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N H C N G T H U A N LCfl VA THACH THl?C TRONG THU HUT DAU Tl/ TRl/C TIEP
NlTCfC NGOAI d VUNG KINH TE TRONG DIEM BAG BO
* PHAM TUYEN
TOM TAT:
Vung kinh te trong diem Bac Bo (KTTD), bao gom 7 tmh/thanh pho': Hk Noi, Hai Phdng, Quang Ninh, Hiflig YSn, Hai Difcfng, Vmh Phuc va B^c Ninh. Trong nhiJng nam qua, vung KTTD Bac Bo la mot trong hai viing Idnli te cua ca nu'dc Iu6n dSn dau vi thu hiit FDI cd v^ so' lifdng dd an va qui mo von dau tif. Khu vifc doanh nghiep co von FDI & viing KTTD Bac Bg co nhu'ng dong gop tich cifc vao tang tnfdng vh phat tri^n ldnh te - xa hpi cua viing. Bai viet phan tich nhCng thuan Idi va thach thiJc trong thu hiit diu tif trifc tiep ntfdc ngoai d vung kinh te trong diem Bac Bp.
Tfr khoa: Dau tif trtfc tid'p nifdc ngoai, viang kinh te trpng diem Bic Bo.
1. Dgt v3'n &i
Mac dCi, ke't qua thu hiit FDI vao viing KTTD Bac Bg trong nhifng nam qua la ra't kha quan, song cd ca'u dau tif theo nganh cua khu vifc FDI trong vung con mat can doi, tap trung chu ye'u vao nhifng nganh nghe su" dung nhieu lao d6ng, nhu'ng nganh gia cong va lap rap ma di6'n hinh la: giay da, det may, linh kien dien tu',.. chu'a chu trong thu hiit FDI vao phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep it gay hai de'n moi tnfdng, nha't la nganh suf dung cong nghe cao va CO gia tri gia tang cao. ThUc te da chiJng minh, sau nhieu nam thu but FDI, san xua't cong nghidp cua vung tuy co nhieu thay ddi, nhifng viing KTTD Bac Bp vln chu'a thifc sif trd thanh trung tam cong nghiep hi6n dai, co sifc loi cuo'n va tac
ddng lan tda dS'n nganh cong nghiep cua cac viing lan can ciing phat trien.
Vi vay, viec danh gia diing dan, khach quan nhu'ng thuan Idi va kho khan trong thu hiit FDI d vung KTTD Bac Bp se gdp phan nang cao hieu qua thu hiitva siJ dung FDI tai vung kinh t6'trgng diem Bac Bp.
2. Nhffng thuSn Idi cua viing kinh td' trpng diem Bac Bp do'i vdi d^u tif truTc tie'p nifdc ngoai
Ve kinh ti, chinh tri, vdn hda, xd hdi dphia Bdc vd cd nudc.
Vfjng KTTD Bac Bp co vi tri, vai tro quan trpng ve chinh tri, kinh te, xa hgi, do'i ngoai, an ninh, quoc phong cua ca nu'dc va difdc Dang, Nha
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nifdc dac biet quan tam. Dien tich tif nhien toan vung la 15.599,4 km% chie'm 4,7% dien tich tif nhien cua ca nifdc. Phan Idn dien tich la dong bang, tdng dan so' nam 2010 cd 14.466,8 nghin ngifdi, chie'm 16,6% dan so'cua ca nu'dc.
Viing cd vi tri dia kinh te - chinh tri va tiem nang md rpng giao lifu quo'c te ve kinh te, thifdng mai, dau tif cQng nhur van hda, do'i ngoai quan trong nhat cua Viet Nam d khu viJc phia Bac va vinh Bac Bp vdi khu vifc Dong Bac A - mot thi trUdng rgng md va cd nhifng qud'c gia hoac cd nen kinh te'ldn, phat trien manh hoac dangcd sii trdi day manh me nhif Nhat Ban, Trung Quo'c, Han Quo'c
Vung KTTD Bac Bp trong dd cd thu dd Ha Ngi, trung tam kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, khoa hpc va cdng nghe cua ca nu'dc, la mdt trong bon vung trgng diem phat trien kinh te cua qud'c gia, la dau mdi giao thong difdng bd, difdng sat, du'dng hang khong trong nifdc v^ qud'c te*. Day Cling la viing cd lich siJ phat trien cdng nghiep sdm nha't ca nufdc, ndi tap trung hau he't cac khu cdng nghiep (KCN), cd sd cdng nghidp, dich vu quan trpng d phia Bac. Vdi vi tri quan trpng nhif vSy, viing KTTD Bac Bg da va dang tao ra siJc hiit ra't Idn dd'i vdi cac nha dau tif nifdc ngoai (DTNN).
