MQT VAI NET VE GIAO D y C TAI IRAN
Trdn Anh Birc' TOM TAT
Iran Id quoe gia Hoi gido ndm a khu vuc Trung Ddng. sd hint nhieu dgc diem khdc bift so vai cde quoc gia khdc tren the gioi. thdm chi khdc biet ngay v&i nhitng qudc gia irong the gt&i Arab.
Iran di theo mo hinh ehinh tri thdn quyen. so hitu mgt nen kinh te cd tiem luc chua dugc khai thdc vd cd mgt nen vdn hda ddm dd bdn sdc. He thdng gido due cua Iran khong giong voi hdt eu h^
thong gido due ndo tren the giai, mang nhieu diem dgc trung vd thU vj. Chinh phu Iran ddu tu rdt lan cho phdt trien gido due. ngdn sdch cho gido due hdng ndm vdo khodng 3% tdng sdn phdm quoc ddn (GDP). Iran ed chi sd phdl triin con nguoi (HDI) khd cao. dgt 0,774 (dung thii 69/188 qudc gia) theo bdo cdo cua Chuang trinh phdt trien Lien hiep quoc (UNDP) ndm 2018. Nen gido due Iran chiu dnh huong Ion tit h^ thdng chinh tri. Tii khi thdnh lap cho den nay, chinh phu Iran dd nhiiu ldn ihay ddi ehinh sdch gido due de phuc vu tdt nhdt eho muc tieu chinh tn. Chinh .sdch phdt triin gido due eua ehinh phu dd dem lgi nhieu thdnh cdng cho nen gido due nhung cUng ddt ra nhieu vdn de.
Tit khda: Gido dgc, Iran, Hoi gido. chinh sdeh Nhdn bdi: 6/11/2019; Phdn bien vd sua ehUa:
1. Tong quan ve giao due Iran He thong giao dye t^i Iran dugc chia lam hai nhanh co b ^ : giao dye pho thong va giao due b$c cao.
H^ thong gido due pho thong Iran duoc chia ra 4 cdp: mau giao, tieu hpc, trung hpc bac thap va trung hpc bae cao. Tat ca dupe d$t duoi s\r quan Iy cua Bp Giao due va Dao tao Iran. Bae tieu hpc (Dabestan) danh cho hpc sinh tu 6 - 11 tu6i. Tu 11 - 14 tuoi, hpc sinh \ao hpc trung hpe bac thap (Rahnamayi). Hpc sinh tieu hpc va trung hge
gido due
20/11/2019; Duyel ddng: 5/12/2019 bac th^p hpc cac mon khoa hpc nhu toan, vat ly, sinh vat, hoa hpc, tilng Ba Tu va van hpc, dia ly, lich sir va thin hpc (bao g6m ljch sir H6i giao, kinh Coran, tieng Arab). Chucmg trinh hpe tap nhu nhau doi vai nam sinh va nij sinh, nhung hpc sinh nam va hpc sinh nu khong hpc chung vai nhau.
CJ trung hpc bac th%), nO: sinh dupc hpc nO cong gia chanh, ca sa am thyc va cat may, trong khi cac nam sinh dupc hpc giao due tien qu6e phong, ca hpc va khoa hpc ky thuat. C) bac hpc nay, ban giam hieu nha truang to chiic
• Th^c sT, NCS Vi^n Nghien cuu Chau Phi v^ Trung Dong
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 12(172) thang 12/2019 -23
Tran Anh Otrc Giao ductaiiral
cac tiet hoc thtrc hanh lai cac xi nghiep vai sir dai thp kinh phi tir cac phu hu\'nh. Hpc sinh vao hpc trung hpc bac cao (Dabirestan) tu nam 14-17 tuoi. d giai doan nay, da so hpc sinh da xac dinh nghe nghiep tirong lai. Tuy theo ke hoach, hpc sinh duoc tir chpn mot trong hai ban (ly thuyet hoac ung dung) de hpc tiep.
Nhung hpc sinh chgn ban ly thuyet se vao hoc dai hpc sau khi tot nghiep pho thong.
