CHUVeN MIJC
T R | £ T H O C - CHiNH TR! HOC - LUAT HOC
PHyaNG THU'C U-NG XU" VOI THOI CUOC TRONG TU" TU'ANG TRltT HOC NGUYiN BJNH KHIEM
HUYNH NGQC B I C H '
Trong Ijch si> tw twdng Viet Nam, Nguyen Binh Khiem la mdt trong so it ngwdi cd cupc ddi vdi tw twdng va phwang thirc irng xir vdi thdi cupc kha dac biet. Song iron thi ky XVI vdi nhieu biin dpng ve chinh tri, chiin tranh lien mien, dao dire xa hdi suy doi, thdi cupc loan ly, Idng ngwdi chao dao, Nguyen Binh Khiem da chii dpng Iwa chpn eho minh mdt phwang thirc irng xir phii hpp va thire thdi - khi thi nhap thi giiip nwde ciru ddi khi thi lui vi a an di giir vu'ng khi tiet thanh eao, hwdng thu vui tw tai binh yen. Qua Tha van Nguyin Binh Khiem (chu yiu qua Tong tap the van Nguyin Binh Khiem cua Vipn Van hpc - Hdi dong Lich sir Hal Phdng (2014)) bai viet lam rd tw twdng triit hpc Nguyen Binh Khiem ma trong dd phwang thirc irng xir vdi thdi cupc la mdt npi dung quan trong.
Tir khda: Nguyin Binh Khiem, phu'O'ng thirc irng xir, triet hpc Viet Nam, the ky XVI Nhan bai ngay: 15/5/2019; dwa vao bien tap: 1/6/2019; phan bien: 2/7/2019; duypt dang: 12/8/2019
1. DOI NET V 6 c u p c DOI NGUYiN Nguyin Van Dat, tLr la Hanh Phu, hi#u BiNH KHIEM VA TU' TU'dNG T R i i T la Bach Van cu- sT, ngiroi lang Trung H O C C a e A N Am, Vinh L?i, Hal Du'cng (nay la Nguyen Binh Khiem (1491 1585) huy$n VTnh Bao, tinh Hal Phong), d khong chi la nha tho, nha tu' tu'ong ma Nguyin Binh Khiem toat len ve uygn con la bac t h i y ve van hoa du'gc mpi tham cua m6t tri tu? bac hpc, sir an ngu'o'i truyen tung. Ong noi len nhu' yen cua mpt nha the nhan nha, nhu'ng mpt hien tu'ang dac biet cua the ky an chCra nhD'ng t y tyong triet ly sSu XVI. Nguyin Binh Khiem ten that la s4c. Ong sinh ra trong gia dinh nho hpc va dype nuoi dy&ng bSng nhCrng
^^ns Bai hpc Cong nghi?p ThSnh ph6 ' " * " '* <="f ^ho giao tir ngyoi cha la H6 Chi Minh. °"9 Nguyen Van Dinh - ngyoi co kien
HtNH NGQC BiCH - PHLrONG THU'C OtHO Xtf V&l T H O I CUOC.
thirc s^u rpng. Dac biet, Nguyin Binh Khi§m chju anh hyong rSt Ion tCr sir giao dgc cua me - ba NhCr Thi Thuc, 1^
mau phu n y co ca tinh, tinh thong ly hpc, am phpng la Tir Thuc phu nhan, con gdi cua Thyp'ng thy Nhir VSn Lan.
Khdng chi hap thg triet ly Nho gido ngay trong gia dinh, Nguyen Binh Khiem con dyp'c thep hpc ngyoi thay Id mOt nha nhp n6i tiing dyong thd'i - Lyong DSc Bang. Vol tri tue hon ngydi, thdng minh tir nhd, 1^1 gap thay gidi nen Nguyen Binh Khiem sdm thanh tai nang ki§t x u i t . Vigc dng liSn t i i p triing tam nguySn trong ba ky thi:
thi Hyong, thi Hpi, thi Dinh da ehirng minh dieu dc. Phan Huy Chii nhan xet Nguyin Binh Khiem la ngydi hpc rpng cdc sdch, hieu sau nghTa ly Kinh Dich va dan Idi vien sir than n h i Thanh la Chu Xan da khen ngydi LTnh Nam biet ly hoc chi cd Trinh Tuyin Nguyen Binh Khiem.
Tai hpc rpng hieu sau cua Nguyin Binh Khidm p h i n nde the hien qua nhtrng t y tydng triet hpc ciia dng. Noi bat \i nhyng t y tydng ve vu tru ( t h i gidi quan); t y tydng v l luan ly dap dire, v l chinh trj, xa hpi (nhan sinh quan).
Tryde het, trong quan niem v l the gidi quan, Nguyin Binh Khiem da trinh bay tyong doi cd he thdng nhirng npi dung ve ngudn gdc vu try, van v|t, s y ton tai van dong, biln hda eua vD try.
Anh hydng Kinh Dich, khi cat nghTa khoi nguyen eiia trdi dat, Nguyin Binh Khiem xuat phat tir nguyen ly cua
Dich xem thai eye la hinh thai ehuyin hda dau tidn d i n d i n sy hinh thdnh vD try. Ong vilt: "Thai eye trieu so phan. Tam tai djnh quylt vi. Khinh thanh thypng vi thien. Dja trpe hd vj dja. Trung ty nhi vi nhan. B i m thy thj nhat khi' (Thdi eye liic mdi phdn chia.
Vj tri cua thien, dja, nhSn da djnh.
Trong, nh? bay len Id trdi. Dye, n?ing l i n g xuong Id d i t . 0 giya k i t ty Id ngydi. Sinh ra v6n cCing mpt khi) (Vien Van hpc - Hpi dong Ljch sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 1344). Nhy vdy, ngu6n gee eiia s y hinh thdnh vu try vd van vat theo Nguyin Binh Khiem Id b i t nguon tir thai eye. Ong ddt thdi eye len tren het, nhyng c l t Idi 1^1 tdp trung vao "khi". Khi la ban nguyen ciia vu try. Vu try x u i t phdt tir khi nen vu try khdng ngirng vgn dpng, biln doi do s y tyong tdc cua dm dyong, phdt trien d i n ciing eye thi quay lai vi tri x u i t phat ban d i u theo nguyen ly ciia thai eye, van vdt tir cd, cay, sdng, bien, nui, rirng... cung tir dd md thdnh:
"Nhit khi so tdng thdi eye hinh, chi tai bae hau s d do danh. Hai hd Hoa Nhac khdn duy eo, nha giap can cai vat loai sinh" (IVIpt khoi khi ban d i u tir hinh dang ciia thai eye, r i t mye rdng day nen co ten t h i . B l sdng, niii non, gilng d i t that Id virng chac, mam vo cay, gcc r l cay... cdc loai nhd vdo dd ma sinh sol nay nd) (Vien Van hpe - Hdi dong Ljch sir Hai Phdng, 2014:
1162). Nguyin Binh Khiem thira nhan s y tien hda cua vu try Id mdt qua trinh r i t phirc tap vd lau ddi, do sy k i t hp'p eiia am dwang (Iwang nghi) sinh ra tir twang, mpi s y b i l n ehuyin, del thay
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so 8 (252) 2019 trong vu try cung phy thupc §m dwang, am dwang van dpng, giap hda md van vat dyp'e sinh ra, qua trinh phdt sinh ndy tire Id b i l n d i i : "Djch cd thai eye, thdi eye sinh ra ly&ng nghi (am dyong), lydng nghi sinh ra tir typ'ng (bon miia), tir typ'ng sinh ra bat quai (tam que)... Tir bdt quai e l u tgo thdnh 64 que". Nhd am, dwang van xoay md cdi ngupn van vat dyge 1^ giai cung nhy biet d y p e thdi t h i thjnh, suy.