Ve tdi nguyen thien nhien de phdt trien kinh te - xd hdi, thu hiit ddu tU.
VCing KTTD BSc Bg nam d trung tam cua khu vUc ddng bang song Hong vdi bd bien chay dai gan 300 km, cd mdt so' vinh kha sau, kin gid thuan Idi cho xay difng cang bien, ke ca cang nifdc sau giao thUdng vdi quo'c td', do dd cd vi tri vai trd rat quan trong vd phat tridn kinh te', giao lifu thu'dng mai va an nmh, qud'c phdng cua mien Bac cung nhif ca nifdc.
Tai nguyen thien nhien trong vung kha phong phii va da dang. Vi the, viing cd dieu kien phat trien nhieu nganh cdng nghiep, dac biet la cac nganh cong nghiep yeu cau lao dgng ky thuat cao. Ben canh dd, vdi che' dd khi hau nhiet ddi gid miia, cd du bo'n miia: xuan, ha, thu, ddng va chiu anh hudng sau sac cua vinh Bac Bp, vung cd the day manh phat trie'n cac nganh cdng nghiep sinh thai, nong nghidp tham canh cao, bao
gdm cay lifdng thifc, thtfc ph£m va c3y an qud, dac bidt la san xua't cay vu ddng, cd khd nang dam bao an ninh lUdng thifc. Nhieu ndi 6 vflng KTTD Bac Bd cd the thu but FDI di xay difng cac khu du lich, nghi difdng va vui chdi giai tri tam cd qud'c gia, qud'c td'nhif vinh Ha Long, Van Ddn, Cat Ba, Do Sdn, Ba Vi, Tam Dao, Dong Mo - Ngai Sdn, Con Sdn - Kie'p Bac, chiia Hu'dng...
- Ve nguon nhdn luc so vdi cdc vdng khde.
Ngudn lao ddng cua viing KTTD Bac Bg rat ddng dao vdi khoang 8,5 trieu ngu'di, chid'm 57,3% dan sdtoan viing va bang 16.4% life lifdng lao ddng ca nUdc. So' lao ddng dang Um vide trong cac nginh kinh te' khoang 8,4 trieu ngu'di, chie'm 98,2% life lifdng lao ddng hidn cd. Neu dem so sanh vdi cac viing trdn ca nudc thi "ty 16 lao ddng dang lam viec so vdi d&n so' ciing nhif so vdi life lUdng lao dpng cua vung KTTD Bac B6 !&
ra't cao trong nam 2011, du'ng dau trong 4 vung KTTD cua ca nifdc" [1, Trl05]
La trung tam giao due - dao tao, ndi tap trung dpi ngu tri thu'c va cac trifdng dai hpc, vidn nghien ctfu hang dau cua ca nifdc, cho ndn trinh dd hgc vS'n vi trinh dd tay nghd cua ngifdi lao dpng d vung KTTD Bac Bd cao hdn ban so vdi cac vung KTTD khac. Theo dd, ty Id lao dpng bie't chif d day chie'm tren 97%, trong khi ty Id nay cua ca nifdc la 93,5%, cua viing KTTD phia Nam la 95%. "Trong khi ty le lao dpng qua dio tao (cd bang) cua ca nifdc chi la 16,7% thi d viing KTTD Bac Bd con sdnay la 27,0% (nam 2012), tUdng difdng vdi cac nUdc OECD; trong dd Ha Npi cd ty Id nay cao nha't ca nifdc hdn 35%" [1, tr.l06].
Life lifdng lao ddng cd tay nghe cao da va dang dUdc xem nhif ye'u to dau vao cd ban cua mpi qua trinh san xua't - kinh doanh. la ngudn life cua mpi ngudn life, tai nguydn cua mpi tai nguyen, cd tac dung thuc day sif phat trien kinh te'theo chieu sau va thu hutd^u tU qud'c td'.
- Ve kit cd'u ha tdng ky thuat vd ha tdng xd hoi.