Cac truong hpc pho Ihong tai Iran dupc chia lam 3 loai; trucmg cong. truong ban cong va truong tu. Hpc tap tai trucmg cong la hoan loan mien phi. He thong trudng ban cong, con dupc gpi la Nemuneh Mardomi, co chat lupng tot hon so vol trucmg cong va hgc phi phai chang hon cac truong tu. Tuy vay. de vao dupc cac truong Nemuneh Mardomi noi tieng la khong de. Hpc sinh se phai tham gia mpt
cuoc thi cang thing va chi nhihig ngu*' f'"' nhat moi duac chpn.
Mgt trong nhung thanh cong ciia chinh ph"
Iran chinh la ph6 cap giao due ph6 thong kha hieu qua. Nho nhirng ni luc cai each, l.v I? hoc sinh dupc di hpc gia ting dang ke Niim 1966, ty le hgc sinh trong dp tu6i tir 6 dc-n 17 dupc di hpc chi dat 36%, chi s6 nay tang len 59%
nam 1976 va dat mirc 87% nam 2010. Trong do, ty le tre em tir 6 d6n 11 tu6i dupc di hpc da dat 97% nam 2010 (Saeid Golkar. 2017).
Tuy ty le tre em di hpc gia tang nhung ty le hgc sinh bo hgc cung gia tang. Theo thdng ke, trong giai doan 2001-2010, trung binh moi nam co khoang 3,3%) long s6 hpe sinh bp hgc.
Do do, so lugng hpc sinh da giam dang kS tir 19 trieu nam 2001 xuong chi con 13,5 trieu nam 2010 (Saeid Golkar, 2017).
Cac be gai dang xep hang chuan bj vao [op tai Tnrcmg Emam I-Iasan Mojtaba a Kennan, Iran Nguon: https://giaoduclhoidai. vn
He thdng giao due bac cao tai Iran gom cac trucmg dai hpc, cac hpc vien dao tao k\ thuat va trudng nghS. He thong giao due bac cao nam duoi su quan ly cua Bg Khoa hgc Cong nghe. Cac trudng dai hpc ciia Iran, ben canh X iec dao tao cir nhan. con co cac chuong trinh dao tao thac si va tiSn si. Chuong trinh cii nhan gdm 72-78 tin chi. Chuong trinh cao hpc chia lam 3 bac; bac .-\ 38 tin chi, bac B 30 tin
chi va bac C 22 tin chi, hoan thanh trong 3 nam. Chucmg trinh tien sT, dien ra th chucmg trinh 4 bac A. B, C, D
"•"'S'tinchi, hoan thanh trong 6 nSm. Nam 2008 I 40 nghin sinh vien theo hgc bac cao hoc ' nghin sinh vien theo hpc bac ti^n sT (Ti Timg, 2014).
Nam 2010, Iran CO g4n 4,5 tri^u sinh - nhap hpc cac trudng dai hpc tdng hpp vj l\
20 ran VSn
24 Tgp chi nghien ctru CHAI PHI & TRt NG DONG SO 12(172) thing 12/20|„
Giao dgc tal Iran Tran Anh Dut trieu sinh vien nhap hgc cac chucmg trinh cua
dai hpc Y va dai hpc Hdi giao. Iran hien co 440 tmdng dai hpc, trong do 80 trudng cdng, 115 trudng Hoi giao, 25 trudng thuang mai va 120 chi nhanh dai hpc tit xa thudc Dai hpc Payame Noor. 28 trudng y, 50 trudng cao dang va 40 trudng dai hpc cdng nghe (Thanh Hang, 2018).
Trudng dai hpc ldn nhat va u\' tin nhat Iran la Trudng Dai hgc Qudc gia Tehran, trudng ldn thu hai la Dai hgc Y khoa Tehran. Theo sd lieu nam 2017, Dai hgc qudc gia Tehran diing vi tri thli 5 trong bang xep hang cac trudng dai hgc xujt sac nhit d viing Trung Ddng. Trudng cd 16 khoa va 40 trung tam nghien eiru khoa hgc.