Nguyen Binh Khiem vilt: "Am dyong vang phyc nghiem tien tri" (Khi am khi dyong di qua roi trd lai, suy ra cd the bilt tryde) (Vien Van hpc - Hpi dong Lich sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 1206), hay:
"TTnh nghiem am tieu dyong trydng xir, U' viem thir hau hyu phdn syong"
(Khi tinh, n g l m nhirng s y tieu tan va Idn len ciia khi am khi dyong sau miia nang ndng se d i n tilt syong dam) (Vien Van hpc - Hpi dong Ljch sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 1197).
Thira nhan trdi d i t , van vat b i l n dpi, chuyen hda khdng ngirng, khdng gi la mai mai theo s y k i t hpp cua am dwang, nhwng sw biln doi, van ddng trpng quan niem cua Nguyin Binh Khiem Id s y bien doi tuIn hoan, s y phat then mang tinh c h i t khep kin, xoay v i n . Mpi chuyen trcng trdi d i t , nhan tinh t h i thai d i u cung chung nhau d chd d i n rdi di, di rdi lai, dng v i l t : " T h i s y t u I n hoan hay d i p doi, tirng xem thua d y p e mpt hai phen"
(Vien Van hpc - Hpi dong Lich sir Hai Phdng, 2014: 1503). Day chinh la han c h i trong quan niem v l s y b i l n dich, b i l n hda ciia van vat ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem vi suy chp eiing
s y b i l n ehuyin dd lai mang tinh ehu ky, tuIn hpan khep kin. Nguyen Binh Khiem mdi chi thdy nhD'ng b i l u hien b l ngoai ehir chya tim ra dyp'c ngudn gdc ben trcng eua s y van dpng vd b i l n doi. Mgc dD vay, be qua nhu'ng han e h i do yeu t l Ijch sii' thi quan niem ciia dng eung chu'a dyng y l u td bien ehirng duy vat thd so, c h i t phac tich eye. Quan ni^m thira nhdn sy biln doi lien tyc cua van vat trong vu tru bao la. Van vdt ludn chira dyng nhu'ng khuynh hydng ngypc chieu nhau, sy mau thudn la mpt tat y l u , an chira ben trong s y vat, hien tygng lam nen s y biln ehuyin xoay v i n ciJa mpi vat, mpi viec. Trong t y nhien, dd la s y thay doi len xudng cua cac hien tygng thien nhien: "Vung np ghe khi lam bai cat. Doi kia cd thud luc hdn thai" (Vien Van hpc - Hdi ddng Lich sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 53). Cdn trpng xa hpi la s y thay t h i tuIn t y nhau giu'a thdi trj vd thdi loan, "nhit tri nhit loan", cd loan I t phai cd tri, vd cir t h i chung luan phien thay t h i nhau, ndi t i l p nhau: " T h i n h i t trj nhit loan, thdi hti-u than hyu k h u l t . ' ? phuc chung vd eung, man ton kiln h y thye" (Vien Van hpc - Hpi ddng Ljch sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 40). Hay "Oao b i t chung cung, khon t i t hanh - Khdn ddn h i t rdi phai hanh thdng, dao chdng bao gid cung qudn mai" (Vien Van hpc - Hpi ddng Lich sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 367). H i t
"bT eye" I t se "thai lai". Vdi quan niem v l t h i gidi quan n h i t nguyen md trong dd khi Id ban nguyen eiia vu try khdng ngirng van dpng, Nguyin Binh Khiem da ddng gdp tich eye cho
HYNH NGQC BiCH - PHUaNG THU'C UNG X ^ VOl TH&I CUOC.
ddng chay Ijeh sir t y tydng ciia Viet Nam.
Tir nhD'ng quan niem v l sy hinh thdnh, van ddng va bien doi ciia vu tru va van vat, Nguyin Binh Khiem chiem nghiem d i n nhyng v i n d l thude v l ban ehdt ecn ngydi vd xa hpi lodi ngydi, dng dac biet chu y d i n dao lam ngydi vd trilt ly song d ddi.
Sinh ra trong thdi ky loan lac, cac t h i lyc phong k i l n tranh gianh quyin lyc.
Nam - B l e phan tranh, nhdn dan dieu du'ng, eygng thydng dao ldn. Chirng kiln canh nhieu nhygng l y cting vdi thye trang "nhan nghTa tya vang mydi", "thdt cd tanh tao rudi mdi dau", Nguyin Binh Khiem nhan ra con ngydi da dan xa ban tinh lygng thien vdn ed, nhirng chuan myc dao dire, dao ly eon ngydi ddn phai nhat. Do dd, trong t y tydng trilt hpc ciia minh, Nguyen Binh Khiem rdt chu y den viec d l cao dao lam ngydi, dng neu ra cy t h i , ehi tilt mdt loat nhu'ng chuIn myc dao du'C ddi vol tirng mdi quan he xa hdi nhy: hilu - trung, thuan - hda...
nhyng d i u mdi cua t i t ca cdc chuan myc deu tap trung d chu' trung. V l nhii'ng t y tydng gido hudn khuyen ran, dng khdng nhyng ndi v l "tam eygng",
"ngu thydng" ma cdn khuyen con ngygi sdng nhan di, lygng thien trong gia dinh, trong cong ddng lang xdm.
Nguyin Binh Khiem vilt: "xya nay trpng ngydi chdn that, nao ai ya ke dai bdi" (Vien Van hpc - Hdi ddng Ljch si> Hal Phdng, 2014: 113) vd khuyen lam ngygi khdng nen qua xem trpng tien bac, cua cai Id muc dich cuoi
cung, md nhdn nghTa d ddi, cdc ehuIn mye dao du'C mdi Id nhu'ng eai ddng deo d u l l .
Trong triet ly v l dao Idm ngydi ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem, d i l m cd y nghTa vd cd gid trj Ijch sir Idn lap dd Id t i m Idng thyong yeu cpn ngydi, yeu thygng dan chung. Sdng g i n trpn t h i ky XVI, la ngydi cd kiln thirc sau rpng va dyge vua Mac trpng vpng, nhyng hdu nhy trong s u i t quang ddi eua minh, Nguyin Binh Khiem khdng sdng trong giau sang danh vpng md chip nhan cude sdng thanh bach ciia mpt nha nho an dat. Hda trong cupc sdng cua dan chiing, Nguyin Binh Khiem nhin t h i y dyge n i l thing kho cua nhan dan, hieu dyge tam ty, nguyen vpng cua hp. Nguyin Binh Khiem khdng bd sdt b i t ky doi tygng nap, tu*
ngydi tan tat chp d i n ngydi binh thydng, tir ngydi "vg gda, con cdi"
d i n ngydi ndng phu, d i l n phu... t i t ca nhu'ng ngydi md than phan nhd be, mong manh, bi dp bire bdc Ipt la doi tygng ma ong h i t Idng quan tam vd mong mudn cho hp cd cude sdng an binh, no am.