Vung KTTD Bac Bd cd mang lifdi giao thdng van tai vao loai dan dau ca nifdc. Nhieu cdng trinh giao thdng quan trgng trong nhifng nam gan dSy da difdc hoan thanh va difa vio su' dung phuc vu phat trien kinh te' - xa hpi va giao thifdng nhif: cai
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tao va ning cap cac tuye'n qud'c 16 1,18,10, 2B, 38, 39,183, 12B, 21, 21B va 23; xay du'ng du'dng Lang - Hda Lac dat tieu chuS'n cap I; Cao td'c Ha Ngi - Lao Cai, Ha Ndi - Thai Nguydn, Ha Ndi - Quang Ninh da van hanh, xay difng mdi cac cau Binh, Trieu Duldng, Tan De, Tien Cifu, Yen Lenh, Thanh Tri, Bai Chay... Cac tuye'n du'dng sat: Ha Ndi - Hai Phong, Ha Ndi - Lang Sdn, Ha Npi - Thai Nguyen, Hi Npi - Vinh da dUdc nang ca'p de rut ngan thdi gian van chuyen va bao dam an toan chay tiu.
Viing cd cac cang bien quan trpng vi thu^n Idi ve giao thdng difdng bien. Tong cdng suat cac cang bien dat khoang 1 8 - 1 9 trieu ta'n/nam. Cac cang HaiPhong, Cai Lin dang tie'p tuc dUdc dau ttf nang cap vi md rpng quy md cdng sua't de dap ifng nhu cau van chuyen hang hda dtfdng bien trong viing va cho khu vtfc phia Bac.
Trong vung KTTD Bac Bd cd hai san bay Idn la san bay qud'c td' Ndi Bii - Hi Ndi va san bay Cat Bi - Hai Phong. He thd'ng thong tin lidn lac, phat thanh, truyen hinh tid'p tuc dtfdc xay dtfng vi phat trien nhanh trong thdi gian qua, la nhtfng nhin td'cin thid't phuc vu nhu cau phat trien kinh te'- xa hdi, thu hilt dau ttf ciing nhtf bao dam an ninh, qudc phdng. He tho'ng cung ca^p ntfdc sach d dd thi cd sif phat trien dang ke (Itfdng ntfdc sach chie'm 38% tdng sd' ntfdc sach cung cap cua ca ntfdc, ty Id dan dd thi dtfdc diing ntfdc may dat trdn 80%). Viec cung ca'p ntfdc sach cho cac vung ndng thdn d vung KTTD Bac Bp cung cd stf gia tang kha nhanh trong thdi gian gan day.
He thd'ng kd't cS'u ha tang xa hdi d vung KTTD Bac Bp da cd btfdc phit trien hdn han so vdi cac viing khac, tham chi cd nhifng mat da cd the' so sanh qud'c te'. Trong vung tap trung phan Idn cac trtfdng dai hoc, cao dang va trung tam nghien ctfu khoa hpc cua toan qud'c. Ngoai ra, viing KTTD Bac Bd cd kha nhieu cd sd y te. "Nam 2005, sd' cd sd kham chtfa benh cua viing KTTD Bac Bp la 1.690 ddn vi , nam 2012 con sdnay li 1.914 ddn vi" [1, tr.llO]. "Theo cac con sd'thd'ng kd, hidn nay viing KTTD Bac Bd cd 145 benh vidn, chid'm 15% so'benh vien cua ca ntfdc vi 34,4% so'bdnh vien cua ca 4 viing KTTD. So'bac sy tren 1 van dan cua vung KTTD Bic Bd l i 6,2 bac sy..." [1, tr.112]. Ridng d Hi Npi cd 33 benh vidn (trong do
cd 16 benh vien do Bd Y te' quan Iy vdi trang thie't bi hien dai va chat Itfdng dich vu ttfdng dd'i td't), 4 nha hd sinh, 17 phong kham da khoa, 228 tramy te'phtfdng, xa. Tai Hai Phdng, Quang Ninh va Hai Dtfdng cung da cd benh vien (hdp tac vdi ntfdc ngoai). Hien nay, benh nhin ttf cac tinh ve kham chifa benh tai cac bdnh vidn thupc cac do thi ra't ddng (khoang 35 - 40 % gitfdng bdnh phuc vu ngtfdi bdnh ttf cac dia phtfdng ngoii vCing).