Ngoai ra, Iran cdn cd 298 trudng dai hgc tu nhan, trong dd Dai hpc Hdi giao Azad la trudng ldn nhat. Nam hpc dai hpc d Iran chia thanh 2 ky, hgc phi mdt nam trung binh dap dpng tit 1.000 - 9.000 USD. Chi phi chg bac sau dai hgc cdn cao hon. CJ mgt sd trudng dai hpc, sinh vien tham chi phai tra 1.000 USD/1 thang (Thanh Hang, 2018).
Nam 2010, Iran cd cd han 50 nghin sinh vien hgc tap tai cac trucmg dai hpc d nudc ngoai. Chi tieu cho giao due ciia Iran trung binh khoang 16% ngan sach trong thdi ky 2005 - 2010 (Tran Van Timg, 2014). Mac dii chi tieu cho giao due dat bang ty le trung binh so vdi cac nudc tren thi gidi, nhung chat lupng giao due ciia cac trudng dai hpc Iran dupc danh gia rk cao theo cdc tieu chi ve ket qua nghien ciiu dugc chuyen giao, cac cdng trinh nghien ciru dugc xuat ban tren cac tap chi cd uy tin qudc te va vai trd ciia ngudn nhan luc chat lugng cao trong qua trinh phat trien kinhte- xahdi.
Mgt thanh cdng dang ghi nhan la su gia tang cua hpc sinh tham gia giao due bac cao. So lupng sinh vien nSm 2010 gap 8 lin so vdi nam 1990. Nam 2010, theo thong ke. Iran ed hon
5.3 trieu sinh vien. tren tdng sd 75 trieu dan.
Ty le hpe sinh tiep tue thep dudi viec hgc tap tai cac trudng dai hgc ciia Iran la tuong ddi cap. ngang bang vdi cac qudc gia phat trien.
Lien quan den van de gidi trong giao dye.
ty le nir sinh di hpe va tham gia \ ao cac bac giao due cao han ciing gia tang. Sd lupng nQ' sinh tai cac trudng dai hge tang tir 38% nam 1978 len 48% nam 2010 (tinh tren tdng sd sinh vien). Nam 2016, 46,1% sinh vien tham gia hge tap tai cac trudng dai hpc la nii. Theo thdng ke, khoang 54,1% niJ sinh dupc dang ky tai cac trudng dai hpc nha nude va 45,9%
tham gia hoc tap tai cae trudng dai hpc tu.
Theo thong ke nam 2017, phu nir chi6m 60%
tdng sd sinh vien (Thanh Hang, 2018).
2. Chinh sach giao due qua cac thdi ky He thdng giao dye tai Iran, sau cupe each mang Hdi giao nam 1979, cd the dupc chia ra lam 3 giai doan chinh. Giai doan 1979-1987, giao due tai Iran chung kien lan sdng Hdi gido hda diu tien. Giai doan 1988-2004, chinh phii Iran bat dJu ndi ldng cac quy dinh trong giao due, cho phep cac trudng hgc phat trien dgc lap hem, giam bdt anh hudng ciia nha nudc va giam bcit ap luc ve y thitc he. Giai doan 2005- 2012, giao due Iran tiSp tuc chiing kien lan sdng Hdi giao hda thu hai khi chinh phii lai t'lip tuc dat ra nhthig gidi han va cai td lai he thdng giao dye. Mdt trong nhihig dac diem ndi bat ciia njn giao dye tai Iran chinh la vi?c chinh phu chi phdi va quan ly he thdng giao due. Ndn chinh tri Iran la mgt nen chinh trj thin quy6n dac biet. Do dd, he thdng giao dye cua Iran, chiu anh hudng tir he thdng chinh tri, cung ed nhieu diem dae biet.
Giai doan 1979-1987
Trudc khi each mang Hdi giao thanh cdng, cac trudng hgc dudi thdi Pahlavi hoat dpng
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 12(172) thang 12/2019 -25
Giao diict^ilran.
theo ca ehe ty tn ehii dpng, giong \ oi mo hinh ciia cae quoc gia phucmg Tay. Chinh phu H6i giao coi cac trucmg hpe thai Pahlavi, dSc biet la cae truang dai hpe, la nhimg "diem nong"
chinh tri va can phai ap dat sy kiem soat chat che. N'ga> sau khi thanh lap. chinh quyen Hoi giao da ap dung nhijng chinh sach dieu tiet va
"thanh Ipc" cac truang dai hpc. vdi muc tieu xoa sach bat cir dau vet nao con lai ciia che dp Pahlavi va thiet lap mpt he thong hoan toan mdi theo dinh hudng Hoi giao.
