.
3. Alaxandre de Rhodes (1994b), Hdnh trinh truyin gido, Tu saeh Dai ke't, Nxb.
Thanh pho H i CM Minh.
4. N g u y i n Dinh KhUdng Duy (2012),
"Ylu to b a n dia trong vfin hda Cong gifio d Phihppineses", Tgp chi Khoa hgc Dgi hgc Hui, sd 3/2012, tr.63-10.
5. N g u y i n H i n g Dudng (2010), 'Tfin gifio vfi vfin hda d a n tpc nhin tfi gdc dp Cfing gifio", m trong ky yeu Hfii thao khoa hpc Vdn hda tdn gido trong boi cdnh todn edu hda, Nxb. Tdn giao, Hfi Ndi.
6. Bich DUdm, " l i e n Hdi dong giam muc
A chfiu vfi Giao hdi Cfing giao ehau A", http:/ fbtgcp.gov. vn fPlus.aspx/vi /News / 38 f 01240 lot 3079 ILIEN_HOI_DONG_GI AM_. MUC_A_CHAU_VA_GIAO_HOI_CONG _GIAO_CHAU_A, t r u y efp ngay 20/6/2016.
7. T r l n Hfing, ' T J hfii ddng (finh dfim raau d FhU^pine^', http:/ /diJicfi. vnexpress.net f pfioto / anh-video fle-fwi-dong-dinh-dam- mau-o-philippines-3179117. html, faruy efp ngfiy 30/6/2016.
8. Trinh Huy Hda (bifin dieh, 2002), Ddi thogi vdi cdc nin van hda: Philippines, Nxb. Tre, T h a n h phd'Ho CM Mmh.
9. TrUdng Sy Hiing (2010), Tdn gido trong ddi sdng vdn hda Ddng Nam d, Nxb.
Vfin hda thdng t m & Vien Van hda.
10. P h a n Phfit H u l n (1965), Viet Nam gido sa, Nxb. Cfiu The tiing thU, Sai Gdn.
11. Dinh K i l u Nga, "Anh hudng cua Cfing giao vdi nfi'n vfin hda Vift Nam", http: / / btgcp.gov.vn /Plus.aspxfvi I News I 38/0/240/0/3171/Anh_huong_cua_Cong
_giao_voi_nen_van_hoa_yiet_Nam, truy cap ngfiy 30/6/2016.
12. Bfii Dfic SMh (1999), Lich sa Gido hgi Cdng gido, Calgary Canada.
13. Susan RusseU (1999), "Christiamty m the Philippinese^'. fittp:/1 www. seasite.niu,edul crossroads I russeU I christianiiy.fitm, truy efip 30/6/2016.
14. Huy Thdng (2003), "Anh hudng cua dao Cdng giao vdi k h u viic Ddng Nara A", Tgp chi Nghiin cOu Tdn gido, so 2 - 2003, tr.63-70.
15. T r l n Tara Tinh (1988), Thgp gid vd liidi gUam, Nxb. Tre, Thfinh pho Ho CM Minh
16. H a Huy Tfi (2002), Tim hieu net dep vdn hod Thien Chua gido, Nxb. Vfin hoa Thfing tm, Hfi Nfii.
stf 1-2017 H H A N LQC KHOA HQC XA HQI Q l