Nghien ciru trilt ly nhan sinh Nguyin Binh Khiem cho thdy nhyng luan giai CLia dng hygng vdo viec khuyen ran, giao hudn eon ngygi ve mat dao dire, v l le sdng va each xir t h i d ddi. D i l u nay da Idm nen net ddc dao trong phygng each irng xir vdi thdi cupc ciia dng, giiip chung ta d l dang nhan ra dng trong r i t nhilu nhd t y tydng cua dan tdc. Dd la each irng xir ung dung, t y tai, vd s y khdng mang danh
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HOl so 8 (252) 2019 Igi nhyng lai mang nang ndi yu t y ve tinh ddi, n g nydc.
2. PHU'O'NG THU'C LfNG XCf VOI THOI CUOC C O A N G U Y i N B I N H KHIEM
2.1. Thai do sdng tir tai
Nguyin Binh Khiem sinh ra trong gia dinh nhd nho, dyge gido due luan ly nho gia, nen 1^ tygng trpn ddi cua dng hydng v l md hinh qudn chu Nho giap vdi "vua sdng tdi hiin", xa hdi Dydng, Nghieu. Tuy nhien, thdi ky Ijch sir dng sinh sdng, Nho gido gdn nhy bdt lyc tryde thye trang luan thydng dao ly nga nghieng, dao dire suy ddi. Thye tien dd khiln dng mdt mat tdm niem:
"dao thanh h i i n xya, ludng choc mdng", mat khdc lai thdy xa hpi "cua nang hon t i l n " , Idng ngydi dap dien, nen dng lya chpn lui v l song nhdn ddt ma phyong thirc irng xir dau tien dng lya chpn Id sdng t y tai.
T y tai la quan niem sdng t y dp, khdng chiu sy rang budc, niu keo, khdng ban tam suy nghT, tinh todn thiet hon, sdng t y nhien thuIn phac, tuy thee y thich cua minh. Nguyin Binh Khiem bay td.
"Am quan ngdy nhdn rdi mpi viec. D i u ta t y tai mac ddu ta" (Vien Van hpc - Hpi ddng Ljch sir Hai Phdng, 2014: 64)
"Song hien ngd cira ngdi xem sach, ty tai ngdy qua m I y ke bang" (Vien Van hgc - Hdi d i n g Ljch sir Hai Phdng, 2014: 110) hay "Yen ddi phdn ddu t y tai, lanh du" khen che cung mac ai"
(Vien Van hpc - Hdi dong Ljch sir Hai Phdng, 2014: 164),
Hon b i n m y o i tuci mdi di thi, lam quan chya dyge bao lau, Nguyen
Binh Khiem da vol quay v l . S y quay v l eiia dng khdng phai Id sy trd lui vi nhyt ehl, khdng phdi Id sy quay lyng vdi ddi ma Id lui ve d l bao todn khi tilt, giir gin pham gia, cho nen Nguyin Binh Khiem r i t hdi Idng vdi phygng cham s i n g t y tai ciia minh.
Vdi dng t y tai Id: "Dec nDi vd tay cydi khiic khich. Rang thdng vat cang hat ngheu ngao" hay "Cira true vd tay cydi khiic khich, hien mai v l t cang hat ngheu ngao" (Vien Van hpc - Hpi ddng Lich sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 125).
Nguyin Binh Khiem thich thu vdi cude song thanh thoi sau mpt thdi gian "da np mui t h i tinh" vd chdn canh thj thanh dua tranh gidnh gidt. Ong rong rui vdi cd cay, hoa Id chim mudng, song chan hda cung canh dep eua thien nhien. Sdng cupc sdng: "Mpt mai mdt cude mpt e l n eau... Khdt udng ehe mai hoi ngpt ngpt. Sdt k l hien nguyet gid hiu hiu. Giang son tam bire la tranh ve. T'hong canh t y mua l y gdm theu" (Vien Van hpc - Hdi ddng Ljch sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 1474). Viee Nguyin Binh Khiem dyng quan Trung Tan vdi muc dich tryde h i t Id Idm noi nghi nggi eho ngygi qua dydng vd d l vui vdi thien nhien, cay cd, da phdn ndo the hien l l i sdng ung dung t y tai, khdng bon chen danh Igi eua dng.
T y tai ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem eOng chinh la mdt hinh thirc bilu hien ciia mdt trilt ly sdng, mdt phpng thdi sdng t y do coi md, chan hda, loi sdng cua s y thanh than trong thdi buoi nhilu nhygng. Dd la ldi sdng "tien" noi t r l n t h i . Ong t y hao ndi: "Cap khilt thuy vi
H'i'NH NGQC BiCH - PHLfONG THUC (tHG Xit VOl THOI CUOC.
thien ha sT, an nhan nga thi dja trung tien" (Trpng sach thanh cao ai la ke sT trong thien ha, an nhdn ta day chinh Id tien ngi t r l n t h i ) (Vien Van hpe - Hdi ddng Ljch sir Hai Phdng, 2014: 199), hay "Rdi nhdn thi l y tien vd sy",
"Thanh nhan l y I t la tien khdch. D y g e thu ta dd cd thu ta" (Vien Van hpc - Hdi dong Ljch sir Hai Phdng, 2014:
301). Nguyin Binh Khiem nhilu ldn ndi d i n tir "tien" trong t y tygng cua minh, khi thi dng cho minh la dng tien noi tran t h i . Id khdch tien, khi t y nhdn cdch song ciia minh chang khde gl edeh song eiia tien, "vd sy thi tien Ip phdi tim... gia vd s y l y Id tidn" hay
"Ngay ngdy tieu sdi nhdn vd sy. Tuy chCra la tien at l y tien" (Vien Van hpc - Hdi dong Ljch su' Hai Phdng, 2014:
68). "Tien" trong quan niem cua Nguyin Binh Khiem khdng phai Id mdt khdi niem sieu hinh. S i n g "tien" khdng phai Id sdng nhy trpng cdi eye lac vd hinh, huyIn bi ndo dd ma chinh Id cam nhan dyge eai "vd sy", "lang lang". Ngydi "tien" nhyng cd cupc song h i t sire tran tyc, thygng thye cupc sdng thanh than, chan hda vdi t y nhien. Ong cam nhdn cude sdng gdn thien nhien, gdn suoi, gdn mdy trang la eude sdng khdng phai mua bang t i l n nhyng vdn cir tygi dep, cupc song ay chinh Id cdi tien.