Quyen ty chu cua eac trudng hpc bj \6i mon theo Ke hoach Cach mang V5n hoa. Tat ca cac trudng dai hpc phai dong cira trong 3 n3m cho den nam 1982 de chinh quyen cd thai gian xoa bo quan diem chinh tri va ton giao doi lap. Trong thdi gian do. Van phong Cach mang Van hoa Iran la co quan chinh quan ly va chi dao dy an Hdi giao hoa. Hdi dong nay nhan manh 2 giai doan trong qua trinh Hoi giao hda cac trudng dai hpc. Thu nhat, loai bd mpi anh hudng tij phucmg Tay hoac phuang Ddng, dua chucmg trinh giao due Hoi giao vao tat ca cac trudng hpc. Giai doan thu hai hudng den muc tieu sira doi mpi phuang dien de giao due ed the phan anh cac nguyen tSc va tieu chuan Hdi giao (Saeid Golkar, 2017). To chirc Hdi dong Cach mang van hoa Toi cao (SCCR) duoc thanh lap 6k giam sat va quan ly dy an Hoi giao hoa cac trudng dai hpc va md rpng nd cho toan bp nen
\ an hoa Iran.
Giai doan 1989-2004
Dudi thdi ciia Hashemi Rafsanjani. ngudi nim quyen sau cuoc chien tranh Iran-Iraq, he thong giao due Iran co nhung thay doi dang ke. la thdi k> ap lyc \'e Hoi giao hoa giao due dupc giam bdt. Hashemi Rafsanjani la mpt nha k\ trj. quan ni^m cac trudng dai hpc la
ngudn luc chinh de dao t^o cac quan chuc cho bp may hanh chinh nha nudc. Chinh qu\en Rafsanjani nhan manh takhasoos (chuyen mon k\ thual) quan trpng hanfaahhod{y thirc h?). Dieu nay di ngupc Igi vdi quan diem Hdi giao thdng tri ciia Cach m ^ g \'.^n hoa lan thu nh^t. Chii nghTa thyc dyng ciia Rafsanjani tao ca hpi md rpng giao dye dgi hpc d Iran.
Trong giai dogn na), nhieu trudng dgi hpc tu dupc thanh lap tren khSp dat nudc So hpc sinh dang ky vao cac trudng dgi hpe eong tSng tir hem 400 nghin nam 1988 len tren 1 tri?u ngudi vao nam 1996 (Saeid Golkar. 2017).
Xu hudng cai each nay tiep luc dudi chinh quyen cai each ciia Kathami (1997-2004).
Tinh ty ehu eiia eac trudng cao han va ap lyc tdn giao ehinh trj dupc giam bdt. Chinh phu Khatami eo gang tai co cau h^ thong giao dye dgi hpc va tang sy dpc lgp eiia cac trudng doi vdi ehinh quyen. Nam 2000, Bp Van hoa va Gi^o due dgi hpc dupc doi thanh Bp Khoa hpc, Nghien cuu v^ Cdng ngh? (MSRT), nhan manh vai tro ciia Bp trong nghien ciru cung nhu giao dye. Nam 2001, cac trudng dai hpc dupc dpe lap hem trong vi?c soan thao chucmg trinh va giao trinh. Trong giai doan trudc, giao trinh deu do nha nudc soan thao, cac trudng chi liep nhan va truyen lai lai cho hpc sinh. Nam 2002, cdc trudng dai hpc dupc phep ty tuyen dyng cac giao su cung nhu co the tir ehdi nhimg bo nhi?m tir nha nudc. Cu6i ciing, eae trudng dgi hpc dupc phep ly lua chpn cae nha quan ly. bao gom eac trudng khoa va chii lich thong qua qua irinh bau cir.