Stf phat tnen cua ha t^ng ky thuat va ha ting xa hpi cua viing KTTD Bac Bd c6 anh htfdng rat Idn dd'n viec ra quye't dinh cua cac nhi dau ttf, vi suy cho ciing muc dich chinh cua cac nhi dau ttf la Idi nhuan. Ke't ca'u ha tang phat trid'n khid'n cho chi phi giam di, Idi nhuan tang Idn; mat khac, ket cau ha tang phat trien cung thda man tdt hdn nhu cau di lai, vui chdi, giai tri, kham chtfa benh... cua cac nhi dau ttf, nhi't la cac nhi d^u ttf cd y dinh lim an lau dii tai Viet Nam.
Ngoai cac nhan to' ndi tren, cd the coi thi trtfdng cung la mdt trong nhffng the' manh cua viing KTTD Bac Bd ve thu hut FDI cung nhtf trong qua trinh phat trie'n.
So' dan dong ludn tao ra mdt thi trtfdng tidu thu rpng Idn. Hdn nffa, mtfc sd'ng cua dan ctf sd'ng trdn dia ban ngiy cang dtfdc cai thien. "GDP binh quan dau ngtfdi tang nhanh ttf 5,7 tridu ddng nam 2000 len 32,0 tridu ddng nam 2010" [111215, tr.444]. Dieu dd tao ra tiem nang Idn ve stfc mua cua nhan dan. Vung niy lai cd mang Itfdi dd thi diy die vdi nhieu dd thi vao loai Idn cua ntfdc ta.
Cac do thi cd mSt do dan sd' ddng, thu nhap binh quan dau ngtfdi cao hdn ban cac khu vtfc khac.
Dac diem nay tac ddng rat Idn de'n thi trtfdng tieu thu. Cac do thi ciing ddng thdi la cac trung tam budn ban gdp phan md rdng thi trtfdng. Bdn canh do, vung KTTD B i c Bg tie'p giap vdi cac viing lan can trong ntfdc nhtf trung du va mien mil Bac Bd, mdt phan ddng bang sdng Hong. Tren cd sd mang ltfdi giao thdng thuan Idi, viing dd ding trong viec trao ddi hing hda vdi cac viing khac trong ca ntfdc.
Khong nhffng the', cac san pham cila viing da xam nhap vio nhieu thi trtfdng khu vtfc vi trdn thd'gidi, ke ca cac thi trtfdng noi tid'ng li khd tinh, ddi hoi cao ve cha't Itfdng nhtf Bac My, NhatBan,
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EU. Dd la cac san pham cd stfc canh tranh cao ve gia ca va chat Itfdng nhtf hing didn tu*, giay dep, det may, thifc pham da qua chd' bie'n, ndng san, san pha'm thu cdng mi nghe. Ro rang, vung KTTD Bac Bo co nhieu dieu kien thuan Idi de md rpng thi trtfdng qud'c te' vi chinh stf md rpng thi trtfdng qud'c te' lai khie'n cho stfc hiit dd'i vdi cac nhi DTNN ngay cang Idn hdn, kinh id' phat trien nang ddng vi hidu qua hdn. "Nam 2010, kim ngach xu^'t khau cua viing dat 16.741 tridu USD, chid'm 23,2% kim ngach xua't kh^u ca ntfdc" [2, tr.444].
Tdm lai, viing KTTD Bic Bd hdi tu kha nhieu thd manh ndi trdi so vdi cac viing khac, tao ra stfc hap dan dd'i vdi cac nha diu ttf de'n ttf cic qud'c gia va viing lanh thd ngoai Viet Nam.
3. Nhffng thach thi}c d$t ra dd'i vdi dSu tif triJfc tid'p ntfdc ngoai & viing kinh td'trong di^m B^cBo
- He thd'ng cd che' chinh sach chtfa phan anh mdt each dly du vi cu thd' ve cac tinh ch§'t vi dac thu ciia viing KTTD Bac Bd. Cdn thid'u nhtfng chinh sach qui dinh rd nhtfng linh vtfc dtfdc khuyd'n khich phat trien va nhtfng linh vtfc can ban chd' phat trien dd'i vdi viing; cac chinh sach dao tao ngudn nhan Itfc; cac chinh sach tfu dai vdi cac nha dau ttf ve thue', ve gia thud da't va cac chinh sich trd cap khac de khuyen khich cac nha diu ttf bd vd'n v i o cac viing khd khan.