T y tai g Nguyin Binh Khiem ngoai y nghTa Id sdng ung dung, thanh than, nd cdn the hien hdm y v l sy t y lam chii dyge ban than, hoan todn chu ddng d i i vol eude song, khdng bj ep budc bdi ai: "Ty tai ngdy qua m I y ke
bdng"; "Gid dd khdi dng cdng danh.
T y tai ndp du lyy den minh" hay "Oin chdn ndp vui c h i n l y . D i u ta t y tai, cd ai hay" (Vipn Vdn hpe - Hdi d i n g Ljch sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 362). Tim hilu cude ddi ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem, ed t h i cam nhdn cdch irng xii ciia dng vdi cdc trilu dai vd vdi cupc ddi hoan toan t y chu. H i u nhy khd cd t h i lye ndo cd t h i trdi budc hay gdy sire ep dyge vdi dng. Ra Idm quan trilu Mgc cung Id s y lya chpn cua rieng dng, lui quan v l d I n eung Id quylt djnh tir dng. Cae t h i lyc phong kiln cd mpt thdi dp trpng vpng n h i t djnh vdi cen ngydi khi t i l t ndy hogc Id kinh trpng hoac la khdng t h i gdy sire ep, ndn Nguyin Binh Khiem mdi cd t h i chu ddng quylt djnh s y lya chpn ciia minh.
Ong chpn each sdng: "Thu an mang true, ddng an gia, Xuan tdm h i sen, ha tdm ap. R y g u udng cdi cay, ta se udng. Nhin xem phii quy tya chiem bao" (Vien Van hpc - Hdi ddng Lich sir Hai Phdng, 2014: 573).
T y tai d Nguyin Binh Khiem cdn Id cdch sdng thuan theo t y nhien, hda hgp vdi t y nhien. Nguyin Binh Khiem tiep thu tinh than ndy trong t y tydng Lao - Trang vd trong ea net van hda truyln thong ciia ngydi Viet Nam.
Dao giap quan niem phai d l con ngygi v l vdi t y nhien. Nguyin Binh Khiem cung sdng mdt cugc ddi nhy vay. Ong hda minh vol thien nhien, thy thai tryde trdng, tuylt, gid, mdy, hoa, true. Nguyin Binh Khiem mieu ta:
"Hdng giang mpt dai tuylt pha vang.
Tryde eCra m y d i hai ngpn nui chdng"
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HOI s6 8 (252) 2019 hay "Yeu hoa ddu dai ve thu dung.
Tya l l u trdng nui hay eho nui. Ldp lodng mdu xanh m I y van trung" {Ngu hirng). Nguyen Binh Khiem da tirng xem thien nhien nhy Id ngydi ban tri am, xem hoa Id khach d l chuyen trd
"Ngdy chdy hpp mat hoa la khdch.
Dem vdng hay Idng nguyet dy den"
(Vien Van hpc - Hdi ddng Ljch sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 239). Khdng phai n g l u nhien ma Nguyin Binh Khiem chgn canh vdt thien nhien d l bdy td chi I n ddt, t y tgi cua minh, ma vl "theo quan niem eiia Nho gidp, cdi mdu myc thupc v l qud khir, cdn cdi trong sach chii y l u lai d thien nhien. Cac nhd nho theo quan niem x u i t xir ciia Nho gido - gap thdi thjnh thi ra Idm viec, phd vua giup nydc, gap thdi loan thi lui v l d an, l i y thien nhien d l di dyong tinh tinh. Hg tim thdy trong thien nhien nhu'ng pham c h i t dap dire cao quy cua con ngydi thep quan niem Nho gido. Cay tung Id hinh anh ngygi dai trygng phu, cdy true Id hinh dnh ngygi sT quan tir, cue mai Id b i l u hien eua s y trang trong, tinh khilt, ngy, t i i u , canh muc Id nhu'ng n g h i nghiep trpng sach, tuylt, nguyet, phong, hoa la cae thii thanh tao... hp lam thg vinh v l thien nhien Id vay"
(Nguyin Hu-u Son, 2003: 53).
Nguyin Binh Khiem da chpn thien nhien d l gdi gam cdch nhin, each sdng cua dng. Thien nhien tao cho con ngydi cam giac d l ehju, em d i m , thanh than. Tham chi, s i n g chan hda vdi thien nhien ed t h i Idm con ngydi dju lai cam gidc dua tranh, song thanh
bach khdng mdng Igi danh, chii'c vj, an nhien, thanh than giya d i t trdi, sdng hda hgp, thuan theo t y nhien.
Do vay, Nguyin Binh Khiem tim tdi thien nhien nhy tim ve vdi tri ky, tim v l vdi tinh chdn phyong cua con ngydi, nudi dydng thien chdn. Nguyin Binh Khiem sdng giii'a thdn que, vdi mdi nhd tranh, don so, yen a, "Vai gian nhd cd d ben sdng, nhan tan thdn ta dyge thoa Idng" (Vien Van hpc - Hpi ddng Ljch sir Hai Phdng, 2014: 342).
Cd t h i ndi, t y tgi d Nguyin Binh Khiem mang y nghTa cd nhdn hon thdi dai, nghTa Id mdi ngydi t y lya chpn che minh mpt phygng cdch song, t y minh dyge phep thoa man nhu cau cua cd nhan. Trilt ly t y tai Id trilt ly t y do cho cd nhdn, dd khdng chi Id s y thong dong ciia mdt cpn ngydi trpng cupc song ma cdn la sy t y do cua cd nhan thoat khdi s y rdng bupc bdi nhyng l l nghi, trat t y phong kiln Nho giap vdi quan niem v l nghTa, v l phdn, quy dinh chat ehe nhCrng mdi quan he cua con ngydi. Trong xa hdi phong kiln nhy vay, con ngydi khdng dyge cpi minh Id mdt ea nhdn ddc lap, khdng dyge nghT d i n Igc thu cho rieng minh. Do dd quan niem t y tai cua Nguyin Binh Khiem d khia canh ndy mang y nghia tich eye, mudn t y chu cude ddi minh, sdng ty tai vdi t y cdch mpt cd nhan ddc lap, khdng bj rdng bupc bdi nhyng quy djnh nghTa phdn cua nhp gia eung nhy trat t y cua xa hdi phong k i l n . Ong toai nguyfn khi: "Ngodi nam m y g i t u l i da t y tgi, at da trpn mirng nyde mdt b l u " (Vien
H Y N H N G Q C B I C H - PHUONG T H U C U'NG XCT V O I T H O I CUQC. .
Van hpc - Hdi ddng Ljch sir Hai Phdng, 2014: 514). Vi vay, "dng khdng ed bi kjch gi v l ban thdn minh, ve than t h i , vat c h i t , cung nhy v l tinh thdn, dng ludn ludn khang dinh cdch sdng cua minh trong thg, du d bdt ky hoan canh nao mdt each vira nhun nhdn vira t y hao" (Dinh Gia Khanh, 1997: 58).
2.2. Khong mang danh Igi, v d s y t r y d e s y b i l n chuyen vdn xoay ciia thd'i cupc
Tinh thdng Djeh ly, Nguyin Binh Khiem n i m rd quy luat "vat eye tdc phan": d l y I t phai voi, nhpn qua phai cun, cho nen tryde thye te loan lac, con ngygi tranh gidnh, dua chen, chay theo phu philm Igi danh, Nguyin Binh Khiem chu ddng chon eho minh 111 s i n g yen phan, vd sy.