Gidng nhu thai Rafsanjani, so sinh vien dudi Ihdi Khatami tSng nhanh, tir 1,404.880 nam 2000 len 2.117.471 vao nam 2004 (Saeid Golkar, 2017). Sd sinh vien nir trong cac trudng dai hpc cung tang len deu din. Duoc hgu thuan bdi chinh cac sinh vien. cae nha cai
26 - 7"(7/7cA/rt^A/^rt cii-HCHALi PHI & TRLNG OONG so 12(172) thang 12/2019
Giao due tai Iran Tran Anh Oirc
each da md ra eupc tranh luan chinh trj trong cac trudng dai hpc va khuyen khich sinh vien tham gia vao ehinh tri. Dieu nay bi nhirng ngudi theo khuyn hudng bao thii chi trich va phe phan nang ne. Sy md rdng tu do ehinh tri trong sinh vien da khai day khat vpng dan chii manh me chong lai cac ca che khdng qua bau cir ciia che dp ehinh tri, dieu dd ed the thay dupc qua nhimg cuoc bieu tinh cua sinh vien vao nam 1999 va 2003. Tuy nhien, cac eudc bieu tinh nay deu bi dan ap bdi quan dpi va cac to chirc dan v? khae va khdng igo ra mot ket qua dang ke nao.
Mac dil bp may nha nudc co gSng thyc hien cac chinh sach cai each giao dye nhung khong dupe su chap thuan ciia Lanh ty tdi cao va phe bao thii cua Iran, nhirng ngudi tiep tuc H6i giao hoa cac trudng dai hpc. Vao nam 1997, SCCR iing hp viec thanh lap Hdi d6ng Giao due H6i giao mdi (CIEI). Cuoi nam 1998, CIEI phe ehuan nhieu quy djnh, trong d6 cd mpt hpc thuylt cd tieu dl ''Cdc nguyen tac cua cdc truang dai hgc Hoi gido ". Theo lai li?u nay. Hoi giao hoa cac trudng dai hpc CO thl dgt duac qua 6 kenh khac nhau: giao su, sinh vien, giao trinh va chucmg trinh hpc, chuang trinh van hoa. chuang irinh giao due va quan ly trudng hpc. Cac chinh sach trudc day da bi cac nha cai each loai bo lai dupc nhihig ngudi kl tyc dua vao thyc hien.
Giai doan 2005-2019
Trong giai dogn 2005-2012, Tdng thdng Ahmadinejad thyc hien mdt chinh sach giao due kep, mpt mat tao dilu kien md rpng giao dye dai hpe nhung ddng thdi cung tang cudng kilm soat chinh tri doi vdi cac trudng dai hpc.
Nam 2013, so lucmg sinh \ ien Iran da tang len 4 trieu ngudi. Chinh phii mdi da hiiy bd quyen ly chii tuang d6i eua cac trudng dgi hpc, lam phan tan he thdng giao dye dai hpc va dat cac
trudng dgi hpc dudi sy kiem soat ehinh tri.
Trong giai dogn nay, chinh phii tSng cudng no lyc de kiem soat cae trudng dai hpc. MSRT thyc hien mpi quy dinh CIEI de xuat nhSm thuc day Hoi giao hoa cac trudng dai hpc.
\iec phan tan he giao dye dai hpc dien ra d nhieu cap dp. 6 cap dp hanh chinh, hi?u trudng (chii tich) cae trudng do MSRT bo nhiem, khong con do giang vien bau ra. Chinh phil Ahmadinejad da thay the nhieu giao su danh tieng bang nhirng ngudi lin tudng sau sac vao qua trinh Hdi giao hoa cac trudng dai hpc. MSRT cung thay the cac quy ehl quan ly Irudng dgi hpc da dupc ap dung sudt 18 nam bang menh lenh bupc hi?u Irudng chpn cac dai dien va irudng khoa, nhCmg ngudi se thyc hien Hdi giao hoa trudng dgi hpc.
Ciing vdi do, chinh sach chia tach sinh vien theo gidi tinh dupc thyc hien tieh eye.
