U'NG (ANP)

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U'NG DUNG QUYTRINH PHAN TICH MANG (ANP) OE DANH GIA, Ll/A CHON NHA CUNG CAP

VATTl/CHO CAC D ^ A N XAY DUNG

LiromgDuTcLong Do Anh Khoa

ABSTRACT

Materials is an important factor to form the buildings. Having a high quality bulding requires us to

select suitable materials as well as appropriate suppliers. That's a duty of contractors. Analytic Network Process (ANP) is an effective method to help them easily make exactly decisions.

TS LiTtfng DuTc Long Chu nhiem nganh Cong nghe va Quan ly xay dirng - Khoa ky thuat xay dinig- Trirdng dai hoc Bach KhoatpHCM DT:0838647345 Di dong: 0937877958 Email: luongdudong(S)hcmutedu.vn KSXD Do Anh Khoa Dien thoai: 0822210315 Didong:0905220218 Email: [email protected]

1 . Gidi thieu

Nha cung cap vat t u eho eac d u an xay dung la nhufng don vj chuyen san xuat hoac phan phoi vat tu. Nha cung cap dupc lua chpn bdi nha thau chinh hoac bdi nha thau chinh nhUng thdng qua yeu cau cua chu dau t u . Nganh Xay dung la mdt nganh Idn bao gdm nhieu ITnh vUc khac nhau n h u edng trinh dan dung, eau dudng, cdng trinh thuy... Chinh vi vay, nhUng nha cung cap vat tu, thiet bj trong nganh Xay dung cung rat phong phu, da dang de cd the dap Ung 6uc]c cac dac thu khac nhau cua tUng linh vUc. Cdng trinh mudn ben vUng, dat chat lupng tdt, ddi hdi nha thau chinh phai hop tac vdi nhQng nha eung cap uy tin de ed dupc vat t u tdt n h a t .

Cdng tac dau thau de chpn nha cung cap cd uy tin, chat lupng la mdt budc tien trong to ehUe xay dung, phu hpp vdi quy luat cua nen kinh te hien nay. NhUng neu ehi chpn nha eung cap bd gia re nhat thi chua chae hp cung cap dupc vat t u cd chat lupng tdt cho cdng trinh xay dung.

Vi vay, can cd mdt phupng phap de danh g i a , lUa chpn mdt each tong quan va khoa hpc nhat. IVld hinh Ung dung ANP la mot phupng phap rat manh va kha chinh xac d e d a n h gia, lUa chpn.

2. Li/Oc khao nghien cufu

Phuong phap ra quyet djnh da tieu chuan (MCDM) dupc phat trien d IVly vdi muc dich giup ngudi ra quyet djnh hieu van de va giup hp dUa ra cac quyet djnh thich hop trong viec lUa chpn nha thau (Zeleny,1992). Phuong phap la cdng cu hUu ich eho cac nha khoa hpc va cac ky sU;

va dupe ap dung de nghien cUu cac van de lien quan den viec lUa chpn nha thau (Fong and Choi,2000) va quan ly dU an (Al- hazmi and Me Caffer, 2000)

Phuong phap MCDM gdm nhieu phuong phap nhd khac nhau. Dau tien la sU dung quyet djnh ca nhan hay quyet dinh nhdm, sau dd xac djnh cae phuong

phap theo dU lieu hoac dieu kien cua phuong phap. Cd nhieu phUPng phap ra quyet djnh da nhan t d khac nhau ed the lua chpn nha cung cap bao g d m : phUPng phap Bespoke (Bespoke Approaches - BA), phupng phap phan tich da thudc tinh (Multi-Attribute Analysis -MAA), phuong phap ly thuyet Ipi ich da thude tinh (Multi- Attribute Utility Theory - MAUT), phUPng phap hdi quy da bdi (Multiple -Regres- sive - MR), phupng phap phan tich bay cUu (Cluster Analysis - CA),quy trinh phan tich thU bae (Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP),quy trinh phan tich mang (Analytic Network Process - ANP)...