Vd s y cua Nguyin Binh Khiem t h i hien tryde h i t d quan niem sdng yen phdn, bilt du. Thdi dp yen phdn dyge Nguyin Binh Khiem neu len nhilu ldn treng thg: "Cdy an, ddp udng, yen ddi phan" hay "Sang khd m i l n yen ddi phan", hay "Thanh nhdn ta m i l n yen ddi phdn" (Vien Van hpe - Hdi ddng Lich sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 231). Do anh hygng bdi t h i gidi quan thien menh ciia Nhp gido, nen Nguyin Binh Khiem chu tryong s i n g yen phdn theo menh trdi, cd bao nhieu hydng b I y nhieu. Ong ndi: "Yen phan md thdi chd ed cdu. Gap sao hay vay, cd lam sao?" (Vien Van hpc - Hdi d i n g Ljch sir Hai Phdng, 2014: 1474).
Theo Nguyen Binh Khiem, mudn dyge nhdn, dyge "yen phdn" thi khdng dyge de qua ddy, phai giu' d mire
trung, phai b i l t dii. Nguyen Binh Khiem cho ring viec hdm danh Igi, tranh gianh q u y i n t h i , tham lam ehi dem lai tai hpa cho ban thdn. Ong ndi:
"Dodi nhin ta d vdo t h i nguy nan, md sg Idng t y man trong cdnh gidu sang"
(Vien Van hpc - Hdi ddng Ljch sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 232). Ong che rdng ngydi ta d dia vj cdng cao lai cdng phai than trpng dirng d l che qud d l y :
"Dly qud, xya nay trdnh mdi thanh",
"Giy khi, gin tinh, lai dydng t h i n ; (t lo, it mudn. It lap than" (Vien Van hpe - Hpi d i n g Lich sir Hai Phdng, 2014:
865).
Ben canh thdi dp "yen ddi phan", vd s y d Nguyen Binh Khiem la thai dp sdng phdng khpang, binh than, khdng phai ban tdm lo Idng viec gi. Cai vd sy ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem Id cdi vd au, vd lo, hodn todn thdnh thoi d l d i m minh vdo thien nhien. Ong xem vd sy, yen phdn Id each tdt nhat d l giu" gin nhan each thanh cao, "vd sy la hon np ngpc vdng", "vd sy tieu thdn tien",
"vd sy thi hgn keo phai lo", "vd sy ngdy pho pho", "Vd s y chang hgn cd sy ru. Ddu nhdn che khen dau mieng the; Cg m l u tap hda mac t y nhien"
(Vien Van hpc - Hgi ddng Ljch sir Hai Phdng, 2014: 287). Cdch s i n g vd sy cua Nguyen Binh Khiem Id: "Thiy nguyet trdn thi k l thdng. Nhin hpa ng mdi hay xuan. Cay an, ddP udng yen ddi phdn. Sy t h i chang hay da Hdn Tan" (Vien Van hpe - Hdi ddng Ljch sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 194). Ong nhin mpi sy, mpi d i i thay mdt cdch binh than,
"gdc ben ngoai", " d i u dyge d i u thua ai mac ai". Ci day chung ta t h i y quan
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so 8 (252) 2019 niem vd s y ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem ed net gdn vdi quan nidm "vd vi" cua Lao Tir. Theo Ldp Til', "vd vi" nghTa Id s i n g vd hanh ddng thep le t y nhien, s i n g thudn phac, khdng lam nhu'ng gl trdi vdi ban tinh t y nhien cua con ngydi, khdng can thiep vdo gudng mdy cua t y nhien. Vd vi cdn Id giCr gin ban tinh t y nhien cua minh vd ciia van vdt. Chinh vl vay, Lao Tir phan d i i mpi chii trygng "hu'u vi". Ong cho rdng "hu'u vi" se gdy xdo trdn trat t y t y nhien vd se lam mdt di ban tinh t y nhien cua con ngydi. Cdn vdi Nguyin Binh Khiem, vd sy mang mdt npi dung khdc. Vd s y nhyng khdng quay lyng vdi thdi cupc, khdng xa Idnh sy t h i md vdn quan sdt sy t h i vdn xoay vdi t y cdch cua ngydi dirng ben ngodi nhin t h i s y mdt each than nhien, khdng can thiep vap trat t y cua nd.
"Thanh v I n g thu que d i u m I y na; Dy Idnh mieng t h i mac khen che" (Vien Van hpe - Hdi ddng Ljch sir Hai Phdng, 2014: 535); "Canh eu d i l n vien tim chdn eu; Khdch nhdn son thiiy dygng than nhdn" (Vien Van hpe - Hdi ddng Ljch sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 342). "Cydi hp tranh nhau danh Igi mpt each gay gat, Ta lai tim mdt chd d thanh vdng d l trpn ddi minh" (Vien Van hpe - Hpi dong Ljch sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 542).
Do dd, vd s y trong quan niem cua Nguyin Binh Khiem cdn la sy than nhien tryde thj phi, phdi trdi. La ngydi tirng trai, am hilu le ddi, Nguyin Binh Khiem nhan t h i y viec ddi va Idng ngydi doi thay nhanh chdng, phai roi lai trai, trdi roi phai, "nhdn tinh lai thj
phi", khdng dau la khdi d i l m , cy t i l p n i l tudn hoan nhy tren mpt vdng trdn.
Do viee phai trdi, dung sai chi Id tyong ddi nen ngydi dat dao Id ngydi da v y g t len tren thi phi, ehir khdng phai Id khdng phan biet dyge thj phi, phai trdi.
Vdi Nguyen Binh Khiem, bac tri thirc phai bilt dirng ngodi cdi vdng lan quan dy d l khdi phai ban tam, nhpc xdc: 'Thanh nhdn hydng dyge Id mirng, thj phi gdc bd xin dirng nhpc than".
Nguyin Binh Khiem cdn chi rd mpi viec d t h i gian chi la tam thdi, cho nen chi cd nhii'ng ke ngdy ngd mdi e l c h i p ban chuyen thj phi: "0 ddi mpi viec khdng md sdc, phai trai cdn ban rd chan chya" (Vien Van hpc - Hdi ddng Lich sif Hai Phdng, 2014: 237).
Khdng chi cd vay, vd sy trong quan niem cua Nguyin Binh Khiem cdn Id thdi dp than nhien tryde nhOng sy sdng chit, dyge mdt, ciing thdng. La mdt trilt nhdn vdi trilt ly nhan sinh nhdn nha, dng thdy dyge quy luat biln ehuyin xoay vdn cua eude ddi d l khdng bam viu vao cai khong the bdm viu, khong t h i lay cdi tyong doi Idm cdi tuyet ddi vd cung d l d i l m tTnh than nhien vygt len tren mpi gigi han danh Igi, sdn si cua cude sdng nhdn gian.