- Stf hen kd't, phdi hdp viing cdn kem hieu qua, the' hien d moi quan he hdp lac phat trid'n kinh te' - xa hpi va thu hiit FDI trong ndi bd ttfng vung chu ye'u mdi dtfdc tie'n hanh mot each ttf phat, nhd le tren mdt vai ITnh vtfc. Viec trien khai hdp tie phat trie'n kinh te' - xa hpi chtfa dtfdc hoach dinh theo dinh htfdng, chie'n Itfdc chung cua toan viing. Cac cap, cac nganh dia phtfdng
va ddn vi cd sd chtfa nhan thtfc rd vai trd quan trpng cua hdp tac dd'i vdi phat trien kinh i^ - xa hdi ciia mdi dia phtfdng, ciia viing v i ca ntfdc.
Dieu niy anh htfdng khdng nhd de'n vide phat huy tiem nang, Idi the' so sanh ciia mdi tfnh, dia phtfdng trong qua tnnh chuyen dich cd cS'u kinh te', phat trie'n ben vffng va hpi nhap kinh td' qudc te'. Ngoii ra, stf thie'u lien ke't, phd'i hdp viing trong thu hiit va quan ly boat dpng FDI cdn din de'n hieu qua dau iff chtfa cao. Dau ttf chtfa thifc stf gan vdi quy hoach nganh, viing ndn cd sif chdng chdo, lang phi, san pham triing lap, din de'n tinh trang canh tranh khdng lanh manh, chen ep lln nhau dd' thu hiit FDL
- Viing KTTD Bac Bp la viing da't chitt ngtfdi ddng, quy da't tinh tren dau ngtfdi tha'p nha't ca ntfdc, mat do dan ctf rat cao, dan sd' ndng nghidp con chiem ty le Idn, dien tich da't ndng nghidp binh quan dau ngtfdi thi'p,... chinh l i nhffng thach thffc cho viing trong vide td chtfc sin xuS*! Idn, hidn dai; quan ly va khai thac cd hidu qua, b^n vffng ngudn tii nguydn thidn nhidn vi moi trtfdng. Day cung la nhffng thach thffc khdng nho trong viec thu hiit va kdu gpi DTNN.
- Mac dii vung KTTD Bac B6 dtfdc diu ttf kha Idn tff cac ngudn ngan sich trung tfdng va dia phtfdng cho cac hoat dpng dao tao va day nhtfng chat Itfdng lao ddng qua dao tao nghe van d mifc tha'p, chtfa xtfng dang vdi tiem nang, Idi the ciia vung ve so' Itfdng ngudn lao ddng. Do vay, chat Itfdng ngudn nhin life ciia viing se la rao cin Idn trong viec thu hiit FDI vao nhffng nganh cdng nghd cao, nhffng nganh cdng nghiep mui nbpn.
Bdn canh do, tac phong cdng nghidp trong lao ddng va sinh boat chtfa dtfdc hinh thanh mdt each ro net. Dieu niy cd anh htfdng khong nhd den mdi trtfdng diu ttf ciia viing KTTD Bac Bd •
TAI LI?U THAM KHAO:
/. Bo Kehogch vd Ddu lu (2013), Bdo cdo long hap De dn Quy hoach tdng the phdt triin kinh ti -xd hgi vUng kinh le trong diem Bac Bo din ndm 2020 vd dinh hudng di'n ndm 2030. Hd Noi.
2. Le Thong - Nguyin Quy Thao (Chii bien) (2012), Cdc viing kinh livd viing kinh le trgng diem, Nxb Gido due Viet Nam, Hd Ngi
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Ngay nhgn bai: 21/8/2018
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va su'a chffa: 31/8/2018 Ngay cha'p nhan dang bai: 11/9/2018
Thdng lin tdc gid:
ThS. PHAM TUYEN
Ban Quan ly khoa hgc, Hpc vien Bao chi va Tuyen truyen
THE ADVANTAGES AISID CHALLENGES IN ATTRACTING FDI TO THE NORTHERN KEY ECONOMIC REGION
• Master. PHAM TUYEN Sciences Monogement Board, A c a d e m y of Journalism and Communication
ABSTRACT:
The northern key economic region covers seven provinces, namely, Hanoi City, Hai Phong, Quang Ninh, Hung Yen, Hai Duong, Vinh Phuc and Bac Ninh provinces. In recent years, this economic region has been one of the two leading economic regions in Vietnam in terms of both the number of Foregin direct investment (FDI) projects and the scale of investment. The FDI enterprises sector in the northern key economic region has contributed positively to the socio- economic growth and development of the region. This smdy analyzes the advantages and challenges in attracting FDI to the northern key economic region.
Keywords: Foregin direct investment, the northern key economic region.
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