3. PhUorng phap quy trinh phan tich mangANP

Quy trinh phan tich mang ANP (Ana- lytic network process) dupc Saaty de xuat vao nam 1996 dUa tren co sd eua phupng phap AHR Md hinh bai toan theo phUPng phap ANP bao gdm 1 mang ludi cac tieu ehi (Hinh 1), eac mdi quan he ben trong, ben ngoai, mdi quan he qua lai (Hinh 1) va sUdung khai niem sieu ma tran ( Hinh 4)

4. Cac budc xay diTng bai toan danh gia, lira chon nha cung cap vat tU bang cong cu ANP

4.1 Phdn tich cdc tieu chi ddnh gid Trong md hinh nay, eae tieu chi 6uac tac gia khao sat, phan tieh va xep hang de lam cP sd eho viec danh gia. Be khao sat va xep hang eae tieu chi, eae bang cau hdi dieu tra dupe thdng qua va eae sd lieu se 6uac xU ly de cho ra nhUng dQ lieu cudi eung ve cac tieu chi quan trpng n h a t . Cae tieu chi se dupc phan chia thanh cac nhdm khae nhau (Bang 1)

4.2 Thiet lap moi quan he vd sa do mang ludi

Cac moi quan he giQa eae tieu chi, nhdm tieu ehi dupe nhdm chuyen gia nhan djnh va mang ludi md hinh dUdc

8.2010 ^E^niiisiii 6 3

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Nhom 1

Tieu chi 1 Tieu chi n

Nhom 2

Nhom 3

Nhom n-1

Tieu chi 1 Tieu c h i n

Nhom n

Nhom 4

Hinh 1: a),b) Sd do mang lifdi, 1 - moi quan he ben trong, 2- I\/I6i quan he ben ngoai va moi quan he qua lai. c) Sff 36 mang ludi cac tieu chi Bang 1:T6ng hpp cac tieu chi lam co sd de danh gia, lUa chpn nha eung cap

STT A, an a i 2 A j 321 a22 a23 324 A3 331 332 333 A t 341

CAC TIEU CHi NANG Ll/C KINH NGHIEM

Thdi gian host ddng trong nganh xay dung Sd lupng cdng trinh da th3m gi3

NANG Ll/C TAI CHI'NH Vdn cd djnh eua cdng ty Lpi nhuan cu3 cdng ty Khs nang huy ddng vdn Kha nang eho khach hang no NANG Ll/C KINH DOANH Ngudn nhan lUc

ChUng chi quan ly chat lupng ISO Kha nang eung Ung cua nha cung cap MOI QUAN HE

Mdi quan he vdi nha thau chinh

STT 342 As 351 352 353 354 Ae 361 362 363 A , 371 372

CAC TIEU CHi Mdi quan he vdi chu dau t u DICH VU NHA CUNG CAP

Tinh CP ddng va lien tuc cua nha cung esp Che dp v3 phupng tien bao t r i , bao hanh Su ho trp t u v a n , giup d o

Kha nang thich nghi ddi vdi nhQng nhu C3U dse biet SAN PHAM VA GIAO DICH SAN PHAM

Chat lupng san pham Gi3 thsnh ssn pham Hop ddng mua ban

VE SINH MOI T R I / d N G VA AN TOAN LAO DONG Bam bao ve sinh mdi trUdng

Bam bao dieu kien an toan l30 ddng

i J a) NANG LVC KINH NGHIEM - | a | x | al) Thgi gian hoat dong trong nganh XD [

a2) So lu'OTig cong trinh da tham gia I

^ b ) NANG Lite TAI CHINH - | n | x | bl) Von CO dinhl

i J g ) Vf SINHMT.t-ATLD - | a | x |

! gl) Ve sinh moi Imongl

•J e) DICH VU NHA CUNG C A P el) Co dong , lien tuc j e2)Baoh3nh|

eajHgtrg.tuvanl e4) Thich nghi voi nhu cau dac bifl I

^ f ) .S.AN P H A M & G I A O DICH SP - | n | x |

a

i l d ) M 6 I O U A N H E - | n | x | dl) Vcft nha thiu chinh |

d2) Chii dau tu I

i j c ) N.\NG Lire KINH D0.4NH - | n | x | cl) Nguon nhan luc |

c2)ChutigchilSo|

c3) Kha nang cung ung |

Hinh 2: So do mang lUfli cac tieu chi danh gia, lUa chon nha cung cap vat tu

64^l'.^niIiiSSl! 8.2010

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Nhom chuyen gia

^ • ^ = = ^

Hinh 3: Minh hpa quy trinh so sanh cap gitfa 2 tieu chi a^, ,a^^ doi voi tieu chi a,, B s n g 2: B a n g m i n h h p a so s a n h c a p

a i i 321 3y»