Cung vi vay, ddi vdi mgi sy hon thua d ddi, dng cung dirng dyng coi thydng. "Chan viec hon thua d l y tryde m i t . Lam tien nhdn nhd d tren ddi" (Vien Vdn hpc - Hpi d i n g Lich sir Hai Phdng, 2014: 125).
Cd the ndi, quan niem vd sy eua Nguyin Binh Khiem chinh Id mdt
H'i'NH NGOC BiCH - PHLTONG THUC UNG XCT VOl THOlCUQC...
phygng thirc b i l u hien ciia sy nhdn nha v l mgt tinh thdn - dd chinh la b i l u hien cua nhdn trong tdm - tdm nhdn.
Tdm nhan Id tdm trdng khdng, hoan todn thanh thoi khdng bj rdng bupc hay bj chi phdi bdi s y t h i xung quanh.
Theo Nguyin Binh Khiem, tdm tring khdng thi mdi thanh thgi, vd sy, khdng cdn tham due, khdng vydng cdng danh, khdng c h i p thj phi, khdng djnh k i l n . "Tam trdng ring" dyge Nguyin Binh Khiem ddnh gid r i t cao, dng thydng ndi: "Thdi tue, t i l t ngay, ddu d l doi, Trdi gia, tam rong, t y nhien hay" (Hpi ddng Lich sir Hai Phdng, 2014: 159). Ldng cd vo sy thi tdm mdi "Idng lang", "ty tai", giong nhy mat n y d c lang mdi phan anh rd mat trang. N i m dyge quy luat dy nen Nguyin Binh Khiem bao gid cung "vui nydc bile vdi non ndy. Cdy cd tieu dao canh thang ngdy"... "co quan liiu khydc d i u vd sy, tan quan sal mdn tan nhdt khai" (trong Idng khdng cd eg myu thi t y nhien vd sy, cira sdi d quan tan cir m d s u i t ngay), "hy t h i t hdn vd bdn diem ai, sdi mdn tan nhat bgng giang khai" (nhd trdng khdng chdng n h u l m chut bui trdn, cira sal ben sdng m g s u i t ngdy). "Than nhien vd s y Idng khdng m u l n , nha khdng chang bgn chut t r l n ai" (Vien Van hpc - Hdi ddng Ljch sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 659). Theo phep t i e cfla ly hpc T i n g Nho, n l u glD' dyge cho Idng minh trdng khong thi se cd the hieu
"ciing ly cung tinh". Tiep can t y tydng ndy, Nguyin Binh Khiem ndi: "Mdt chile thuyin khdng lanh viec ddi". Rd rdng, dng chu tryong vd s y la de Idng
thanh than, tring trdi. Khi l y con ngydi mdi khdch quan vd sdng s u i t , mdi hilu dyge ly eua t y nhien, cua trdi d i t , thau dat le ddi, trdnh dyge sai l l m , me mudi. Hinh anh chile thuyin khdng md Nguyin Binh Khiem d l cap d i n khong chi don thudn mang nghTa Id ndi d i n eude s i n g nhdn tan phdng khodng ma cdn hdm j mdt trilt ly sau xa. Od Id sy thpdt khdi vdng eyong tda cua danh Igi, dem cdi tdm thudn khilt md d i i xii vdi mpi ngydi, mpi vgt thi tdm dd se cdng binh than:
"Xet t h i y treng canh nhdn khdng cd gi Id ban rdn, mgt trdi dd len cao md vdn ngon gido bdn song cira phia ddng",
"suy ngdm ddi nhdn vui ranh viec, g i n trya ngon g i l c a ben song", "nhdn d i n ddng cira sdi cd ngdy" (Vien Van hpc - Hdi ddng Ljch sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 1170).
Vdi ehu tryong vd sy, Nguyin Binh Khiem da dirng ben ngodi cdc cupc phdn tranh, v y g t len tren sy tranh c h i p xau xe cua cac tap doan phong kiln thing trj. "Ciru dam, phd nguy, then b i t tdi Tren ddi mgi viec d i u quen hit, tan qudn cira sdi md s u i t thdi" (Vien Van hpc - Hdi ddng Ljch su' Hai Phdng, 2014: 1392).
Chii trygng vd sy, Nguyin Binh Khiem da ehirng td dng Id ngydi ndm virng thdi t h i , hdnh ddng thep thdi t h i . Nhilu ldn dng da d l cap d i n viee irng xir tuy thupc thdi t h i , vd ddy ed t h i xem nhy Id mpt d i l m tya, mdt co s d cho t y tydng nhdn cua dng: "dem trang Gidm Hd tinh tho cac xa, Gid thu Bdnh Trgeh bu'ng rygu cdng
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI s6 8 (252) 2019 nhilu" (Vien Van hgc - Hdi dong Ljch sir Hdi Phdng, 2014: 1245). Bdnh Trgeh tire Dao Uyen Minh (Ddo Tilm), tirng Idm quan lenh Bdnh Trgeh, do ehan canh quan lai ludn cul, nen eao quan v l d an, dyge ngydi dyong thdi gpi Id TTnh T i l t tien sinh d l khen sy Hem khilt eua dng. Ldi sdng I n ddt eua dng anh hydng d i n nhilu nho sT Vi?t Nam, trong dd ed Nguyin Binh Khiem. Nguyin Binh Khiem dd noi thep Ddo T i l m , vui vdi thien nhien, xa Idnh ebon quan trydng, dng thydng ggi nhd v l nhirng t i m gygng I n ddt eua cdc bgc tien b l i , nhy Id mpt cdch d l t y ran minh.
T y tygng vd s y eiia Nguyin Binh Khiem mang mdu s i c Lao - Trang nhyng v i n dam net Nho gido. Vd s y d Nguyin Binh Khiem khdng phai Id trdn trdnh trach nhiem, phui bd nhiem vu ciia cd nhan vdi cdng ddng xa hdi, khdng phai Id thpdt ly xa hdi, md nd Id mdt trilt ly s i n g , mpt phyong thire irng xii" khdng ham danh Igi, dja vj, vdt chdt tien tdi, coi thydng bon chen, b i t man vdi thdi ddi den bac. Vd s y Id song Igc thien, tri menh, vui thii, khpang dat nhyng v i n "yu thdi mdn t h i " . Ddy Id net dgc sdc trcng phyong thire irng xir giira thdi loan ly cfla Nguyin Binh Khiem.
Anh hygng sdu sdc nhu'ng trilt ly eua Nhp gia cOng nhy phyong chdm xir t h i tryde thdi cupc cua cdc bac tien nhp, Nguyin Binh Khiem ed nhu'ng quan nigm dgc s i c v l thdi cupc. Thee dng m u l n hanh dpng eho hgp ly phai xem xet thdi t h i , phai tuy thdi, bdi vi:
"Cd thug dyge thdi meo duoi chudt.
o i n khi t h i t t h i k i l n tha bd", "Gap thdi dgi cOng hda nen khdn" vd "Tri eo fl'ng b i l n thi dyge ven todn" (Vien Van hgc - Hpi ddng Ljch sir Hal Phdng, 2014: 298). O Nguyin Binh Khiem, ta thdy hinh anh cfla mpt ke sT ddi vdi thdi cuoc bilt "tri eg" vd "kiln eo".