Cae trudng dai hpc dupc yeu cau kiem soat viec thyc hi?n nhChig quy dinh dgo due va xay dyng cac nha thd va cac chung vien Hoi giao. Nam 2007, de tuyln mp nhiing ngudi trung thanh vdi che dp, chinh phii Iran da ludc quyen ty ehii tuyen dung ciia cac trudng dai hpe va bo nhi?m eac giang vien eo ciing he lu tudng. Dudi thdi Ahmadinejad, tuyln sinh dai hpc dupc liln hanh tap trung va tuyen sinh bae tien sT chju sy kiem soat chat che ciia MSRT, muc dich la giiip chinh phii loai bo nhijng sinh vien cd tu tudng ly do khdi trudng dai hpc va tao dieu kien thuan lpi cho nhijng sinh vien ung hp che dp liep tye nghien cuu sau khi tot nghiep dai hpc.
Cac trudng dai hpc cung mat quyen ly ehii trong vi?c thiet ke va xay dyng chuang trinh giang day. Uy ban Khuyen khich Sach Khoa hpc Nhan van dupc thanh lap de dieu chinh giao trinh dai hpc. Nhirng hogt dpng mang tinh hanh chinh bat bupc trong lan song cai
Tgp chi nghien curu CH u PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 12(172) thang 12/2019
Tran Anh OLTC Giao due tai Iran
each v5n hda lan thu 2 na\' ea ban lam xdi mon nhirng thanh cdng qua tnrdc dd trong giao due tgi Iran.
Hoat dpng Hoi giao hda qua manh me trong giao dye khien nhirng hpc gia lam huylt theo trudng phai doi mdi khdng cdn hung thii vdi giao dye nude nha, van nan cha> mau chat xam dien ra, ket qua la lam suy yeu ehat luang giao dye, nhat la trong eac nganh khoa hpc nhan van va khoa hpc xa hpi. Sy md rpng cac Irudng dai hpc vdi so lupng sinh vien lang len, su phai trien cua cdng nghe thdng tin, su chia re va rdi bo y thue he Hdi giao ciia mpt bp phan trong gidi tinh hoa chinh trj la nhiing
ly do khien dy an Hdi giao h6a cdc tnrdng dgi hpc Iran gap phai nhieu khd khSn.
3. Danh gid chung
Co the thay, ehinh trj cd anh hudng trye liep va manh me den h? thdng gido dye Iran. Tat ca nhirng chinh sach cua Iran hi?n nay deu tgp trung hudng tdi mye lieu Hdi giao hoa nen giao dye. Bieu hien ey the va rd rang nhat cho dinh hudng nay eiia nha nudc the hi?n qua gido trinh hpc qua cac thdi k\. Chang han nhu. Kinh Koran la mon hpc khdng c6 trong gido trinh trudc ndm 1975 thi nay lgi xudt hi?n. Cung vdi do, thdi lupng danh cho cde mon lien quan den ton gido ngay cang gia tdng.
Th6i liTQUg d&nh cho giao dye ton gido trong h^ thong gido dye Iran Trirdc ndm 1975 ThJri lirqng danh \ Thdi lirgng thyc te
n^hla (1999) (2006) Tiiu hpc _
Trung hpc Trung biiih
7%
5.5%
6.4%
17%
n%
12.7%
26%
25%
Ngudn: Tac gid long hgp
Thdi lupng trung binh md hpc sinh, sinh vien Iran danh cho cua mdn gido dye ton giao Id 12,7%, tdng gan gap 2 so vdi thdi ky Pahlavi. Su gia tdng nhanh chdng th6 hi?n d cap lieu hpc, tdng tir 7% len 17% (Gooya, 1999). S6 lieu th6ng ke nam 1999 chua tinh den thdi lupng chu de tdn gido dupe nhdc den trong cdc mdn hpc khdc. Theo udc tinh thyc te, tinh ca thdi luang tdn giao dupe nhdc den trong cac mon khac, thdi lupng danh cho giao dye ton gido tai cap lieu hpe \a trung hpc ldn lupt la 24% va 26%, cao hem rat nhieu so vdi thdng ke ndm 1999 (Paivandi, 2006). Mot cai each lien quan den myc tieu Hoi giao hoa giao due chinh la ddi mdi sdch gido khoa va giao trinh dgi hpc, trong dd cd gang dieu chinh kien thiic xoay quanh cac khai nipm "ludt le"
vd "gid trj" vl niem tin eua ngudi Shiite. Cdc mon dja ly, ljch sii, vdn hda, gido dye cong dan, khoa hpc vd ton gido deu khdc so vdi giai dogn trudc, deu th4m nhuan nhChig ddc diem ehinh trj vd tdn gido md chlnh phii H6i gido mong muon.