321

1 1/X

3uv X

1

Trpng so

W21 Wuv

C l e n e i 2 e n

C l e i 2

W = C k e i m l

ek2

ekmk

eni Cn en2

enmn Hinh 4 : U/linh hoa sieu ma tran

, . e i m l

W n

Ck C„

. . ekl ek2 . . . ek mk . . . enl en2 . . . en mn

W k i

W n ,

W , k

Wkk

Wnk

W i n

Wkn

Wnn

So sanh cap de xac dinh trong s6

V y

K§t hop hai ma tran

Sieu ma tran co ban tieu chf con

Sieu ma tran co ban nhom tieu chi

Sieu ma tran trong s6

Sieu ma tran g\&\ han

SLF dung thuat toan bien doi

Hinh 5: So do tinh toan sieu ma tran

thiet lap dua tren cac mdi quan he do. So do mang ludi dupe thiet lap b S n g s u h o t r p eua phan mem Supper Decision (Hinh 2)

4.3. So sdnh cap cdc tieu chi, nhom tieu chi

Budc thU 3 eua ANP la thiet lap cac ma tran so sanh cap de thiet lap mUc dp quan trpng giQa eae tieu chi, nhdm tieu chi vdi nhau. Quy trinh so sanh cap sQ dijng thang do gdm 9 mUe dp khac nhau.

Cac bude trong so sanh cap:

- So sanh eae thanh phan theo cap ddi vdi cac tieu chi da dupc X3C djnh. (Hinh 3)

-Thiet Isp m3 trsn so ssnh cap. (Bsng 2) Vdi:

+ "x" la thang diem tU 1 den 9 d e d a n h gia mUe dp quan trpng giQa a^^, a ^ ddi vdi a,,

+ "w^,, w/„/'la nhQng trpng sd tinh tosn dQpc sau khi da ed diem "x"danh gia.

4.4. Tinh todn sieu ma trdn

- Ban dau, eac trpng sd tinh toan dupe trong ma tran so sanh cap se hpp thanh sieu m3 trsn cP ban (Hinh 4)

- Tiep theo dd sieu ma tran trpng so 6\J<3c hinh thanh bang each ket hpp cac trpng sd cua tUng tieu chi vdi trpng sd khi so sanh cap giQa eac nhdm. Trong ma tran CO ban, tong gia trj cua bat cQ cdt nso Idn hpn 1 thi cdt dd se dupc chusn hd3. M3 trsn dQpc chuan hda dupe gpi la ma tran trpng sd va tong cae gia trj mdi cdt se bang 1.

- Ma trsn trpng sd se dupe bien doi de ed dupe nhQng gis tri on djnh, V3 gi3i dosn nay se hlnh thanh ma tran gidi han (Bang 3). M3 trsn trpng sd se dupe luy thU3 bsc 2k+1 vdi, k la mdt sd Idn tuy y. Giai doan nay gidng nhU mdt qua trinh lap va tim de eho ra mdt gis trj tdt nhst. Dac diem eu3 m3 tran gidi han la gia trj trong eae hsng cQ3 m3 trsn deu bsng nh3u. Csc gia trj trong ma tran gidi han se la ca sd de tien hanh chpn lUa, danh gia cae phuPng an dupc dat ra.

4.5. Trgng so cdc tieu chi

Cae gia trj trong ma tran gidi han se cho ta nhQng trpng sd cua cae tieu ehi dung de danh gia iQa chpn .

4.6. Xdc dmh trgng so cdc phuang dn va phuang dn lUa chgn

Muc tieu eua bai toan la xac djnh 6\sac nhQng trpng sd cudi cung cua cac phQPng an de lua chpn phupng an tdt nhat. Bay g i d t a cd ham F(x) nhusau: F(x) = a „ x . , + a,2X)2+a2iX,3+-+a72Xi2o

+ a^^ la gia trj trpng sd cua nhQng tieu chi dupe lay tQ bang ma tran gidi han

+ X|^(k= 1.:- 20) la cac gia trj trpng sd cija phUPng an V (j=1 ^ n )

Moi phuong an V khae nhau deu ed mdt gia tri F(x) cy the tuong Ung vdi