Khlng Tu" tryde ddy da dung hinh anh eon chim bilt luc ndo nen dau, luc nao nen bay d l tygng tryng cho phygng chdm xir t h i tuy thdi eua nhd nhe. Xet thdi t h i d l hanh hay tdng, x u i t hay xfl' Id cen dydng khdng xa Ig doi vdi nhu'ng ngydi theo Nho gido.
2.3. Ndi n i l m dau dau v l tinh do'i, van nyd'c va khdt vong cu'u van xa hoi d y c n g thd'i
Song trong canh logn ly, cam t h i y ban thdn khd ganh dyge trpng trdch "phu nghieng dd lech", Nguyin Binh Khiem da chpn each s i n g t y tai, vd sy. I n dat vui thu hydng nhdn, nhyng sau tham trong tan Idng dng ludn dau ddu mpt ndi lo v l van nyde, tinh ddn. Viec luc ra Idm quan, luc v l d I n gidn dogn cfla dng dd ehirng minh dieu nay. Va chinh dd cung Id net ddc ddo trong phygng thire fl'ng xit tryde thdi eude cua dng - phyong thirc fl'ng xfl" khdng dua tranh danh Igi nhyng tinh dan, van nyde van deo mang. D i l u nay t h i hien d khdt vpng v l xd hdi hda binh, thjnh trj vd mong mudn "an dan" eua Nguyin Binh Khiem.
Ld nhd tho chi d i g viec hdnh dgo, giflp ddi, Igp chi "phu nguy chu'ng njeh", mong dem tdi ndng ra ndng dd son ha, song, y d c nguyen b i t thdnh.
HtNH NGOC BiCH - PHUONG T H U C U N G X U VCSI T H O I CUQC...
Nguyen Binh Khiem vui sdng vdi thien nhien, rupng v y d n , nen gidu ndi niem y u qudc di ddn cua minh vdc trpng, dng khdng Iflc ndp khdng dau ddu v l mdt xa hdi thjnh trj, thdi hda, dan Chung an lac, yen vui.
Ljch sir Viet Nam tir cull t h i ky XV d i n t h i ky XVI Id s y n i l tilp khoe liet cfla s y tranh gidnh, phdn tranh du" dpi giu'a cdc tap dodn phong k i l n . Chiln tranh ndi t i l p chiln tranh, 50 nam chiln tranh Nam - Bdc trilu (1546 - 1592), 50 nam chiln tranh Trjnh Nguyin (1627 - 1672), xd hpi Viet Nam odn minh trong n i l dau ndi da xdo thjt.
Ddi sdng nhan dan khon khd, dieu linh.
Dd Id thdi ky "gian k h i d l y nhyng chiln tranh vd vat ldn giu'a cdc hp e l m quyin, giai dogn phong kiln rdi logn md cdc nhd Khong hpe khdng ngu-ng n h i c d i n mdt each ngam ngui, ehua cay..." (Lyong Ninh, 2005: 100).
Thye t l dd Idm cho Nguyen Binh Khiem edng khao khat v l mdt xd hdi hda binh, thjnh trj. Mdt xa hdi md ben tren vua sang tdi hiin, ben dydi dan chflng sdng hda binh, np dm, khdng cdn canh chdng vg phan ly, cha con chia lia. S u i t ddi Nguyin Binh Khiem dm I p mdt nguyen vgng v l mdt xa hdi nhy thdi Nghieu Thudn. Rdt nhilu ldn dng bdy td meng y d c ndy: "Hd thgi thdi tp Dygng Ngu trj. Y cyu hiin khdn nhdt thai hda - Bac gid lai dyge trdng thdy thdi binh trj Dydng Ngu de chp trdi ddt lai dyge thai binh nhy xya" (Vien Van hpe - Hdi ddng Ljch sir Hai Phdng, 2014: 191). Xa hpi md Nguyin Binh Khiem khap khat Id xa
hdi vdi nhOng gia trj, chuIn myc dgo dire dyge giO' gin, bao ton, con ngydi ddi xir vdi nhau chdn thdnh hda nhd;
sung tue v l kinh t i , ngydi dan d i u dyge lao ddng, ed cude song no com I m ac. Mpi ngydi ddn bilt phdn biet d i l u x l u d i l u tdt, bilt phdn biet viec phai viee trai, ed eude song lygng thien, glu' gin nhyng gid trj dao dire cao dep, khdng bj Igi Ich ldm mu qudng, khdng bi kim t i l n ehe m i t , trflt bd mpi tham lam tinh tpdn chp rieng minh. Xd hpi md Nguyin Binh Khiem hygng d i n Id xa hdi pn djnh v l mpi mat tu' kinh t l , chinh trj, vdn hda md dac biet nhit la xd hdi on v l ldng ddn, khi dd dan tin, ddn quv" nhd e l m quyin nhy cha cen, anh em, be ban.
O l cd mpt xa hdi thdi binh thjnh trj, CU'U van trat t y xa hdi, Nguyin Binh Khiem chfl tryong thye hien dydng l l i cai tri bdng nhan nghTa, dung nhdn nghTa de gido h u i n , gido hda con ngydi va duy tri trdt t y on djnh cfla xa hdi. Ngydi thye hien tdt nhiem vy ndy khdng ai khde hon Id vua. Do vay, Nguyen Binh Khiem r i t ehu y d i n vai trd vd pham c h i t cua vj vua trong xd hpi. Vua phai dung nhan nghia d l gido hda ddn ehir khdng phji dung q u y i n uy va menh lenh bgc tdn. Ong vilt: "Thdnh chfl ehi kim nhdn thing bgo - Thdnh ehua ngdy nay chi Idy nhdn nghTa d l thing bgo tdn" (Hdi ddng Ljch sfl' Hal Phdng, 2015: 254).
Thee Nguyin Binh Khiem, vua phai Id ngygi edng bdng, ngydi e l m cdn cdn cdng ly, bilt yeu nydc vd h i t ldng vi dan, vua phai Id ngydi n l u cd bd duoc
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI 50 8(252)2019 sang thi nen sol ddn ngi nhd nat xdm ngheo: "Qudn vyong nhy hu'u quang minh chflc. Lfng chilu eung ly bd I c ddn" (Hpi ddng Ljch sfl' Hal Phdng, 2015: 153), d l "ddn l l m than k h i eye d i u dyge n i m tren nem chilu yen on"
(Hdi d i n g Ljch sfl- Hal Phdng, 2015:
242). Vua nhy vay, vd quan Igi cung phai nhy vay, theo Nguyin Binh Khiem, bIy tdi khi giup vua cung phai
"nhdn nghTa tya nhy son". Cd dyge vua sang tdi h i i n nhy vay thi md hinh v l mdt xd hdi thdi binh se trd thdnh hien thye.
Dau ddu ndi n i l m thyong nydc, thyong ddn Nguyen Binh Khiem ludn xem trpng sire manh cfla dan chung va san sang "nhap t h i " d l ngydi dan cd dyge cude song yen vui hgnh phflc.