Sdeh giao khoa ciia Iran eung dupe cai each, dieu chinh de gia tdng hdm lupng giao due ton giao trong do. Theo thdng ke, trong 412 bai hpc ciia sach giao khoa mon tieng Ba tu igi cip tieu hpc vd trung hpc, tan sudt xuat hi?n ciia cac chii de lien quan den tdn giao khd nhilu.
Hem 150 bai hpc de cap den chu de tdn giao, 65 bai giang lien quan den cdc dien tieh, nhan vat ciia Hdi gido Shiite, trong khi chi co 9 bai hpc de cap din tdn gido khdc (Paivandi, 2008).
Tgp chi nghien eiru CUW PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 12(172) thdng 12/2019
Gido due tai Iran Tran Anh Du-c
Co the thay, dii da dat dupe nhirng thanh trd thdnh vdn ngn khi nln kinh ll chua tgo ra cdng nhat djnh trong viec phd cap gido dye d dii viee lam cho lyc luang lao dpng, ddi hdi mpt so cdp hpe, ddc biet Id lieu hpc. Ve tdng phai cd nhirng cai cdch lien quan din thl che the, gido dye Iran dang ddi dien vdi rdt nhilu va ca cdu. Thir ba, viee dp ddt tdn gido tao ra thdch thuc. Thii nhat, viec chinh phii tiep tuc hien tupng chdy mdu chdt xdm d trong dpi dp ddt dnh hudng chinh tri vd tdn gido len ngu gido vien giang vien va ngay trong dpi gido dye, vdi mue lieu Hdi gido hda gido due ngu hpc sinh. Dl cd thl duy tri chdt lupng vd dang tao ra nhieu van dl, va cdng cude Hdi phdt trien nguon nhan lyc, chde chdn trong gido hda giao due ciia Iran chua dgt dupc kit thdi gian tdi, ehinh phu Iran se cdn tiep tuc qua nhu mong mudn. Thu hai, van de dau ra cd nhung dieu chinh va cai each, vd viec lam cho hpe sinh, sinh vien cung ddn
Tdi lieu tham khao
1. Aiavitabar, A. 1990, Education: Slate or private sector. M.A Dissertation, Isfahan: Isfahan University, Faculty of Administrative Sciences & Economic
2. Jafari, P. 2010. Participation of private sector al educalion. Tehran: Privatization Organization, Management of Research and Planning
3. B. Mohsenpour, 1988, "Philosophy of Education in Postrevolulionary Iran". Comparative Education Review, 32(1); 76-86,
4. S. Paivandi (2008). "Discrimination and Intolerance in Iran's Textbooks". Washington: Freedom House.
5. RAM. H. (2000), The Immemorial Iranian Nation: School Textbooks and Historical Memory in Post Revolutionary Iran, Nations and Nationalism, 6(1): 67-90
6. A.Safi, 2000, "Sazman va gha\'anin amouzesh vaparvaresh" Iran (The organization and the laws of the Iranian education system), Tehran: SAMT [text in Persian].
7. M. Shorish, \^%^,^'^The Islamic Revolution and Education in Iran".. Comparative Education Review, 32 (I): 58-75.
8. NGSO, 2009. A report on Non-Governmental Schools performance. Tehran: Ministry of Education, NonGovemmentai Schools' Office.
9. Puyan, Y. 1997. An analytical survey on researches about people participations al Non- Governmental Schools, Tehran: Ministry of Education, Research Center on Education.
lO.Razzaghi, A. 1997. Effect of Privatization on social stability and security of Iran, Tehran- Etalaate Quarterly Journal of Economic and Politic, 115-116 17-29.
11. Sarraf Esmaili, H. 2004.^1 debate on economic of educalion. Parliament & Research Journal, 46: 5- 11
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAL PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 12(172) thang 12/2019 29