Ong ludn mong mudn dem Igi cho dan chflng cude sdng binh yen, np I m , dyoc phdt then t y do, t y chfl ddi vdi cupc ddi cfla minh. Trong t h i ky ma Nguyin Binh Khiem sinh sdng, xa hdi odn minh trong mdu lu'a chiln tranh.
Con ngydi nom ndp lo sg, tinh mang ludn bj de dpa. Thye tgi nhy vay, nen mudn ddn dyge yen on, theo Nguyin Binh Khiem, each thilt thye nhdt Id phai xda bd chiln tranh, chdm dfl-t, loai tru* nhu'ng hdnh ddng tan dc bao ngyge doi vdi dan. Nguyin Binh Khiem eung phdn biet r i t rd chiln tranh phi nghTa vd chiln tranh chinh nghTa. Ong d l cao vd tham gia vdo cdc eude chinh phat nhdm chdng lai bpn giac cydp tan hai nhdn ddn.
Nhyng d l l vdi cdc cude chiln tranh khdc, nhifng cupc chiln tranh vl Igi
ich cfla cd nhdn vd ddng hp thi dng Igl kjch Het len an.
Cd t h i ndi, ca cupc dd\ lo toan vi ng nydc, vi tinh ddn, nhyng Nguyin Binh Khiem s i n g ddy lac quan, hao phdng, mong m u l n "ging sire ngdy dem" ldm viee d l d i t nyde thanh binh, nhan dan yen on. Chi nguyen cap dep ca ddi dng Id net son sang chdi ghi nhan ten tuoi Nguyin Binh Khiem trong ddng chay menh mdng cfla ddng sdng t y tydng ddn tdc.
3. K i T LUAN
Du dau ddu lo ddi, lo nyde, le ddn nhyng d Nguyin Binh Khiem lai bdc Id mdt phpng thdi sdng ung dung, nhdn nha. Sy hda hgp tydng chu'ng nhy mau thuan ndy ddc biet chi ed d Nguyin Binh Khiem. Vd dp eung chinh Id each irng xir ddc biet, lam nen ddu I n eua Nguyin Binh Khiem so vdi eac nhd t y tydng dyong thdi.
Trong thdi buoi logn lac, Nguyin Binh Khiem chu dpng chpn phyong thirc irng xir Id van dung hgp ly hai chu' xult-xfl" vdc hpan canh lieh su" ddy biln dpng md dng Id ngydi trpng cude.
Chpn each sdng ty tai vd vd sy, dng da xde lap mdt nhdn sinh quan xfl" t h i hgp ly. Dd Id thdi dp sing ung dung t y tai, tim d i n vdi thien nhien, tim d i n s y an binh trpng tdm. Dd chinh Id dl tim cdi tTnh treng cdi dpng, t h i y dyge sy du'ng im tygng ddi trgng sy van ddng tuyet ddi. Spng, d i n g sau sy vd sy, dirng dyng Id ea mdt ndi lo toan, day dfl-t vdi ddi, vdi thdi, vol ngydi. Id khdt vpng ve mpt xa hdi hda binh thinh trj. Dung nhy ldi nhdn xet cfla
HYNH NGOC BICH - PHUONG THUC U N G X I J V O I T H O I CUQC.
Vu Kham Ldn, Nguyin Binh Khiem Id con ngydi "ddi dung thi Idm, ddi bd thi an, d l l vdi tien sinh du chang d i e dyng cDng ed h i ehi" (Hpi d i n g Ljch su- Hal Phdng, 2015: 412). Vd eung vl vgy ma "tuy g nhd b i n myoi t y nam md Idng khdng ngdy ndo quen ddi, y u thdi m i n tyc d i u Id trong thg. Con ngydi nhdn dgt, t y tgl trong Tuylt Gigng phu tfl- vi t h i vdn ehya thodt khdi hpe thuyit Nhe giap, vdn ehya ra ngcdl quan niem "hanh-tdng", "xult- xir", "nguy bang b i t nhap, legn bang b i t cy" d l hda minh vdo t h i gidl cfla Ldc Trang" (Hpi ddng Ljch sir Hdi Phdng, 2015: 312). Ra rdi v l , v l rdi ra, qud trinh hdnh tdng, x u i t xfl' l y cfla Nguyin Binh Khiem, h l n cd nhilu ly do, nhyng du sao dl nu'a thi "cdi ddng trdn trpng vd ddnh gid cao nhdt d Nguyin Binh Khiem Id dfl xudt hay xir, t i m long cua dng ludn ludn hydng
v l ddt nygc, v l nhdn dan. T y tygng vd tinh cam cap dep dd khdng dya dng v y g t qua nhOng han che cua thdi dai nhyng Id n l n tdng tinh than, la c h i t lieu eg ban d l cung vdi tri thire uyen bdc vd tdi ndng sdng tgo ciia minh, ndng ong Idn dja vj mpt danh nhdn vdn hda loi lac eua ddn tpc, mpt nhd tho ldn n h i t eua t h i ky XVl vdi uy tin vd anh hygng rpng Idn bao trum d i t nydc luc dd" (Hpi dong Ljch su"
Hal Phdng, 2015: 112). Dd eung Id mgt trong nhyng bang chu'ng chu'ng td: "Nguyin Binh Khiem Id sdn pham van hda d i l n hinh cfla t h i ky XVl mdt t h i ky ndng v l chinh chiin vd nhilu b i l n ddng nen phai lya chpn mpt phyong thirc irng xir van hda kha dT cd t h i ddp irng dyge nhu c l u ddi sdng tinh t h i n v i n mudn p h i n phfl-c tap" (Nguyin Hyu Sgn, 2003: 28). a
TAI LIEU TRiCH D A N
1. Dinh Gia Khanh, Bill Duy Tan, Mai Cao Chyong. 1997. Viet Nam van hpc (the kf XVII - nira diu thi ky XVIII). Ha Noi: Nxb. Giao due.
2. Vien Van hpc. Hoi ddng Lich sif Hai Phdng. 2014. Tho vSn Nguyen Binh Khiem, tdng tdp. Ha Noi: Nxb. Van hpc.
3. Hpi ddng Ljch su' Hal Phong. 2015. Hpi thao "Dl san van hpc - Nguyen Binh Khiem - tw twdng va khuynh hwdng tham my". Ha Noi: Nxb. Van hpc.
4. Lyong Ninh (chii bien). 2005. Lich sir Viet Nam giin yeu. Ha Npi: Nxb. Chinh trj Qudc gia.
5. Nguyen Hu'u Son. 2003. Nguyin Binh Khiem - nha tha triit If the sw. TPHCM: Nxb.
Tre.
6. Nguyin Nghiep. 1997. Trang Trinh va Sam ky. Ha Ngi: Nxb. Van hoa Thong tin.
7. Nguyin Phan Quang, Vo Xuan Dan. 2000. Lich sw Viet Nam tir nguon goc din nSm 1984. TPHCM: Nxb. TPHCM.
8. Vu Minh Tam. 1996. Tw tudng thit hoc ve con ngudi. Ha Npi: Nxb. Giao dye.
